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1.
土地利用变化对生物多样性的影响   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
土地利用变化对生物多样性影响是生物多样性受到威胁的重要因素.文章对土地利用变化对基因多样性、物种多样性、生态系统多样性影响方面的研究进行了总结分析,并提出了新的展望.土地利用变化对基因多样性的影响涉及了对物种生境的隔离、农牧业活动对物种改良和生境条件的改变方面,目前还主要集中在对少数物种繁殖过程方面影响的研究;土地利用变化对物种多样性影响包括对物种优势度和丰富度、种间关系、物种分布格局、物种入侵和灭绝方面的影响,目前对物种丰富性和多样性影响方面研究较多,对物种灭绝、物种入侵和种间关系影响方面的研究极少,且还限于大型动物和植物,对微生物和小型动植物研究却很少;土地利用变化对生态系统的影响涉及了对生态系统结构组成及分布方面的影响.另外,目前缺少土地利用变化对基因多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性综合影响方面的研究,难以量化和预测土地利用变化对生物多样性影响效应.未来需要综合考虑基因多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性方面,系统开展土地利用变化对生物多样性影响的趋势和机制方面的研究,定量预测土地利用变化对生物多样性的影响.  相似文献   

2.
珠江三角洲土地利用变化空间自相关分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
李慧  王云鹏  李岩  王兴芳  陶亮 《生态环境》2011,20(12):1879-1885
通过对复杂土地利用地学现象的空间与时间上的综合表达和描述,可揭示土地利用时空结构演变的内在规律,可以为研究区土地资源的合理利用、优化配置和可持续发展提供科学依据。本文利用珠江三角洲1990-2005年的土地利用数据,采用空间自相关分析方法对珠江三角洲土地利用/覆盖变化的空间特征进行了实证研究。通过对研究区全域空间自相关、单变量区域空间自相关、双变量区域空间自相关的计算,表明研究区土地利用/覆盖的全域空间自相关较弱,土地利用和开发存在随机性。单变量区域空间自相关和双变量区域空间白相关在不同区域、不同时期显现不同形态,揭示了研究区内部发展的差异性。空间自相关分析方法可直观地显示分析结果,不失为一种深入理解区域土地利用格局和变化的重要和有益的方法。  相似文献   

3.
吉林西部土地利用/覆被时空变化驱动力分析   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
针对吉林两部土地利用/覆被情况,基于TM影像,借助人机交互解译方法,结合1:10万地形图获得1986年、1996年、2000年和2004年的4期土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)矢量数据.利用土地利用动态度模型、土地利用转移矩阵.全面揭示研究区15年的LUCC时空变化特征,结果表明.盐碱地扩张,湿地、水域萎缩和草地退化已经成为吉林西部生态环境恶化的突出表现.结合研究区的实际情况选取总人口数、农业人口数、粮食总产置等12个指标作为LUCC:变化的丰十会经济驱动因子,借助多元线性回归模型,建立主要土地利用类型的驱动力模型.结果表明吉林西部土地利用变化的最主要社会经济因子是农业人口数、农民人均纯收入、农业生产技术(农业机械总动力、化肥施用量)和农村用电量,同时提出相应的生态环境保护和社会经济措施.  相似文献   

4.
张锐波  张丽萍 《生态环境》2004,13(2):204-206,224
以杭州市区为研究区,利用近卜年的土地利用系列统计资料和遥感解译数据,采用统计分析和区位原理,经过数值计算,分析了杭州市区扩建过程中土地利用动态变化特点,重点讨论了耕地和农作物播种面积的时空动态过程。通过区位商数和分离指数的计算分析,揭示了未来土地利用方式的时空变化趋势。研究结果表明,居民工矿用地和耕地面积的变化最为明显;农作物播种面积的递减速率高于耕地面积的递减速率;蔬菜播种面积的区域不平衡性最大,集中程度高。萧山区是未来主要的菜篮子工程发展区。  相似文献   

5.
ABSTRACT

Human activity shapes the levels of anthropogenic pressure that depend on the land management method adopted. This has a fundamental role in the transformation of traditional landscapes. This study focuses on a representative region of the Mediterranean area with the objective to analyse the landscape’s dynamics, to detect the spatial arrangement of class patches, to identify the main agroecosystem characters and to provide a framework to assess ecosystems services. In order to assess land use/land cover changes and landscape persistence, the period between 1960 and 2012 was analysed, taking into consideration the years 1960, 2000 and 2012 using comparable land use maps. Land use and land cover analysis show an urban area growth of 24% during 2000–2012 and of 523% over between 1960 and 2012. The very high levels of land abandonment up to the year 2000 (+7216%) have reversed their trend between 2000 and 2012 (?95%). The orchards showed a relevant increase, particularly after 2000, while the vineyards were linked to the highest value of surface erosion (?74%). The outcomes showed that urban settlements can damage the ecological network with negative effects on the landscape’s environmental sustainability in proximity of significant urban centres. Instead, the ecological network is well preserved and highly associated to the agricultural areas when there is the persistence of many land uses and low urban density, despite the presence of dynamic changes.  相似文献   

6.
A survey was done in 15 typical villages, 150 soil and 86 vegetable plant samples were taken in Jiaxin prefecture of the Taihu Lake region, northern Zhejian province. Results indicate that after 15-20 years land use changed from the paddy rice-wheat (or oilseed rape) double cropping system, to a continuous vegetable land has caused soil quality dramatic change. (1) Acidification: average soil pH was 5.4; about 61% of total samples were pH < 5.5. It was 0.9 units lower than 10 years ago with same upland vegetable cultivation and was 1.2 units lower than soil pH of paddy rice-wheat (or oilseed rape) rotation. (2) Fertilizer salt accumulation: the average salt content was 0.28%, among these about 36.2% of the total samples contained more than 0.3%. (3) Nitrate N and available phosphorus (P) over accumulation: on average it was 279 mg NO3-N/kg, and 45-115 mg P/kg. Nitrate N four times higher and available P 4-10 times more than it is in present paddy rice-wheat rotation soils respectively. This has caused wide concern because of possible groundwater and well drinking water pollution by leached nitrate N and the P losses to water by runoff from vegetable lands induce surface water eutrophication.  相似文献   

7.
Land use change can adversely affect water quality and freshwater ecosystems, yet our ability to predict how systems will respond to different land uses, particularly rural-residential development, is limited by data availability and our understanding of biophysical thresholds. In this study, we use spatially explicit parcel-level data to examine the influence of land use (including urban, rural-residential, and vineyard) on salmon spawning substrate quality in tributaries of the Russian River in California. We develop a land use change model to forecast the probability of losses in high-quality spawning habitat and recommend priority areas for incentive-based land conservation efforts. Ordinal logistic regression results indicate that all three land use types were negatively associated with spawning substrate quality, with urban development having the largest marginal impact. For two reasons, however, forecasted rural-residential and vineyard development have much larger influences on decreasing spawning substrate quality relative to urban development. First, the land use change model estimates 10 times greater land use conversion to both rural-residential and vineyard compared to urban. Second, forecasted urban development is concentrated in the most developed watersheds, which already have poor spawning substrate quality, such that the marginal response to future urban development is less significant. To meet the goals of protecting salmonid spawning habitat and optimizing investments in salmon recovery, we suggest investing in watersheds where future rural-residential development and vineyards threaten high-quality fish habitat, rather than the most developed watersheds, where land values are higher.  相似文献   

8.
土地利用方式及母质对土壤有机碳的影响   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7  
运用物理分组方法分别对海南屯昌县花岗岩砖红壤地区天然次生林(白楸(Mallotus paniculatus (Lam.) Muell. Arg.)、岭南山竹子(Garcinia oblongifolia Champ.))土壤(TSF)和人工橡胶RRIM600 (Hevea brasiliensis. Muell. Arg.)林土壤(TR)以及白沙县紫色砂页岩砖红壤地区天然次生林(白楸 (Mallotus paniculatus (Lam.) Muell.Arg.)、岭南山竹子(Garcinia oblongifolia Champ.))土壤(BSF)和人工橡胶RRIM600 (Hevea brasiliensis. Muell. Arg.) 林土壤(BR)0100 cm土层土壤及其物理组分中的有机碳进行了研究,分析利用方式从天然次生林变为人工橡胶林后不同母质砖红壤及其物理组分有机碳含量变化.结果表明: TSF和TR土壤有机碳分别比BSF和BR土壤有机碳含量高.无论是花岗岩砖红壤还是砂页岩砖红壤,土地利用变化使土壤和微团聚体有机碳含量都极显著降低,TSF变为TR后还造成大团聚体以及粘粒和粉粒(Silt & clay)有机碳显著减少,可以看出土地利用变化引起的花岗岩砖红壤退化程度比砂页岩砖红壤大.土地利用变化主要对第一、二层土壤及其物理组分产生影响,且对第一层影响比第二层大.对比研究发现,砂页岩砖红壤Coarse POM和iPOM组分中有机碳稳定性比花岗岩砖红壤相应物理组分强.  相似文献   

9.
盐池北部风沙区土地利用格局变化对沙漠化的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以盐池北部风沙区为研究区域,利用1989、1995、2000、2007年土地利用现状图,借助地理信息系统软件提取有关格局分析的基础数据,基于景观生态学原理,构造主要土地利用类型和沙地景观格局指数,探讨不同时段内盐池北部风沙区土地利用格局变化对沙化景观的影响。结果表明:(1)沙地景观在1995年之前不断扩张,1995年以后开始减少,集中连片沙地被零星分布的小沙化斑块取代;(2)林地和草地经历了先减少后增大的过程,土地利用格局变化中,中、低覆盖度草地和灌木林地变动性大;中、低覆盖度草地、耕地、灌木林地不稳定性程度较高;(3)受农作活动影响,尤其在灌溉条件较好区域,草地沙化明显,而灌木林能起到很好的防沙作用;(4)盐池北部风沙区土地利用格局特征指标与沙地面积呈负相关,随着特征指标增大沙化面积减小。土地利用格局变化能够综合反映相应时段内的人类活动结果,以此为切入点研究其对沙漠化的影响,有利于揭示沙漠化的驱动机制。  相似文献   

10.
With about half of its territory being farmed, agriculture is the main land use in the European Union (EU). As over 10% of the total EU manufacturing output comes from the agri-food sector, it also is an economic factor of great importance. Moreover, EU policy in this sector has far-reaching consequences ranging from the EU's status as a global trade partner to landscape preservation and development. The LUMOCAP Policy Support System is targeted towards policy makers in the European Commission (EC) and its Member States (MS) and aims to provide support in the field of sustainable agricultural and rural development. To this end it incorporates an integrated model with socio-economic and bio-physical processes, operating at different spatial scales. For supporting integrated assessment, a large number of policy levers is included as inputs for these models and outputs are transformed into policy-relevant social, economic and environmental indicators. The whole system is framed in a flexible, modular and easy to use software package that is useable for process experts and policy-analysts alike.This paper describes the integrated model, the individual models and a first calibration of the system. It demonstrates the system's behaviour for typical scenario runs and concludes with a reflection on the current status of the system and some recommendations for further development.  相似文献   

11.
Research has demonstrated that landscape or watershed scale processes can influence instream aquatic ecosystems, in terms of the impacts of delivery of fine sediment, solutes and organic matter. Testing such impacts upon populations of organisms (i.e. at the catchment scale) has not proven straightforward and differences have emerged in the conclusions reached. This is: (1) partly because different studies have focused upon different scales of enquiry; but also (2) because the emphasis upon upstream land cover has rarely addressed the extent to which such land covers are hydrologically connected, and hence able to deliver diffuse pollution, to the drainage network. However, there is a third issue. In order to develop suitable hydrological models, we need to conceptualise the process cascade. To do this, we need to know what matters to the organism being impacted by the hydrological system, such that we can identify which processes need to be modelled. Acquiring such knowledge is not easy, especially for organisms like fish that might occupy very different locations in the river over relatively short periods of time. However, and inevitably, hydrological modellers have started by building up piecemeal the aspects of the problem that we think matter to fish. Herein, we report two developments: (a) for the case of sediment associated diffuse pollution from agriculture, a risk-based modelling framework, SCIMAP, has been developed, which is distinct because it has an explicit focus upon hydrological connectivity; and (b) we use spatially distributed ecological data to infer the processes and the associated process parameters that matter to salmonid fry. We apply the model to spatially distributed salmon and fry data from the River Eden, Cumbria, England. The analysis shows, quite surprisingly, that arable land covers are relatively unimportant as drivers of fry abundance. What matters most is intensive pasture, a land cover that could be associated with a number of stressors on salmonid fry (e.g. pesticides, fine sediment) and which allows us to identify a series of risky field locations, where this land cover is readily connected to the river system by overland flow.  相似文献   

12.
Human well-being and livelihoods depend on natural ecosystem services(ESs). Following the increment of population, ESs have been deteriorated over time. Ultimately, land use/land cover(LULC) changes have a profound impact on the change of ecosystem. The primary goal of this study is to determine the impacts of LULC changes on ecosystem service values(ESVs) in the upper Gilgel Abbay watershed, Ethiopia. Changes in LULC types were studied using three Landsat images representing 1986, 2003, and 2021. The Landsat images were classified using a supervised image classification technique in Earth Resources Data Analysis System(ERDAS) Imagine 2014. We classified ESs in this study into four categories(including provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural services) based on global ES classification scheme. The adjusted ESV coefficient benefit approach was employed to measure the impacts of LULC changes on ESVs. Five LULC types were identified in this study, including cultivated land, forest, shrubland, grassland, and water body. The result revealed that the area of cultivated land accounted for 64.50%, 71.50%, and 61.50% of the total area in 1986, 2003, and 2021, respectively. The percentage of the total area covered by forest was 9.50%, 5.90%, and 14.80% in 1986, 2003, and 2021, respectively. Result revealed that the total ESV decreased from 7.42×10~7 to 6.44×10~7 USD between 1986 and 2003. This is due to the expansion of cultivated land at the expense of forest and shrubland. However, the total ESV increased from 6.44×10~7 to 7.76×10~7 USD during 2003–2021, because of the increment of forest and shrubland. The expansion of cultivated land and the reductions of forest and shrubland reduced most individual ESs during 1986–2003. Nevertheless, the increase in forest and shrubland at the expense of cultivated land enhanced many ESs during 2003–2021. Therefore, the findings suggest that appropriate land use practices should be scaled-up to sustainably maintain ESs.  相似文献   

13.
Urban sprawl and its evolution over relatively short periods of time demands that we develop statistical tools to make best use of the routinely produced land use data from satellites. An efficient smoothing framework to estimate spatial patterns in binary raster maps derived from land use datasets is developed and presented in this paper. The framework is motivated by the need to model urbanization, specifically urban sprawl, and also its temporal evolution. We frame the problem as estimation of a probability of urbanization surface and use Bayesian P-splines as the tool of choice. Once such a probability map is produced, with associated uncertainty, we develop exploratory tools to identify regions of significant change across space and time. The proposal is used to study urbanisation and its development around the city of Bologna, Emilia Romagna, Italy, using land use data from the Cartography Archive of Emilia Romagna Region for the period 1976–2008.  相似文献   

14.
在统计软件SPSS支持下,深入分析了广西土地利用现状及1996—2001年土地利用结构变化的原因,在此基础上探讨了土地利用变化对粮食生产的影响,并提出了一些保障粮食安全的对策及建议。  相似文献   

15.
1996—2006年武汉市土地利用/覆被变化研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
张杨  刘艳芳  丁庆  江平 《生态环境》2010,19(11):2534-2539
以武汉市为研究区,利用1996和2006年Landsat5的TM影像解译结果,基于GIS空间分析与数理统计方法定量研究了1996—2006年11年间的武汉市土地利用/覆被变化。研究结果表明:(1)1996—2006年期间,武汉市土地利用覆被总体特征表现出耕地、草地和未利用地减少,林地、水域和建设用地面积增加的态势;(2)这11年间耕地转化为林地、建设用地和水域这3种变化类型分布最为广泛,转换率最大;(3)11年来武汉市土地利用综合动态度变化幅度较大,并呈缓慢上升趋势。土地利用年变化速度达到1.25%;(4)1996—2006年武汉市土地利用程度逐年提高,土地利用程度变化量和变化率均大于0,说明武汉市处于土地利用发展时期,土地利用集约度会进一步提高。  相似文献   

16.
珠江三角洲改革开放30年以来经历了巨大的发展,但也导致了城市的迅速扩张以及大量宝贵农田的流失,引起了诸多环境问题和社会问题。因此探讨珠江三角洲土地利用的演变规律对于未来土地利用的发展变化具有重要的借鉴和指导意义。空间分析因其能有效揭示隐藏在区域数据之后的规律信息以及提供直观的可视化信息表达,已引起许多学者的关注。引入空间整体统计参数中的平均中心、标准距离和标准偏移椭圆,探讨珠江三角洲耕地和建设用地两种典型地物1990—2005年间空间整体特征变化规律。通过对研究区及研究区各市(区)空间中心转移、空间分布扩散和空间分布偏移的计算,表明珠江三角洲耕地空间特征在1990—2005整个阶段均呈现扩散状态,而建设用地空间特征在1990—2000阶段和2000—2005阶段呈现收缩和扩散两种特征。两类地物空间特征变化强度2000—2005阶段均大于1990—2000阶段。典型地物空间特征的发展变化与社会经济发展相一致。通过对比发现,耕地与建设用地空间中心迁移呈现反向变化,揭示了经济发展中大量的耕地转化为经济价值更高的建设用地。研究区中各市(区)典型地物在不同阶段、不同区域土地利用发展也存在空间差异性。空间统计指标能直观有效地揭示地物空间分布格局变化规律,有利于深入探讨研究区土地利用/覆盖变化。  相似文献   

17.
Environmental and Ecological Statistics - This study empirically investigates the nexus among energy use, agricultural land expansion, deforestation, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Malaysia....  相似文献   

18.
盐池北部风沙区土地利用变化的社会经济效应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
方广玲  吴斌  张宇清  吴秀芹 《生态环境》2010,19(5):1132-1137
以盐池北部风沙区为研究区域,利用1996—2007年土地利用变更调查与社会经济统计数据,借助典型相关分析,提取沙区农村土地利用变化对社会经济发展影响的主要方面。结果表明:(1)研究区土地利用变化对农村经济总体水平、经济结构、社会发展具有显著影响;(2)种植业、林业、牧业产值与粮食总产量是衡量研究区农村经济总体水平的重要指标,耕地、林地、居民点、沙地组成对其影响显著;(3)人口产业结构与居民收入结构反映了研究区农村社会发展、劳动力就业情况,受林地和沙地组成影响较大;(4)林地和沙地组成对地区农业结构,尤其是林业产值比重影响较大。沙区土地利用变化的社会经济效应分析,为土地利用结构调整方向提供依据,目的是促进沙区种植业结构调整、林牧业发展、农村劳动力合理分配。  相似文献   

19.
采用参与性农村评估法 ,并结合地方农业统计年鉴 ,从村级水平对西双版纳巴卡小寨和大卡老寨 2个民族村寨土地利用的景观影响作了初步调查与分析。结果表明 ,人多地少的巴卡小寨因无大面积的公益林等自然景观而使其人为干扰强度指数为 3.196 5 ,较大卡老寨强烈 ;受干扰景观中的粮食作物地和经济作物园斑块较多 ,景观破碎度分别为 0 .0 6 92和 0 .0 980hm-2 ,均大于大卡老寨。大卡老寨因为具有公益林、风景林和水体 ,其景观多样性为 1.4 5 95 ,以公益林、经济作物园和粮食作物地为优势景观 ;大卡老寨景观均匀度和优势度分别为 0 .6 6 4 2和 0 .7377,均大于巴卡小寨。 2个村寨的粮食作物地和经济作物园面积较大 ,表明粮食生产与经济作物种植是山区发展的出路所在 ,而水田面积的扩大和稳定有利于提高人口承载力。各景观类型的规模因受市场、技术等方面的影响而逐年波动 ,但从长时间来看又趋于稳定。民族文化政策和市场对 2个村寨土地利用和景观格局影响较大。  相似文献   

20.
珠江三角洲土地利用变化对特征大气污染物扩散的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在珠江三角洲两种下垫面条件下,应用CALPUFF大气污染扩散模式,对特征污染物SO2、SO42-的扩散进行数值模拟,探讨大规模土地利用变化,尤其是城镇建设用地增加,对珠江三角洲地区大气污染物扩散的影响,并通过对4个典型区污染物月均质量浓度变化特征分析,揭示土地利用变化对不同地区的污染物分布的影响机制。模拟结果表明:土地利用变化,尤其是城镇建设用地增加,不利于污染物扩散,污染源下风方向地区受影响较大,污染物质量浓度明显升高,SO2和 SO42-年均质量浓度分别增加14.07%和3.31%;受影响范围、变化幅度与污染源排污强度呈正相关,变化幅度亦与污染源距离远近呈负相关。土地利用变化后,尤其是城镇建设用地增加,四个典型区 SO2月均质量浓度都表现为升高趋势,且冬季 SO2质量浓度升高幅度最大,夏季升高幅度最小,临近污染源密集区的两个典型区SO2月均质量浓度分别增加33.6%和26.3%。土地利用变化不仅改变局地的污染扩散,也会对区域的污染扩散有一定影响,尤其对污染源分布密集区的大气污染物扩散影响强度最大。因此,建议人类在城市化建设过程中尽可能保留自然斑块,消除人工下垫面对污染物扩散的负面影响。  相似文献   

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