Drastic reduction in the potential habitats for alpine and subalpine vegetation in the Pyrenees due to twenty-first-century climate change

Recent climate change is already affecting both ecosystems and the organisms that inhabit them, with mountains and their associated biota being particularly vulnerable. Due to the high conservation value of mountain ecosystems, reliable science-based information is needed to implement additional conservation efforts in order to ensure their future. This paper examines how climate change might impact on the distribution of the main alpine and subalpine vegetation in terms of losses of suitable area in the Oriental Pyrenees. The algorithm of maximum entropy (Maxent) was used to relate current environmental conditions (climate, topography, geological properties) to present data for the studied vegetation units, and time and space projections were subsequently carried out considering climate change predictions for the years 2020, 2050 and 2080. All models predicted rising altitude trends for all studied vegetation units. Moreover, the analysis of future trends under different climate scenarios for 2080 suggests an average loss in potential ranges of 92.3–99.9 % for alpine grasslands, 76.8–98.4 % for subalpine (and alpine) scrublands and 68.8–96.1 % for subalpine forest. The drastic reduction in the potential distribution areas for alpine grasslands, subalpine scrublands and Pinus uncinata forests highlights the potential severity of the effects of climate change on vegetation in the highest regions of the Pyrenees. Thus, alpine grasslands can be expected to become relegated to refuge areas (summit areas), with their current range being taken over by subalpine scrublands. Furthermore, subalpine forest units will probably become displaced and will occupy areas that currently present subalpine scrub vegetation.     

Synanthropization of Vegetation in the Upper Belts of the Seminskii Range (the Altai Mountains)

Specific features of vegetation synanthropization under the effect of human activities and a long-term grazing load were studied in the subalpine and upper mountain-forest belts of the Seminskii Range.     

Ellenberg Indicator Values (EIVs) in Different Plant Communities in Subalpine Grasslands of the Giresun Mountains (Turkey)

Russian Journal of Ecology - In this paper, Ellenberg’s indicator values were estimated in order to soil nitrogen (N), pH (R) and soil moisture (M) in different subalpine grassland...     

Spiders in mountain habitats of the Giant Mountains

Ground-living spiders were studied using modified pitfall traps during several years in four characteristic habitats in Giant Mountains (Krkono?e Mts.), the High Sudetes, Czech Republic: alpine tundra, subalpine mire, tall-herb stand at the bottom of a glacial corrie, and decaying mountain spruce forest. Ecological and zoogeographical aspects of spider communities were analysed. The spider communities of alpine tundra, subalpine mire, and glacial corrie exhibited long-term stability, whereas the community of decaying mountain forest changed during observations. Small linyphiid spiders, dominating in mature forest, were gradually replaced by larger Iycosid and gnaphosid species. Zoogeographic characterization of mountain habitats was made based on species exhibiting disjunctive area. In contrast to plants, for spiders of boreal origin alpine tundra is the most important habitat for survival, followed by screes, mires, spruce forests, and corries.     

The Relationship of Dominance and Evenness with Productivity and Species Richness in Plant Communities with Different Organization Models

The relationship between dominance and evenness in plant communities organized according to different models—competitive (alpine, subalpine, and low-mountain grasslands), stress-tolerant (alpine heaths and scrubs, subalpine fens, steppes, the forest herbaceous layer), and ruderal—has been analyzed in the Western Caucasus and Ciscaucasia. No correlation between evenness (dominance) and productivity has been revealed in communities of any type. The correlation between dominance and species richness is negative and, in most cases, linear, being stronger in competitive and ruderal than in stress-tolerant cenoses. The correlation between evenness and species richness in grassland communities (the competitive model) is strong, positive, and linear, while this correlation in ruderal and stress-tolerant communities is weak or absent.     

Seedlings Recruitment of a Timberline Tree (Larix chinensis Beissn) in Taibai Mountain,China

Russian Journal of Ecology - Larix chinensis Beissn forms a subalpine timberline on Taibai mountain, Shaanxi, China. Seed emergence and survival of seedlings were studied by seed sowing experiments...     

岷江上游山地生态系统退化机理研究的核心——关键种群的作用

岷江上游地区在我国长江上游同山峡谷区代表性，由于近几十年来人为活动加剧，该区生态系统严重退化。简要介绍了岷上游山地生态系统的概况，讨论了关键种群在退化生态系统研究中的作用和意义。在此基础上进一步认为，岷江上游山地系统退化机理研究应以典型的干旱河谷灌丛，亚高山森林和亚高山草甸等主要生态为对象，以关键种群为核心和切入点，重点研究了干旱河谷批示植物种群动态有其与环境退化的关系、主要动植物种群在变化在草地生态系统退化过程中的作用、亚高山关键种苗木定居及对退化产生理生态适应机制、土壤微生物区系变化有其对系统中氮素归还的影响等，进而有助于在理论上阐述关键种群的生态功能，探讨关键种群变化导致生态系统退化的作用机理；在实践上为目前国家实施西部大开发生态环境建设的重大需求提供理论依据，推动恢复生态学的发展和该区域的生态建设。     

New data on the population structure of small mammals in the Denezhkin Kamen’ Nature Reserve

For the first time, continuous studies on the population structure of rodents and insectivores in three altitudinal belts on the eastern macroslope of the Northern Urals have been performed over several years in the Denezhkin Kamen’ Nature Reserve. The results show the mountain tundra communities are depleted, the small mammal populations of zonal habitats are similar to each other, and river valleys and sparse forests of the subalpine belt play a leading role in supporting the maximum species diversity of small mammals.     

鄂西亚高山泥炭藓沼泽湿地高等植物多样性研究

为探讨鄂西亚高山泥炭藓沼泽湿地高等植物及群丛类型特征,揭示该类型湿地资源特点,采用遥感影像分析与实地调查相结合的方法研究了鄂西亚高山泥炭藓沼泽湿地的分布、面积和高等植物资源状况。结果表明鄂西亚高山泥炭藓沼泽湿地主要分布在七姊妹山、大九湖、二仙岩和后河等4个区域内,主要有8个斑块,总面积为1 27869 hm2,共有高等植物65科、128属、194种,有大理薹草-泥炭藓群丛（Ass.Carex rubro-brunnea var.taliensis-Sphagnum palustre）、川东薹草-泥炭藓群丛（Ass.Carex fargesii-Sphagnum palustre）、野灯心草-泥炭藓群丛（Ass.Juncus setchuensis-Sphagnum palustre）、水竹-泥炭藓群丛（Ass.Phyllostachys heteroclada-Sphagnum palustre）、紫羊茅-泥炭藓群丛（Ass.Festuca rubra-Sphagnum palustre）、小叶南烛-川东薹草-泥炭藓群丛（Ass.Vaccinium bracteatum var.chinense-Carex fargesii-Sphagnum palustre）等20个群丛。研究结果可为我国亚高山泥炭藓沼泽湿地资源可持续利用、湿地资源保护、湿地生态系统恢复与重建提供有益参考,为泥炭藓沼泽湿地高等植物研究提供资料     

Patterns of the formation of bird population in the lake-river system of the Asian Subarctic mountains based on the example of the Putorana Plateau

This paper analyzes the patterns of the formation of the aquatic and semiaquatic bird species population under the conditions of the altitudinal zonality of the Putorana Plateau. The population density and abundance of a number of background species was ascertained to decrease from the subalpine belt towards the forest and alpine belt. The bird population density in all the considered aquatic and semiaquatic habitats was revealed to change in a rather narrow range of values: the maximal population density indicator in aquatic and semiaquatic habitats is only 1.9 times higher than the minimal indicator. In the mountainous Subarctic region with a radial macrosymmetry, the spatial dynamics of abundance has a concentrically centrifugal nature in many aquatic and semiaquatic bird species.     

国外土地利用规划中各方利益协调的研究综述

土地利用规划是协调社会经济活动中各方利益冲突、保证土地资源可持续利用的必要手段，而市场调节与宏观调控、不同行政级别之间、土地发展权与公共利益这三对关系的协调是土地利用规期编制中协调各方利益的主要体现。本文通过大量文献综述．对国外土地利用规划中的协调市场调节与宏观调控、不同行政级别之间、土地发展权与公共利益的关系的研究进展进行了总结，以期为我国新一轮土地利用规划的修编提供积极的借鉴。     

平原区农村居民点用地空间整治分类研究——以河北省曲周县为例

土地整治是对低效、空闲和不合理利用的土地进行治理,提高土地利用率和产出率的活动,是各类土地整理、复垦、开发以及城乡建设用地增减挂钩等活动的统称,其实质内容之一是从空间上对土地利用进行优化布局。农村居民点用地是我国进行土地整治的重要区域,对于农村居民点用地空间整治进行分类研究是新农村建设和农村土地整治的前提和基础工作。曲周县位于黄淮海平原的中部,黄淮海平原是我国主要的粮食主产区和农村人口的集聚地,对于其农村居民点用地空间整治分类进行研究,对于实现区域城乡一体化发展具有战略意义。论文按照新农村建设的要求,从发展基础、生产条件、生活条件和生态环境四个方面选取农村居民点用地整治的评价指标,利用量化后的指标和多因素综合评价法,运用聚类分析法将曲周县农村居民点用地空间整治划分为就地城镇化型、重点发展型、限制扩建型和迁移合并型四种类型。研究结果符合实际,为当地土地整治和新农村建设工作提供了理论支撑,对于其他类似地区具有借鉴意义。     

杭州湾南岸城乡建设用地时空演化特征分析

城乡建设用地的大量增加是现代土地利用的主要特征。基于2005、2010、2015年的3期土地利用数据,结合GIS空间可视化分析方法与土地利用结构模型、动态度模型、景观模型,研究杭州湾南岸地区城乡建设用地的时空演化特征。结果表明：（1）城乡建设用地是杭州湾南岸所有用地类型中面积增加最多且增长比例最快的土地类型,但增速有减缓趋势。（2）建制镇建设用地增长速度最快,水利公共设施和独立工矿用地面积有减少趋势;建制镇建设用地与交通用地土地动态度最大,村庄和水利公共设施动态度最低。（3）建设用地构成表现为建制镇>村庄>城市>交通用地>水利及公共设施>独立工矿用地,其整体均衡性下降,建制镇的主导性逐渐显现。（4）建设用地空间分布呈一极核一带状,分布零散,并逐渐向北扩张。（5）2010年以前建设用地呈现出细粒分散发展特征,2010年以后则向粗粒发展,景观异质性减弱。 关键词： 建设用地;时空特征;景观格局;杭州湾     

Identifying land suitable for agricultural land reform using GIS-MCDA in South Africa

Land reform is identified as a key tool in fostering development in South Africa. Twenty years after the advent of democracy in South Africa, the land question remains a critical issue for policy makers. Several frameworks have been put in place by the government to identify land that is strategically located for land reform. However, many of these frameworks are not well aligned and not objective in defining strategically located land for land reform and often lead to unsustainable land use management practices. This has hampered the government’s land reform initiative in promoting agricultural land reform and food security. Accordingly, there is a need to develop a decision support tool that facilitates the identification of strategically located land for land reform. This study proposes the use of geographic information systems (GIS) and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to develop a strategically located land index (SLLI) to identify land suitable for agricultural land reform. Participatory workshops and the group analytical hierarchy process were utilised to identify and weigh criteria used in computing the SLLI. The results indicate that land that is suitable for agricultural land reform is scarce, and there are also competing needs on the highly suitable land for agriculture. The study demonstrates that GIS and MCDA are invaluable tools in facilitating evidence-based decision-making for land reform and sustainable land use management practices. The SLLI is not the panacea to land identification; there is also need to appreciate the contested nature of land in South Africa.     

鄂西北山区土地利用的地形梯度效应与空间结构特征

地形因素在一定程度上影响着土地利用变化,对区域土地利用格局与空间结构特征有着重要影响。该文以鄂西北山区房县为研究对象,利用DEM提取高程和坡度信息,并生成地形位指数,借助GIS的空间分析功能,采用地形位指数、分布指数和土地利用强度综合指数,系统分析房县土地利用的地形梯度效应;在此基础上,应用分形理论探讨其土地利用的空间结构特征。结果表明:(1)房县各土地利用类型的空间分布具有明显的地形梯度特征,高程、坡度及地形位对房县土地利用格局的形成有着重要影响;(2)水域、交通用地、居民点及工矿用地、耕地的优势分布区间集中在低地形位区间,园地、草地和未利用地的优势分布区间集中在中地形位区间,林地的优势分布区间集中在高地形位区间;(3)房县土地利用强度综合指数随着地形位指数的增加逐渐降低;(4)房县各土地利用类型分布具有明显的分形特征,分维数介于1. 275 3～1. 759 3之间,各类用地的稳定性大小依次为:水域居民点及工矿用地园地林地耕地草地交通用地未利用地。研究结果可为该地区土地利用总体规划及土地资源优化配置提供科学的决策依据。     

新疆和田地区城市化与土地利用变化的定量分析

选取自然环境和人文环境比较典型的西部欠发达贫困地区-新疆和田地区作为研究区域,借助国内外城市化与土地利用变化关系方面的理论和研究成果,分析城市化进程中土地利用变化的特征;采用回归分析方法,研究城市化与土地利用变化的相关关系及城市化进程对土地利用变化的影响程度.分析结果显示,城市化与耕地、居民点及工矿用地、交通用地和未利用地间有显著的相关性,表明城市化的快速发展是造成农业用地减少和建设用地增加的主要原因.同时,耕地与未利用地等两种土地类型和城市化间的负相关关系说明,两种地类的减少与城市化的快速发展有着密切的关系.这体现了和田地区城市建设和经济的快速增长是影晌生态环境等一系列有关可持续发展问题的重要原因.     

日本工业化、城市化进程中的"农地非农化"

在人多地少的国家里,如何正确处理“农地非农化”与保障农业发展和粮食安全的相互关系,是顺利推进工业化、城市化必须合理解决的难题之一。日本战后工业化、城市化与“农地非农化”的历程和经验教训表明：“农地非农化”与“农民非农化”和“市民化”应该基本同步,“农地非农化”必须与耕地保护相结合,实现农地的合理流转,促进农业的规模化经营,“农地非农化”主要应该通过市场机制的作用实现,政府进行必要的合理的规划和调控等。     

山地城市边缘土地利用格局与变化的地形梯度分布特征分析——以重庆市巴南区为例

地形作为重要的自然基底因子,在很大程度上影响土地利用变化与空间格局形成。以重庆市巴南区为例,借助GIS和RS手段,利用Landsat TM遥感数据和DEM数据,采用地形位指数、分布指数和土地利用程度综合指数等计算方法,对巴南区2000、2010和2015年土地利用格局与变化的地形梯度分布特征进行了分析,探讨了土地利用格局与变化和地形梯度的相互关系,以期为相似地形条件下的山地城市边缘区的人地关系研究提供支撑或参考。研究结果表明：（1）巴南区土地以中、高级地形位为主,海拔200 m以下,坡度8°以下的土地资源较为匮乏;（2）研究期内,中、低级地形位区间内大量耕地转变为建设用地,土地分布结构变化导致二者的分布优势区间均向更高级地形位区间转移;（3）土地利用程度综合指数曲线呈倒“V”型,波峰逐渐向中级地形位区间移动,可以印证在研究期内巴南区低丘缓坡区域内土地利用强度逐渐提升。     

土地督察对土地违法的遏制效应评价

选择当年发生土地违法案件数和当年发生土地违法涉案面积作为主要表征指标,收集了2002-2009年的省级面板数据,分析土地督察对土地违法是否有影响以及影响的程度。论文分别采用了固定效应模型、随机效应和混合OLS模型加以估计,通过相关检验,最后选用了固定效应模型的估计结果。在模型估计结果的基础上,对土地督察的违法遏制效果进行了评价。分析表明:①土地督察的确对减少土地违法有显著影响,土地例行督察覆盖度每提高1%,可能减少土地违法案件92件,可能使土地违法涉案面积减少约2.18%;②若对某省份实施了专项督察,则可能减少土地违法案件7件,可能使土地违法涉案面积减少31.11%;③由于实行了土地例行督察和专项督察,可能使2007-2009年的土地违法案件分别少发生84件、3 473件和12 500件,土地违法涉案面积分别少发生2 314.13 hm2、1 919.75 hm2和3 046.57 hm2。     

山地丘陵区城市化进程中裸地的时空转化及改造利用的分类研究

针对近年来快速城镇化进程导致城市周边裸地显著增长但对其改造利用率低的问题,以山地丘陵型城市四川省绵阳市为例,采用1999~2017年4期Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像提取研究区包括裸地在内的土地利用/土地覆被变化信息,重点分析了城市化进程中裸地的时空分布及土地转移特征,并以2017年裸地为例探讨了裸地改造利用的分类分区方法。主要结论有： （1）1999~2017年,裸地在研究区最高约占6.34%（2011年）,最低3.91%（1999年）,年均增长率1.64%,低于同期城市不渗水面的年均增长率9.74%。空间上,裸地主要分布在460~500 m的高程范围和坡度8°以下,沿城乡过渡带、城市开发区以及新修道路两边是裸地主要分布区。（2）1999~2017年,约61.35%的裸地由耕地转化而来,23.58%来源于林地,同期又有51.88%裸地转换为耕地,24.79%转换为城市不渗水面。（3）综合裸地所处区位、地形、景观格局等因素后将2017年裸地划为社区利用型、城市绿化型、城市基础和公共服务设施建设型、都市农业型以及生态修复型5大类改造利用型,以期为研究区城市化进程中的裸地改造利用提供参考依据。