高层建筑火灾最佳疏散路线的确定

高层建筑发生火灾后，在现场情况比较复杂的情况下，尽快地选择一条既安全、疏散时间又短的疏散路线，是室内人员快速、安全撤离火场的重要保障。在应用高层建筑火灾全风网网络模拟软件HRBFS模拟火灾时建筑物内烟流体积分数的基础上，结合当时人员的分布情况，提出了最佳疏散路线的算法。     

基于虚拟现实的建筑火灾模拟系统

提出了将虚拟现实技术应用于建筑火灾模拟的方法,在交互式虚拟环境中实现了基于火灾数值模拟的火灾场景模拟。根据火灾场模拟软件FDS的计算结果,控制虚拟火灾场景中火焰和烟雾的蔓延,使得虚拟场景中火灾的发展接近实际火灾的情况。模拟系统中通过纹理贴图和粒子系统等技术实现了逼真的火灾场景可视化。还介绍了实现灭火作战模拟和训员疏散模拟的技术细节。在以上方法的基础上研制了建筑火灾模拟原型系统,该系统可应用于电子消防预案制作、灭火作战演练、人员疏散演练、建筑性能化防火设计与评估,以及灾害条件下人的疏散行为研究等各个方面。     

The inside story: timeline of events and communication leading up to superstorm sandy from the emergency manager perspective

During impending storms, emergency managers (EMs) are tasked with various decisions and challenges, particularly whether to issue evacuation orders for their area. This study aims to understand the timeline of decisions made and actions taken leading up to Superstorm Sandy’s landfall from the EM perspective. A total of 23 in-depth interviews was conducted in New Jersey and New York. All municipal EMs interviewed first heard about what would become Superstorm Sandy between one and two weeks prior to landfall. From then on, municipal EMs monitored the storm using a variety of sources. The communication and information trail is top-down, starting with higher EM levels (i.e. federal and state) and ending with municipal, or local, EMs. Typically, voluntary evacuation orders were issued on Friday or Saturday, while mandatory evacuation orders began being issued on Saturday, two days before landfall, and continued until the day of landfall. Who issued the various evacuation orders depended on location. In New York City, the Mayor has full control of whether an evacuation is ordered, while in New Jersey, the local EMs generally have the authority. Understanding the timeline of decisions is the first step into fully assessing the EM process during events such as Sandy.     

Public orders and personal opinions: household strategies for hurricane risk assessment

Abstract

This paper examines the relationship between household evacuation decisions and official emergency management practices in light of recent increases in the availability and diversity of hurricane-related information. While we focus on Hurricane Floyd in South Carolina, we incorporate findings of our longitudinal research effort covering the last four years and six post-1995 hurricane threats to the state. While only 64% of residents in the mandatory evacuation zone complied with the Hurricane Floyd evacuation order, over 80% agreed that calling an evacuation was an appropriate precautionary response given the uncertainties of the storm. Longitudinal surveys indicate that Horry County residents have developed a fairly robust strategy in making evacuation decisions. This “hurricane savvy” population depends more heavily on individuals' assessments of risks than on official orders. Individual assessment practices differ from official orders in that greater weight is given to household circumstances and preferences, the diligent monitoring of a variety of information sources, and the incorporation of past experiences into the decision-making process. Surveys indicate differences between the general public and officials in terms of priorities and preferences about hurricane evacuations. The public demands more information about the hurricane threat. Officials place more emphasis on planning evacuation routes and public safety measures.     

Implementation of a medical command and control team in Switzerland

In case of a major incident or disaster, the advance medical rescue command needs to manage several essential tasks simultaneously. These include the rapid deployment of ambulance, police, fire and evacuation services, and their coordinated activity, as well as triage and emergency medical care on site. The structure of such a medical rescue command is crucial for the successful outcome of medical evacuation at major incidents. However, little data has been published on the nature and structure of the command itself. This study presents a flexible approach to command structure, with two command heads: one emergency physician and one experienced paramedic. This approach is especially suitable for Switzerland, whose federal system allows for different structures in each canton. This article examines the development of these structures and their efficiency, adaptability and limitations with respect to major incident response in the French‐speaking part of the country.     

地铁车站人员疏散离散时间模型研究

疏散时间对于保证地铁车站这类复杂建筑结构内人群的安全至关重要,本文借鉴群集流动理论建立了用于计算地铁车站人群移动时间的疏散离散时间模型(EDTM),模型中的人群流动系数取值不同于传统计算公式中的常量,依据的是经典的车站人群密度与速度函数关系式。将此模型用于某地铁车站站台层,求解楼梯出口疏散人数与时间的关系,并与Building EXODUS疏散软件的模拟结果以及传统地铁车站疏散时间计算公式的计算结果进行了对比,分析表明,EDTM计算结果与EXODUS疏散模拟结果非常接近,且比传统公式计算更为精确和符合实际情况。该计算模型可以为地铁车站人群疏散时间计算、建筑出口性能化设计,以及地铁车站事故应急预案的制定提供更有效的工具。     

A microcomputer-based emergency response system*

A microcomputer-based system was developed to provide local officials responsible for disaster management with assistance during the crucial period immediately following a disaster, a period when incorrect decisions could have an adverse impact on the surrounding community.
While the paper focuses on a potential disaster resulting from an accident at a commercial nuclear power generating facility, the system can be applied to other disastrous situations. Decisions involving evacuation, shelter and the deployment of resources must be made in response to floods, earthquakes, accidents in the transportation of hazardous materials, and hurricanes to name a few examples.
As a decision aid, the system was designed to enhance data display by presenting the data in the form of representations (i.e. road maps, evacuation routes, etc.) as well as in list or tabular form. The potential impact of the event (i.e. the release of radioactive material) was displayed in the form of a cloud, representing the dispersion of the radioactive material. In addition, an algorithm was developed to assist the manager in assigning response resources to demands.
The capability for modelling the impact of a disaster is discussed briefly, with reference to a system installed in the communities surrounding the Indian Point nuclear power plant in New York State.
Results demonstrate both the technical feasibility of incorporating microcomputers indecision support systems for radiological emergency response, and the acceptance of such systems by those public officials responsible for implementing the response plans.     

The Protection of China's Ancient Cities from Flood Damage

Over many centuries, the repeated and serious flooding of many of China's ancient cities has led to the development of various measures to mitigate the impact of floods. These have included structural measures, such as the construction of walls, dams and dykes, with tree planting for soil consolidation; installation of drainage systems and water storage capacity; the raising of settlement levels and the strengthening of building materials. Non-structural measures include warning systems and planning for emergency evacuation. Urban planning and architectural design have evolved to reduce flood damage, and government officials have been appointed with specific responsibilities for managing the flood control systems. In view of the serious consequences of modern neglect of these well-tried methods, this paper examines China's historical experience of flooding and demonstrates its continuing relevance for today. A brief historical survey is followed by a detailed discussion of various flood prevention measures. The paper is illustrated by city plans from ancient local chronicles.     

深圳市高层建筑地震安全指数判定系统

以深圳市高层建筑为研究实例,介绍了香港大学的城市灾害损失评估及应急反应管理系统,并采用此系统内置的建筑易损性分析模块,结合泛珠三角地区灾害危险性概率模式,场地特征及高层建筑实地调查分析结果,从建筑安全性角度对深圳市的标志性建筑进行危险性分析,进而对深圳市应对突发性灾难事件的管理建设提出建议。作为应用实例,模拟一定概率条件下的灾难事件发生时的建筑物损坏情况,归纳出高层建筑的损坏模式,总结深圳市高层建筑的安全性隐患,提出目前防灾减灾急需实施的相应步骤:建议在一元化的城市灾害预警和应急指挥体系下,整合各个灾种防灾减灾管理部门的资源,以科学分析软件为灾情模拟和决策预案制定的工具,使危机处理的理念由领导决策型转向科学分析型,加强城市应对面对突发事件的能力,保障经济与社会的持续稳定发展。     

电力系统应急通信电源装置的研制

为提高通信设备应急保电工作的效率,保障各变电站及各县、市供电局通信设备后备电源供电可靠性,针对通信保电工作模式存在的问题,研制了电力系统应急通信电源装置,并对装置进行了性能测试。应用结果表明:该装置有效地解决了应急通信设备保电工作中设备接线速度慢,可靠性、稳定性差的问题,简化了应急保电工作步骤,便于应急保电工作人员操作。     

Media and bushfires: A community perspective of the media during the Grampians Fires 2006

This paper examines the ways residents in the Grampians area in the Australian state of Victoria used their local and their state and national based media before, during and after the 2006 bushfires (wildfires). The researchers were particularly concerned to understand how residents evaluated media sources as trustworthy and credible in relation to bushfire warnings and information about the fires delivered in the media.

Analysis of data derived from two separate focus group sessions conducted by the researchers reveals four main themes. (1) The media are perceived as part of a broader information gathering process. (2) Local knowledge is the most important aspect in broadcast information. (3) Members of small communities can feel disenfranchised and resentful of the media when media coverage focuses on larger towns, and (4) the effects of media reporting, including specific warnings, are both immediate and long lasting.

The paper explores some of the tensions that result from the ways rural residents use and distinguish between local/regional and metropolitan and out-of-state bushfire information; and it encourages better use of the local/regional media to increase community safety and awareness in relation to bushfire mitigation, preparedness and crisis management issues before, during and after the fires. It is suggested that risk communications professionals need to understand that when mediated risk-related communications are provided, a key evaluative criterion is whether or not those media and the messages represent and reflect local knowledge.     

发电厂信息通信机房安防监控系统的实现

针对宁夏大坝发电公司信息通信机房安全问题,在对现状进行充分分析的基础之上,提出了适合于监控的安防方案,并充分利用原有设施进行适当改造,扩展和完善了监控系统功能,实现了通信机房、网络机房和档案库房的视频监控、消防监控、门禁管理、电源监控和设备状态监控等安全防护检测报警功能。应用结果表明:该监控方案加强了电力信息通信网络的安全防护,确保了电力信息通信设备的安全。     

基于计算机仿真的火灾时人员安全疏散可靠度分析

火灾中的人员疏散是个复杂的过程,受到诸多因素的共同影响,传统的人员疏散可靠度分析常常忽略这些因素之间的相互作用。为更准确地计算出火灾中人员疏散的可靠度,本文以某地铁车站为例,借助人员疏散仿真软件buildingEXODUS与火灾模拟程序FDS,分别得到人员所需安全疏散时间(RSET)和可利用安全疏散时间(ASET)。在此基础上,构造人员安全疏散极限状态方程,利用一次二阶矩理论求得安全疏散可靠概率。由于能够较好地反映疏散过程中各影响因素之间的相互作用,因此,采用本文提出的可靠度分析方法能够得到更合理的结果。     

电力系统自然灾害的现状与对策

回顾了近年来世界各国的电力系统在自然灾害下的运行安全状况，特别是我国电力系统的主要自然灾害状况。重点介绍了电力系统在灾害性强风和地震作用下所受的影响。近年的自然灾害说明，开展我国电力系统防御重大自然灾害的研究和风险评估工作，建立电力系统自然灾害事故的预警机制、应急反应机制和灾后快速恢复重建机制，是提高电力系统防灾能力的关键。     

基于北斗卫星的电力调度应急通信系统的研究

针对宁夏电力调度应急通信系统的现状与问题,结合电力调度应急通信的功能需求,提出一种基于北斗卫星系统的便于调度通信信息集成与功能扩展的电力调度应急通信的实现方式。研究结果表明:基于北斗卫星的电力调度应急通信系统解决了现有应急通信系统的瓶颈问题,同时为调度信息自动化处理及统一的应急通信信息平台的形成提供通信支撑。     

Media and bushfires: A community perspective of the media during the Grampians Fires 2006

This paper examines the ways residents in the Grampians area in the Australian state of Victoria used their local and their state and national based media before, during and after the 2006 bushfires (wildfires). The researchers were particularly concerned to understand how residents evaluated media sources as trustworthy and credible in relation to bushfire warnings and information about the fires delivered in the media.Analysis of data derived from two separate focus group sessions conducted by the researchers reveals four main themes. (1) The media are perceived as part of a broader information gathering process. (2) Local knowledge is the most important aspect in broadcast information. (3) Members of small communities can feel disenfranchised and resentful of the media when media coverage focuses on larger towns, and (4) the effects of media reporting, including specific warnings, are both immediate and long lasting.The paper explores some of the tensions that result from the ways rural residents use and distinguish between local/regional and metropolitan and out-of-state bushfire information; and it encourages better use of the local/regional media to increase community safety and awareness in relation to bushfire mitigation, preparedness and crisis management issues before, during and after the fires. It is suggested that risk communications professionals need to understand that when mediated risk-related communications are provided, a key evaluative criterion is whether or not those media and the messages represent and reflect local knowledge.     

计算机仿真方法在人群疏散影响参数研究中的应用

建筑物中的人群疏散受到灾场环境、建筑结构以及人员本身等诸多因素的共同影响,明确这些因素的影响机理与程度对人群的疏散安全具有重要意义.借助仿真软件buildingEXODUS,以某地铁车站为例,定量地研究了人员行走速度等参数对人群平均等待时间和人群平均行走时间的影响.结果表明:不同参数对人群疏散的影响存在着差别.即使是相同的参数,在不同类型的建筑中,其影响程度也可能发生变化.在此基础上,明确了出口涌流能力、疏散人数、行走速度和疏散准备时间四个对整体疏散时间影响显著的参数,通过对上述参数的控制,可以提高人群疏散的安全可靠性.     

Mass casualty incident after the Taba terrorist attack: an organisational and medical challenge

Two suicide bombings in and around Taba, Egypt, on 7 October 2004 created a complex medical and organisational situation. Since most victims were Israeli tourists, the National Emergency and Disaster Management Division handled their evacuation and treatment. This paper describes the event chronologically, as well as the organisational and management challenges confronted and applied solutions. Forty-nine emergency personnel and physicians were flown early to the disaster area to reinforce scarce local medical resources. Two hundred casualties were recorded: 32 dead and 168 injured. Eilat hospital was transformed into a triage facility. Thirty-two seriously injured patients were flown to two remote trauma centres in central Israel. Management of mass casualty incidents is difficult when local resources are inadequate. An effective response should include: rapid transportation of experienced trauma teams to the disaster zone; conversion of local medical amenities into a triage centre; and rapid evacuation of the seriously injured to higher level medical facilities.