赤水河流域生物多样性保护现状和对策

基于对赤水河流域生物多样性的综合调研,分析了赤水河流域生物多样性的主要特征、流域生物多样性保护的现状、面临的机遇和潜在的压力,探讨了赤水河流域生物多样性保护的基本对策。提出赤水河流域生物多样性保护应在国家政策框架内,在流域综合管理理念指导下兼顾重点区域保护和生态廊道建设,探索流域尺度上生物多样性保护与流域社会经济协调有序发展的新型管理模式。     

中国生物多样性保护适应气候变化的对策

基于气候变化对生物多样性影响的总结分析,初步提出了我国生物多样性保护适应气候变化的对策。气候变化对生物物候、分布、迁移活动、群落结构、栖息地质量、生态系统和景观多样性都产生了一定影响,未来将产生更深刻的影响。我国生物多样性保护适应气候变化需要从物种有效保护、自然保护区规划与管理、灾害防御等方面进行。     

Economic development,institutions, and biodiversity loss at the global scale

Current accelerating biodiversity loss is by many conservationists regarded as a result of economic development. Some economists agree on this viewpoint but argue it is valid at low income levels because of the need to secure a minimum living standard. On the other hand, economic development at higher income levels can instead mitigate biodiversity loss because of improved willingness and affordability to implement measures such as protected areas. This so-called environmental Kuznets relation is tested in this study by econometric analysis of cross-sectional data on a global scale. However, the results do not support this relation. Instead, we found a relation between economic and institutional development where economic development decreases biodiversity loss at a minimum level of institutional quality, i.e. minimum capacity to implement and secure property rights for the citizens. Our results thus question policies that neglect institutional quality for reversing biodiversity loss. Further, it was found that biodiversity loss increases with invasive species, high average temperature and precipitation, and spatial autocorrelation.     

面向县域尺度SDG 15.1.2的生物多样性重要区域遥感识别和量化评估——以德清县为例

联合国2030年可持续发展目标(SDG)中指标15.1.2由于元数据的尺度和可用性的问题,无法有效应用于县域尺度的评估。针对这一问题,利用遥感的数据及相关模型,基于县域尺度指标计算的考虑,从生物多样性的内涵出发,构建了一套生物多样性遥感评估指标体系,成功识别了案例区域生物多样性重要场地,实现了县域尺度SDG 15.1.2的量化计算。结果表明,研究区德清县在SDG 15.1.2实施情况良好,构造的生物多样性指数能够有效地监测县域尺度生物多样性状况及其变化。研究为SDG 15.1.2的评估提供了一种可操作的有效方法,为基层行政区域实现可持续发展的规划提供精准的参考信息。     

上海滨岸潮滩生物多样性及其利用与保护

滨岸潮滩是海岸带的重要组成部分和主要的地理景观 ,具有多种环境功能和生态价值 ,对沿海地区的经济发展起着重要的作用 ;同时滨岸潮滩又是一个环境脆弱带和敏感区 ,极易受人为活动的干扰和破坏。生物多样性是人类生存和经济得以持续发展的基础。滨岸潮滩是生物多样性最为丰富的生态系统之一。通过对上海滨岸潮滩生物多样性影响因素的调查与分析 ,研究了目前人类活动对上海滨岸潮滩生物多样性造成的严重威胁 ,污水的排放使滨岸潮滩水质和底质严重污染 ,对滨岸潮滩的围垦改变了潮滩的自然本底状态 ,造成潮滩生物生长发育和栖息的环境受到破坏 ,影响滨岸潮滩生物多样性。指出滨岸潮滩等方面的社会与环境价值 ,并探讨了上海滨岸带开发与滨岸潮滩生物多样性的保护和利用问题     

上海滨岸潮滩生物多样性及其利用与保护

滨岸潮滩是海岸带的重要组成部分和主要的地理景观,具有多种环境功能和生态价值,对沿海地区的经济发展起着重要的作用;同时滨岸潮滩又是一个环境脆弱带和敏感区,极易受人为活动的干扰和破坏。生物多样性是人类生存和经济得以持续发展的基础。滨岸潮滩是生物多样性最为丰富的生态系统之一。通过对上海滨岸潮滩生物多样性影响因素的调查与分析,研究了目前人类活动对滨岸潮滩生物多样性造成的严重威胁,污水的排放使滨岸潮滩 质和底质严重污染,对滨岸潮滩珠围垦改变 了潮 滩珠自然本底状态,造成潮滩物生长发育和栖息的环境受到破坏,影响滨岸潮滩物多样性。指出滨岸潮滩等方面的社会与环境价值,并探讨了上海滨岸带开发与滨岸潮滩物多样性的保护和利用问题。     

Effectiveness of short-term knowledge communication on Baltic Sea marine genetic biodiversity to public managers

The aim of this study is to assess the impact of two forms of short-term knowledge communication—lectures and group deliberations—on public managers’ policy beliefs regarding genetic biodiversity in the Baltic Sea. Genetic biodiversity is a key component of biological variation, but despite scientific knowledge and far-reaching political goals, genetic biodiversity remains neglected in marine management. Previous research highlights lack of knowledge among managers as one explanation to the implementation deficit. This multidisciplinary study builds on the identified need for an improved knowledge transfer between science and ongoing management. A basic knowledge package on genetic biodiversity in the Baltic Sea was presented as either a lecture or a deliberative group discussion to two separate samples of public managers who are involved in Baltic Sea and other biodiversity management at the regional level in Sweden. The empirical findings show that the communicated information has an impact on the public managers’ beliefs on genetic biodiversity of the Baltic Sea. Lectures seem more efficient to transfer knowledge on this theme. Those who received information through a lecture strengthen their confidence in area protection as a management tool to conserve genetic diversity. They were also more convinced of the obligation of authorities at national and regional level to take on larger responsibility for genetic conservation than those managers who participated in a deliberative discussion.

     

Household costs and benefits of biodiversity conservation: case study of Sichuan giant panda reserves in China

Households in communities in and around nature reserves are important stakeholders in biodiversity conservation; they are the focus of the conflict between ecological protection and community development. This study surveyed 927 households in 16 giant panda reserves in Sichuan Province, China, to calculate the costs and benefits to households of biodiversity conservation, and the differences for those inside and outside reserves. A multilevel regression model was used to measure the factors influencing the costs and benefits. There are three main findings. First, the direct economic cost for average biodiversity conservation for households inside reserves (1166.83 yuan/year) is significantly higher at the 1% level than for those outside (578.27 yuan/year), while the direct economic benefit for average biodiversity conservation to households living inside reserves (3881.94 yuan/year) is not statistically different than those outside (3653.47 yuan/year). Second, the influence of biodiversity conservation on households is significantly different depending on whether they live inside or outside the reserve, regarding employment opportunities, ties with the outside world, infrastructure, and the community environment. There is also a significant difference between those inside and those outside in perceptions with regard to restrictions in the collection of wild plants and destruction of traditional culture by biodiversity conservation. Third, the factors that affect the costs for and benefits to households of biodiversity conservation include, at the household level, the head of household’s education level, village cadres, number of migrant workers, distance from the town market, reserve-based employment, development projects, and ecotourism management participation, and, at the reserve level, establishment time, level of reserve, protective effect, and location.     

基于DEA方法的重庆市生物多样性保护资金投入产出效率研究

生物多样性保护越来越受到社会各界的重视，就重庆市的现状来看，生物多样性保护事业虽取得了一定的成绩，但并不显著。在生物多样性保护投入方面，为了分析重庆市生物多样性保护资金投入产出整体效率较低的原因，并在此基础上提出对相关政策改进的建议，以综合提高重庆市生物多样性保护资金投入产出效率，选取4年作为决策单元，利用其相关的生物多样性保护资金投入和产出指标构建模型，然后利用DEA的C2R模型,对重庆市生物多样性保护资金投入产出效率进行了评价,并根据实际情况对计算结果做出分析,得出重庆市生物多样性保护资金投入的使用整体是相对有效的，但配置效率仍然有待提高。因此，要优化财政支出结构，强化法规，完善管理以提高生物多样性保护资金投入产出使用效率。〖     

秦岭山地生物多样性保护红线划分研究

生物多样性保护是划定并严守生态保护红线的重要内容,如何准确识别生物多样性维护功能极重要区是科学划定生物多样性保护红线的关键。基于秦岭山区物种丰富度的海拔梯度格局,通过对生物多样性维护功能重要性评估模型的改进优化和校验,最终形成秦岭地区科学的生物多样性保护红线方案。结果表明:(1)修正后的NPP定量指标评估法,提高了陕西秦岭地区生物多样性重要区域识别的准确性,可适用于我国中东部物种丰富度随海拔梯度呈中峰型或单调递增型的山区;(2)秦岭生物多样性保护红线区的总面积达24 688.33 km~2,占到秦岭山区总面积的39.11%,空间分布整体上呈现出西部集中、东部分散,南坡多、北坡少的空间分布特征;(3)森林生态系统是秦岭生物多样性保护红线区的重要支撑系统,面积占比高达96.12%。本研究提出的修正方法和研究结果,不仅提高了区域生物多样性维护功能重要区识别的准确性,而且为其他地区生物多样性保护红线的科学划定和边界优化提供了参考。     

1990~2013年来洞庭湖区鸟类生物多样性热点区时空动态及变动机理

评估与确定生物多样性分布格局与热点区是建立保护区、制定生物保护决策的基础。洞庭湖地区位处长江中游,是我国重要的淡水湖泊湿地生态系统,为中国乃至亚洲较大的鸟类越冬地之一。以洞庭湖地区14种Ⅰ、Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类为指示物种,基于1990~2013年间的多期遥感影像,运用物种生境分布MAXENT模型,选取地形、水系、植被、气候及人类干扰等共35个影响因子,对其进行生境适宜性评价及生物多样性热点区的筛选与制图,并对热点区时空动态特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）鸟类生物多样性热点区的分布范围呈现出组团状特征,1990~2013年来,热点区面积呈下降趋势;（2）鸟类栖息生境景观格局总体上趋于破碎,生境形状向简单且扁平化形态转变,生境格局呈复杂化;（3）经济与社会发展因素对研究区的鸟类生物多样性热点区变化影响显著,而自然因素产生的影响不明显。研究结果在制定区域生物多样性保护规划方案中可体现较好应用价值。     

秦岭自然保护区群保护成本计量研究

秦岭自然保护区群在我国生物多样性保护方面发挥了重要作用,学术界一直缺乏保护成本计量的研究。本研究在界定秦岭自然保护区群成本的概念及分析其内涵的基础上,综合运用专家咨询法及文献参考方法,建立了秦岭自然保护区群保护成本计量指标体系,利用市场价值法、等效替代法以及机会成本法等方法,对秦岭自然保护区群保护生物多样性的投入进行了成本计量及分析。结果表明:秦岭自然保护区群在保护生物多样性投入方面,总货币量约29.72亿元人民币,其中直接保护成本为2.59亿元;间接保护成本为2.00亿元;与周边区域密切相关的机会成本为25.13亿元。其中,机会成本的计量模型多样化,在学术界存在较多争议,但是,最终每种模型都能反映出机会成本的内涵的货币量,可以表达出我国政府为建立秦岭自然保护区群而付出的无形代价。     

People's Biodiversity Registers: Lessons Learnt

People's Biodiversity Registers (PBR) document folk knowledge of status, uses, history, ongoing changes and forces driving changes in biodiversity resources, gainers and losers in these processes and people's perceptions of how these resources should be managed. A number of PBRs have been prepared in different parts of India beginning 1995 through initiatives of NGOs and educational institutions working with local communities and village councils. These attempts have been motivated by a desire to promote decentralised systems of management of natural resources and to create the basis for equitable sharing of benefits of commercial utilisation of folk knowledge of uses of biodiversity. The documents bring together important locality specific information on biodiversity resources and ecological processes affecting them. They lead to recognition of conservation oriented local practices such as protection of sacred groves. They help mobilise local communities to prudently manage local biodiversity resources in ways that would promote social justice. It is however important to recognise that not all folk knowledge may be valid, nor all folk practices wise, and to create systems of careful assessment of the material. There are many encouraging signs globally, as well as within India, such as the coming in force of the Convention on Biological Diversity, forces promoting decentralised democratic systems of governance and institutions of co-management of natural resources which suggest that programmes like PBR will have an important role to play in promoting conservation, sustainable use and equitable sharing of benefits of biodiversity resources in the coming decades.     

金沙江虎跳峡-旭龙河段水电建设景观多样性影响评价

金沙江中游水电建设因其对流域生物多样性的影响受到社会各界广泛关注。应用景观生态学方法,选择淹没区面积、斑块数、景观多样性、均匀性、聚集度、蔓延度、形状指数、分维数等指数,构建了由10个一级指标、14个二级指标组成的景观多样性影响评价指标体系,对金沙江“虎跳峡 旭龙河”段适宜水电建设的龙盘、塔城和其宗3个坝址、5套建设方案淹没区景观层次生物多样性的影响进行了比较研究。结果显示,江段往下游方向,景观多样性、均匀性、连通性逐渐降低、破碎化程度加剧;各方案对陆地生物多样性保护价值的影响：其宗下坝＞其宗上坝＞塔城坝＞龙盘高坝＞龙盘低坝。研究结果为深入评价金沙江中游水利水电开发的生物多样性影响提供了借鉴和基础。〖     

Governance objectives and instruments,ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation: the Chianti case study

The complex relationships between governance processes, ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation are receiving growing attention by the scientific community. The scope of research in this field is generally that of identifying main governance factors leading to success or failure in the sustainable management of ecosystems and biodiversity conservation, so to develop appropriate sectoral and intersectoral policies fostering sustainable use of natural resources. In this paper, a methodological approach is first presented and then applied to analyse the impacts of agriculture and rural policies on agro-ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation in the central hills of Tuscany, the Chianti area. This approach is focusing in particular on governance objectives and instruments used in the management of ecosystem services. A share-farming system based on multifunctional agriculture ruled Chianti until World War II. Then, after the abandonment of rural areas by share-farmers, governance objectives and ecosystem management were oriented towards the production of commodities such as wine and olive oil almost ignoring the provision of public goods such as soil erosion and water run-off control and biodiversity conservation. In order to achieve a more sustainable ecosystems management in Chianti, there is the need to develop a multifaceted governance strategy to reward appropriately the supplying of environmental goods and services by farmers.     

战略环境影响评价中生物多样性影响评价特点

随着战略环境影响评价（Strategic Environmental Assessment,简称SEA）的发展,SEA被越来越广泛地用于生物多样性影响评价。由于受人类对生物多样性的研究和认识水平的限制,目前在国内外还没有成熟的方法用于生物多样性的影响评价,以致于生物多样性的影响评价内容不够具体和全面。从生物多样性的景观、生态系统、物种和基因4个层次分析了生物多样性影响评价在SEA中应用的限制因素。在此基础上,提出景观层次影响评价可以通过寻求易于测度的关键景观要素进行评价,宏观把握景观变化给生物多样性带来的影响趋势;生态系统层次影响评价应充分考虑各种替代方案的比较,避免敏感目标的生物多样性重大损失;物种层次的影响评价选择重要的目标物种作为主要评价依据;受研究水平限制,基因层次的影响评价还不具有普遍意义。     

Potential responses of terrestrial biodiversity in Southern Africa to anthropogenic climate change

Key studies supported by species-level data collection have provided early indications of the potential implications of unmitigated change for the ecosystems and biodiversity of southern Africa. These suggest a significant threat to biodiversity, both from changing bioclimatic suitability and changing atmospheric CO₂ level that seems to affect the competitive balance between woody and herbaceous plants in the dominant savanna biome of this region. Modeling efforts suggest significant implications of unmitigated climate change for this region, but assumptions underpinning methods such as bioclimatic modeling must be recognized, some of which might lead to over estimates of the rate and extent of the potential impacts. General trends and level of coincidence between various types of studies do support a high degree of concern for a substantial portion of southern African biodiversity under unmitigated climate-change scenarios. The most significant changes in ecosystem structure (both increases and decreases in woody plant cover), and associated faunal diversity changes, are projected in the dominant savanna vegetation type in this region, while the most significant biodiversity loss is projected for the winter rainfall region. Follow-up work to detect early signs of climate change identify regions of high- and low-potential impacts, and experimental work to test some important hypotheses relating to the future evolution of climate-change impacts across the region are very few and urgently required.     

基于系统保护规划理念的长江流域两栖爬行动物多样性保护优先区评价

目前,已有很多研究致力于讨论保护规划中整合保护效益和经济成本的重要性。为丰富解决该问题的思路,从系统保护规划理念出发,应用MARXAN模型软件对长江流域两栖爬行类生物多样性保护优先区进行了选择和评价。研究中共选择两栖物种54个,爬行物种73个作为指示物种,并按濒危性和特有性划分为5个类型。综合考虑每个类型的特定保护目标,以县域人均GDP为相对保护成本,探讨如何选择达到保护目标的最低经济成本区域。通过运算每个规划单元的不可替代性,共选定保护优先区9个,包括121个县(市、民族自治县)。建议以9个保护热点区为基础,率先建立各区域内保护网络,同时在已建保护区日常巡护中加入两栖爬行动物巡护内容。     

三峡库区陆生植物迁地保存初报

三峡植物物种多样性保护,重点在珍稀濒危植物,但对建群种和有实用价值的种也进行收集保存。7年来试验站保存三峡库区植物200余种,迁移成活率93%,有8种未成功。（1）到2002年已有30余种植物正常开花结实（其中木本植物24种）,可以选择繁殖试验,以达到保存的目的;（2）选择了8种植物,进行生长观测,在人为控制下,生长速度满意;（3）进行了部份种类的扦插繁殖和孢子繁殖,获得了相关结果;（4）少数种类收集遇到极大困难,需要继续努力。三峡库区生物多样性研究与保护,存在一些问题与困难,如漏项问题、库区物种问题、外来种问题、隔离对生物多样性的影响问题、生物多样性的功能问题等需要进一步研讨,从而使库区物种得以保存,环境得以优化,生物资源得到持续利用。     

以底栖动物为指示物种对长江流域水生态进行评价

采用底栖动物作为指示物种对长江流域的水生态进行了调查研究和生态评价。在长江上游支流、中下游干流及沿江湖泊上选取36个代表性样点进行生态考察和底栖动物采样、鉴定和分析。采用Hilsenhoff生物指数和水化学分析对样点水质进行评价,对比分析了各样点底栖动物的结构组成及多样性。上游支流大部分样点水质清洁;中游干流及沿江湖泊水质受到轻度到中度污染;下游干流水质污染加重。底栖动物多样性在上游支流中最高,中游湖泊较高,干流中下游较低。总结得出了4种河床演变条件下的底栖动物群谱。上游支流河床稳定的河流底栖动物密度较大,物种丰富,多样性高;侵蚀下切的河流底栖动物密度、物种数和多样性较低;淤积抬升的河流底栖动物密度、物种数和多样性更低一些;河势散乱且河床运动剧烈的支流物种丰度和密度均很低甚至为零,生态条件差。