膜生物反应器脱氮除磷工艺的研究进展

膜生物反应器是近年新发展起来的高效污水处理工艺,文章重点介绍了膜生物反应器的脱氮除磷工艺;单一反应器间歇曝气膜生物反应器工艺和A/O形式的膜生物反应器工艺。总结了国内外研究的工艺特点、技术参数和处理效果。分析了技术参数,运行方式对处理效果的影响,提出了今后研究方向和应用前景。     

填料投加强化AnMBR性能研究进展

厌氧膜生物反应器(An MBR)是厌氧生物反应器和膜过滤技术的结合,具有高效降解有机物、能源回收利用等特点,逐渐应用于高浓度有机废水处理领域,但其稳定性较差、膜污染严重等问题制约其工业化应用.本文介绍沸石、活性炭、硬硅钙纤维粒子等不同类型填料投加强化An MBR污染物去除效率、缩短反应器启动时间、提升甲烷产量等的工艺性能研究,分析填料强化工艺电化学作用、吸附作用、强化厌氧污泥颗粒化等的可能机制,指出填料可有效提升工艺性能;综述An MBR工艺膜垢组成及膜污染形成过程,探讨膜材质、操作条件、微生物代谢产物、污泥浓度及菌群结构、废水水质等膜污染的影响因素,在此基础上分析填料投加减缓膜污染机制,以期进一步控制膜污染、延长膜寿命.今后应优选开发经济、高效的新型生物填料及新型组合填料,推广其工业化应用,并从厌氧菌群调控与膜污染控制角度构建高效稳定的An MBR工艺技术体系.     

废水处理一体化生物反应器的发展

废水处理的一体化生物反应器由于具有投资少、占地小、管理运行方便等特点备受青睐.较早的有一体化氧化沟、SBR反应器、一体式膜生物反应器等.随着一体化反应器的发展,生物膜法被结合起来作为主体工艺,另外好氧工艺也与厌氧/缺氧工艺结合起来,出现了很多系统有机负荷更高、抗冲击能力更强、脱氮除磷效果更好的新式一体化反应器,如AmOn一体化生物反应器、五箱一体化反应池、一体化生物转筒反应器IBDR、A/O一体式曝气生物滤池等.一体化生物反应器的发展适应我国国情,具有广阔的应用和发展前景.参37     

Fe~(3+)除磷对缺氧好氧膜生物反应器工艺运行性能及生物除磷的影响

针对膜生物反应器(MBR)较长的污泥龄导致磷的处理效果差的问题,采用铁盐强化除磷,向反应器中投加n(Fe)/n(P)=2.0的Fe Cl3·6H2O,系统考察膜生物反应器对氮、有机物及磷的去除效果,重点考察膜生物反应器投加铁盐前后运行性能、活性污泥菌群及膜污染速率变化情况.结果显示,在氮、有机物去除方面,投加前后没有发生明显的变化,去除率始终保持在90%左右.在磷去除方面,投加前磷的平均去除率为52%,投加后去除率提高了近40%,去除效果显著提升.实验进一步研究了加入三价铁盐前后对活性污泥优势菌群和生物除磷的影响.铁盐的投加降低了活性污泥菌群多样性及部分已知聚磷菌的相对丰度,对生物除磷造成一定的负面影响.在膜污染方面,通过跨膜压差(TMP)记录分析此浓度的铁盐并没有导致膜生物反应器膜组件膜污染的加剧.本研究表明,该浓度(n(Fe)/n(P)=2.0)的铁盐进入膜生物反应器会对体系内活性污泥聚磷菌的相对丰度及生物除磷效率造成一定程度上的降低,但对膜污染没有明显影响,可以使出水各项指标尤其是磷的尾水排放浓度达标.     

氯化铁絮凝法减轻膜污染

采用氯化铁絮凝法去除膜生物反应器混合液中难降解的大分子有机物，确定Fe^3 的最佳投加量为60mg／L，该工艺可显著降低混合液中CODCr，减轻膜污染，并且对膜生物反应器中的生物相活性没有影响。     

厌氧膜生物反应器(AnMBR)膜污染过程及控制方法研究进展

厌氧膜生物反应器(Anaerobic membrane bioreactor,AnMBR)是一种将厌氧生物处理与膜分离技术相结合的新型处理技术,在提升出水水质的同时同步强化生物能回收.因此,AnMBR对于生物质废物处理和缓解能源危机具有重要意义.尽管目前在作用原理、操作优化和污染机制探索方面有了重大进展,但膜污染问题仍然是制约该技术进一步发展和应用的重要原因.本文介绍了厌氧膜生物反应器膜污染形成的基本机理与影响因素,并对膜污染控制技术进行了相关介绍,以期为AnMBR膜污染控制方面提供理论和技术参考.     

膜生物反应器无剩余污泥排放的研究

本文介绍了以膜生物反应器为基础的剩余污泥产量最少或无剩余污泥产生的最新的污水处理理论和技术。从技术微生物基本生命活动的物质转化概念和细胞产生和平衡的理论,提出了确定维持微生物基本生命活动的物质转化系数的方法,从理论与实验上计实了膜生物反应器无剩余污泥排放的可能性。     

硝化菌与膜生物反应器结合处理生活污水中氨氮

研究了硝化菌与膜生物反应器结合处理生活污水中氨氮，实验用水采用食堂与化粪池混合水，实验装置采用膜生物反应器，进水氨氮在4mg／L左右，出水氨氮值接近0，实验结果表明出水能够达到国家工业冷却回用水的指标要求，同时COD也降至30mg／L以下，能满足回用要求。     

膜生物反应器处理甲苯废气的挂膜实验

采用假单胞菌在硅橡胶复合膜生物反应器上进行甲苯废气降解的挂膜启动实验,研究膜生物反应器挂膜启动特性,对挂膜启动过程中循环液吸光度、压力损失、甲苯降解效率和生物膜干重的变化进行考察,并观察挂膜稳定后的生物膜形态.结果表明:挂膜过程主要由生物膜成膜期(0~5 d)、生长期(6~10 d)、稳定期(11~14 d)3个阶段组成.循环液吸光度、反应器内液相压力损失、甲苯降解效率和生物膜干重等参数在成膜期都快速增加;进入膜生长期,循环液吸光度略微下降,而生物膜干重、压力损失和甲苯降解效率都继续增大;在稳定期各参数均趋于相对稳定,稳定后循环液吸光度维持在0.75左右,液相压力损失达到了180 Pa,甲苯降解效率维持在78%以上,生物膜干重为2.25 mg/cm2.试验表明,对循环液吸光度、液相压力损失、甲苯降解效率和生物膜干重等参数的综合分析,可作为膜生物反应器挂膜启动进程的判据.图9参15     

膜表面形貌对厌氧膜生物反应器膜污染影响的试验研究

在厌氧膜生物反应器处理高浓度食品废水的试验中,借助原子力显微镜分析了四种表面形貌不同的聚醚砜超滤膜的通量衰减规律.结果表明,超滤膜表面形貌愈粗糙,膜通量的衰减速率愈快,且化学清洗后恢复愈困难.     

污水处理中的污泥减量新技术

污水好氧处理会产生大量污泥，剩余污泥的处理成本高昂，减少污泥产量势在必行。文章介绍了代谢解偶联、增加维持能量消耗、隐性生长、微型动物捕食、高溶解氧工艺和膜生物反应器等污泥减量技术，比较了各种技术的优缺点，指出了不同技术结合将成为污泥减量技术的发展方向。     

Effects of hydraulic retention time on net present value and performance in a membrane bioreactor treating antibiotic production wastewater

• The membrane bioreactor cost decreased by 38.2% by decreasing HRT from 72 h to 36 h. • Capital and operation costs contributed 62.1% and 37.9% to decreased costs. • The membrane bioreactor is 32.6% cheaper than the oxidation ditch for treatment. • The effluent COD also improved from 709.93±62.75 mg/L to 280±17.32 mg/L. • Further treatment also benefited from lower pretreatment investment. A cost sensitivity analysis was performed for an industrial membrane bioreactor to quantify the effects of hydraulic retention times and related operational parameters on cost. Different hydraulic retention times (72–24 h) were subjected to a flat-sheet membrane bioreactor updated from an existing 72 h oxidation ditch treating antibiotic production wastewater. Field experimental data from the membrane bioreactor, both full-scale (500 m³/d) and pilot (1.0 m³/d), were used to calculate the net present value (NPV), incorporating both capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operating expenditure. The results showed that the tank cost was estimated above membrane cost in the membrane bioreactor. The decreased hydraulic retention time from 72 to 36 h reduced the NPV by 38.2%, where capital expenditure contributed 24.2% more than operational expenditure. Tank construction cost was decisive in determining the net present value contributed 62.1% to the capital expenditure. The membrane bioreactor has the advantage of a longer lifespan flat-sheet membrane, while flux decline was tolerable. The antibiotics decreased to 1.87±0.33 mg/L in the MBR effluent. The upgrade to the membrane bioreactor also benefited further treatments by 10.1%–44.7% lower direct investment.     

膜生物反应器内泥水混合液可过滤性的研究

膜生物反应器是一种新兴的水处理技术,但目前膜造价较高,导致运行费用较高,因此,提高膜通量的各种技术措施具有重要的意义。文中引入静态泥水混合液过滤试验,通过对取自运转中ＭＢＲ的活性污泥混合液的过滤实验结果分析,着重阐述了影响活性污泥可过滤性的影响因素,并指出在维持ＭＢＲ的运行中,改善活性污泥性状是一个不可忽略的方面。     

改进型膜生物反应器处理洗浴污水的试验研究

在大量试验研究的基础上提出了一种改进型膜生物反应器 (MBR) ,并对其处理洗浴污水的效果进行了试验 ,结果表明 :利用改进型MBR处理洗浴污水出水水质良好 ,COD <40mg/L ,LAS <0 .2mg/L ,符合国家建设部颁布的生活杂用水回用水质标准。     

厌氧-膜生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液中多环芳烃的研究

采用固相萃取前处理和气相色谱／质谱联用的方法,分析厌氧．膜生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液中多环芳烃的去除效果．结果表明,对多环芳烃的总去除效率超过80％;大部分三环、四环和五环的芳烃可在处理过程中被厌氧降解．多环芳烃的主要降解反应发生在厌氧滤池工艺段,然而SCOD(溶解性化学耗氧量),BOD和TOC的主要去除工艺段则是膜生物反应器．     

Fate of microplastics in a coastal wastewater treatment plant: Microfibers could partially break through the integrated membrane system

• Fate of microplastics in integrated membrane system for water reuse was investigated. • Integrated membrane system has high removal efficiency (>98%) for microplastics. • Microplastics (>93%) were mainly removed through membrane bioreactor treatment. • Small scale fiber plastics (<200 μm) could break through reverse osmosis (RO) system. • The flux of microplastics maintained at 2.7 × 10¹¹ MPs/d after the RO treatment. Rare information on the fate of microplastics in the integrated membrane system (IMS) system in full-scale wastewater treatment plant was available. The fate of microplastics in IMS in a coastal reclaimed water plant was investigated. The removal rate of microplastics in the IMS system reached 93.2% after membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment while that further increased to 98.0% after the reverse osmosis (RO) membrane process. The flux of microplastics in MBR effluent was reduced from 1.5 × 10¹³ MPs/d to 10.2 × 10¹¹ MPs/d while that of the RO treatment decreased to 2.7 × 10¹¹ MPs/d. Small scale fiber plastics (<200 μm) could break through RO system according to the size distribution analysis. The application of the IMS system in the reclaimed water plant could prevent most of the microplastics from being discharged in the coastal water. These findings suggested that the IMS system was more efficient than conventional activated sludge system (CAS) for the removal of microplastics, while the discharge of small scale fiber plastics through the IMS system should also not be neglected because small scale fiber plastics (<200 μm) could break through IMS system equipped with the RO system.     

Microbial community structure in different wastewater treatment processes characterized by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique

In order to investigate microbial community structures in different wastewater treatment processes and understand the relationship between the structures and the status of processes, the microbial community diversity, variety and distribution in five wastewater treatment processes were studied by a culture-independent genetic fingerprinting technique single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). The five processes included denitrifying and phosphate-removal system (diminished N), Chinese traditional medicine wastewater treatment system (P), beer wastewater treatment system (W), fermentative biohydrogen-producing system (H), and sulfate-reduction system (S). The results indicated that the microbial community profiles in the wastewater bioreactors with the uniform status were very similar. The diversity of microbial populations was correlated with the complexity of organic contaminants in wastewater. Chinese traditional medicine wastewater contained more complex organic components; hence, the population diversity was higher than that of simple nutrient bioreactors fed with molasses wastewater. Compared with the strain bands in a simulated community, the relative proportion of some functional microbial populations in bioreactors was not dominant. Fermentative biohydrogen producer Ethanoligenens harbinense in the better condition bioreactor had only a 5% band density, and the Desulfovibrio sp. in the sulfate-reducing bioreactor had less than 1.5% band density. The SSCP profiles could identify the difference in microbial community structures in wastewater treatment processes, monitor some of the functional microbes in these processes, and consequently provide useful guidance for improving their efficiency.     

新型膜分离技术及其工业中的应用

用膜法来处理废水有高效、低能耗和易操作处理效率高的优点,而且有利于回收废液中的物质,在水处理中有着广阔的应用前景.在介绍常规和新型膜分离技术的基础上,对新型膜分离技术在工业中的发展及应用进行了综述.