建筑可持续发展视角下供应链协调与社会责任共担机理研究方案架构

基于建筑全生命周期这个主线,建筑可持续发展视角下供应链协调与社会责任共担机理研究,以绿色建筑供应链运行效率为导向,以既有建筑节能改造效率为切入点,以产业链过程中各主体行为规律为基础,采用“总-分-合”的基本研究思路模式,聚焦了“主导企业驱动下绿色建筑供应链协调机理与策略、既有建筑节能改造主体社会责任共担机理、建筑废弃物再生利用产业链主体社会责任共担机理”等三部分核心内容,初步形成建筑可持续发展视角下供应链协调与社会责任共担机理的理论体系。本成果采用“总-分-合”的思路模式,基于循环经济理念和主体行为策略视角,遵循研究的学理逻辑,以研究生学位论文为基础,开展“主导企业驱动下绿色建筑供应链协调机理与策略、既有建筑节能改造主体社会责任共担机理、建筑废弃物再生利用产业链主体社会责任共担机理”3个子课题研究,从系统整体概况实施全面研究规划着手,构架了总括、绿色建筑供应链协调机理、既有建筑节能改造主体社会责任共担、建筑废弃物再生利用社会责任共担、总结等五大模块及上中下三大篇共12章的系统体系。     

Mathematical modeling of biomass fuels formation process

The increasing demand for thermal and electric energy in many branches of industry and municipal management accounts for a drastic diminishing of natural resources (fossil fuels). Meanwhile, in numerous technical processes, a huge mass of wastes is produced. A segregated and converted combustible fraction of the wastes, with relatively high calorific value, may be used as a component of formed fuels. The utilization of the formed fuel components from segregated groups of waste in associated processes of co-combustion with conventional fuels causes significant savings resulting from partial replacement of fossil fuels, and reduction of environmental pollution resulting directly from the limitation of waste migration to the environment (soil, atmospheric air, surface and underground water). The realization of technological processes with the utilization of formed fuel in associated thermal systems should be qualified by technical criteria, which means that elementary processes as well as factors of sustainable development, from a global viewpoint, must not be disturbed. The utilization of post-process waste should be preceded by detailed technical, ecological and economic analyses. In order to optimize the mixing process of fuel components, a mathematical model of the forming process was created. The model is defined as a group of data structures which uniquely identify a real process and conversion of this data in algorithms based on a problem of linear programming. The paper also presents the optimization of parameters in the process of forming fuels using a modified simplex algorithm with a polynomial worktime. This model is a datum-point in the numerical modeling of real processes, allowing a precise determination of the optimal elementary composition of formed fuels components, with assumed constraints and decision variables of the task.     

国家火电NOx总量控制区域与阶段的划分及其特点分析

按照区划原则，中国东部、中部地区是现阶段国家火电NOx总量控制区域，并将国家火电NOx总量控制分为初级、中级、高级和可持续发展4个阶段。环境保护具有显著的区域性及阶段性的特点，由于我国东部、中部、西部地区经济发展水平的不平衡，环境保护也呈梯度变化的规律。通过对4个阶段特征的归纳与提炼，为国家不同时期总量控制区域范围的划分和总量控制目标的制定提供参考价值。     

双掺粉煤灰再生骨料对混凝土强度影响研究

通过试验研究再生骨料混凝土中粉煤灰和再生骨料对混凝土强度的影响。采用粉煤灰替代部分水泥、再生骨料替代部分天然粗骨料的方法,通过正交试验测定混凝土立方体抗压强度的方法,来研究粉煤灰对再生骨料混凝土强度的影响。试验得出:当再生骨料掺量为20%~30%时,粉煤灰的最佳掺量为20%左右;当再生骨料掺量高于40%、粉煤灰掺量高于20%时,其混凝土拌合物搅拌时间不小于240 s,且当粉煤灰在20%~30%时,可获得较理想的混凝土抗压强度;当粉煤灰的掺入量分布在20%~30%、再生骨料的最佳掺量为50%时,可获得较理想的混凝土抗压强度。由此得出,合理的再生骨料、粉煤灰掺量对混凝土的抗压强度影响并不明显且有提高的趋势,对降低混凝土成本,提高建筑垃圾的再生利用,有一定的经济效益和社会效益。     

Improving public health and environmental protection resulting from Superfund site investigation/remediation

A discussion of some of the deficiencies of Superfund and hazardous chemical site investigation and remediation is presented. Of concern is the adequacy of defining the constituents of concern; stormwater‐runoff monitoring; evaluating excessive bioaccumulation of hazardous chemicals in edible organisms; the extent and degree of groundwater pollution; modeling of pollutant transport in the vadose zone; translocation of subsurface pollutants to surface via plant roots, leaves, and flowers; protection of groundwater quality for nonpriority pollutants that impact aesthetic quality; and deficiencies in the quality of site data reports. Examples of these types of problems are discussed with suggestions on the approach that should be followed to improve the quality of site investigation and remediation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

生物法处理印染废水的研究进展

介绍了生物法在印染废水处理中的应用,主要从印染废水的水质、新旧排放标准的对比、生物法的改进及强化(包括微生物研究、生物固定化技术的开发、工艺流程的改进)、生物法研究领域的新探索(包括生物法与其他处理方法的联用、产电微生物的应用)等方面分析和总结了生物法研究的现状和存在的问题,对未来生物法发展的方向进行了初步探讨,认为生物法的深度研究及生物法与其他方法的联用探索格外重要。     

报废汽车非金属材料资源化利用研究

随着大量汽车进入报废期,如何对报废汽车进行资源化再利用成为人们面临的重要课题。报废汽车上的非金属材料,由于种类多、组成复杂,资源化再利用的难度较大,大多被废弃,会造成资源浪费、环境污染等一系列问题。塑料、橡胶、玻璃是汽车中主要的非金属材料,这些物质的资源化利用,对改善环境、节约资源,具有极大的社会经济效益。着重对报废汽车中塑料、橡胶、玻璃主要非金属材料的资源化利用技术现状进行研究,探究提高其回收利用水平的思路,对报废汽车非金属材料的资源化再利用提供一定的参考。     

Restoration of a Small High Mountain Lake after Recent Tourist Impact: The Importance of Limnological Monitoring and Palaeolimnology

The natural Park of Peñalara consists of a small mountainousarea near Madrid and includes a series of water bodies (fromsmall mountain lakes to temporary ponds and peat bogs), the mostknown of them being the so-called `Laguna Grande dePeñalara'. Due to growing numbers of visitors theenvironmental conditions of this lake started to decline in theearly 1970s because of: (1) the start of severe soil erosionprocesses; (2) the increase of nutrient load; and (3) theintroduction of a non-native fish species. Since the area wasprotected in 1990, several conservation and restoration projectsincluded in an integrated management plan have been developed. Here we summarise some of the results of these efforts: (1) controlled access of livestock and visitors to the area; (2) palaeolimnology studies aimed at inferring recent changes in thewatershed; and (3) monitoring of the limnological features of thesystem. Restoration of this lake and its watershed is intendedto serve as a model for the management of other severely alteredhigh mountain lakes.     

新型铝硅复合絮凝剂的制备及其絮凝性能研究

以高稳定性的有机硅(TEOS)代替聚硅酸(HS)加入到聚合铝(PAC)中,初步制备了一种新型铝硅复合絮凝剂(TEOS—PAC)。研究了制备过程中的滴碱速度、Si与Al摩尔比和碱化度等因素对该复合絮凝剂絮凝性能的影响,对比了TEOS—PAC与HS—PAC的絮凝效果。研究结果表明,制备TEOS—PAC时滴碱速度要控制适当(流量刻度定位40);随着Si与A1摩尔比的提高,TEOS—PAC复合絮凝剂的絮凝性能明显增强,最佳Si与A1摩尔比为0．2,最佳碱化度为2．5;在相同条件下,TEOS—PAC的最佳投药量低于HS—PAC,且TEOS—PAC在絮凝过程中形成的絮体沉降性能优于HS—PAC形成的絮体。     

Investigation of the ozonolysis of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate-fungicides in model solutions

A study of the effectiveness of ozonation for the removal of nabam (disodium ethylenebisdithiocarbamate) from aqueous solutions was carried out. Nabam is the parent compound of a commonly used group of fungicides. The process of nabam degradation was followed in terms of several parameters such as nabam concentration, chemical oxygen demand (COD), sulphate ion concentration as a measure of the relative degree of mineralization of nabam, and the pH value of the solution. Ozonation accelerates the decomposition of nabam with the formation of sulphates and nitrates as final products. The intermediate decomposition products of nabam are more resistant to degradation by ozone than the parent compound. The amounts of ozone which are used in wastewater treatment plants for disinfection may be sufficient to remove both nabam and its decomposition products, at a low level of contamination, but if the concentration of nabam is too high the intermediate decomposition products can still be present. Lowering the pH of the medium favours the oxidation of nabam.     

Influence of recycled aggregate quality and proportioning criteria on recycled concrete properties

This paper presents the results of experimental research using concrete produced by substituting part of the natural coarse aggregates with recycled aggregates from concrete demolition. The influence of the quality of the recycled aggregate (amount of declassified and source of aggregate), the percentage of replacement on the targeted quality of the concrete to be produced (strength and workability) has been evaluated. The granular structure of concrete and replacement criteria were analyzed in this study, factors which have not been analyzed in other studies. The following properties of recycled concretes were analyzed: density, absorption, compressive strength, elastic modulus, amount of occluded air, penetration of water under pressure and splitting tensile strength.A simplified test program was designed to control the costs of the testing while still producing sufficient data to develop reliable conclusions in order to make the number of tests viable whilst guaranteeing the reliability of the conclusions.Several factors were analyzed including the type of aggregate, the percentage of replacement, the type of sieve curve, the declassified content, the strength of concrete and workability of concrete and the replacement criteria. The type of aggregate and the percentage of replacement were the only factors that showed a clear influence on most of the properties.Compressive strength is clearly affected by the quality of recycled aggregates. If the water–cement ratio is kept constant and the loss of workability due to the effect of using recycled aggregate is compensated for with additives, the percentage of replacement of the recycled aggregate will not affect the compressive strength.The elastic modulus is affected by the percentage of replacement. If the percentage of replacement does not exceed 50%, the elastic modulus will only change slightly.     

Reductive dehalogenation: A subsurface bioremediation process

Introduction and large-scale production of synthetic halogenated organic chemicals over the last fifty years has resulted in a group of contaminants that tend to persist in the environment and resist both biotic and abiotic degradation. The low solubility of these types of contaminants, along with their toxicity and tendency to accumulate in food chains, make them particularly relevant targets for remediation activities. Among the mechanisms that result in dehalogenation of some classes of organic contaminants are stimulation of metabolic sequences through introduction of electron donor and acceptor combinations; addition of nutrients to meet the needs of dehalogenating microorganisms; possible use of engineered microorganisms; and use of enzyme systems capable of catalyzing reductive dehalogenation. The current state of research and development in the area of reductive dehalogenation is discussed along with possible technological application of relevant processes and mechanisms to remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with chlorinated organics. In addition, an overview of research needs is suggested, which might be of interest for development of in-situ systems to reduce the mass of halogenated organic contaminants in soil and groundwater.     

在线飞灰测碳仪在燃煤锅炉中的应用

介绍了在线飞灰测碳仪工作原理和系统结构,通过其在中石化某自备电厂燃煤锅炉的实际应用,说明了燃煤锅炉使用在线飞灰测碳仪后,锅炉司炉能随时掌握飞灰含碳量波动情况,及时调整风粉比,合理控制飞灰含碳量指标,从而降低了发电成本,提高了机组运行的经济性。     

湿法烟气脱硫中亚硫酸钙氧化技术的研究进展

分析了国内外湿法脱硫工艺中亚硫酸钙的氧化反应控制因素研究成果,指出浆液pH值一般控制在4．5—5,采用Mn^2＋作为催化剂时,CaSO3有较高的氧化效率。对我国亚硫酸钙氧化技术的继续研究提出了一些建议,为湿法脱硫工艺设计提供参考。     

Ion-Radical Conversions in Main or Side Chains of Nitrogen-Containing Polymers in Nitrogen Dioxide Atmosphere

Mechanism of nitrogen dioxide interaction with polymers containing amide and imide groups in the main or side chains of macromolecules (polycaproamide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly-m-phenylene isophthalamide and polypyromellitimide) is considered. The initiators of conversions of polymers of the given classes are not monoradicals of nitrogen dioxide rather than its equilibrium dimers in the form of nitrosyl nitrate. In primary oxidizing reaction of an electron transfer from donor groups of macromolecules to nitrosyl nitrate, radical cations, nitric oxide and nitrate anion are formed, which in the subsequent reactions give products of nitration and nitrosation. These products are precursors of stable acylalkylaminoxyl, acylarylaminoxyl, iminoxyl macroradicals. The specific interactions of nitrogen dioxide dimers with functional groups of macromolecules determine features of the mechanism of ion-radical conversions of the polymers and the composition of radical and molecular products. The direct detection of radical cations has been realized by ESR method for confirmation of the ion-radical initiation concept using model reaction of nitrogen dioxide with triphenylamine.     

酸化碱渣对氨氮的吸附和解吸性能

研究了氨氮质量浓度、体系温度、时间、酸化碱渣溶液的pH等对酸化碱渣吸附氨氮性能的影响,比较了作为解吸剂的蒸馏水和NaCl溶液对氨氮的解吸效果。在选定的实验条件下,酸化碱渣对氨氮的最大吸附量可达13．9mg／g。氨氮吸附量随其质量浓度的增加而增大、随体系温度的升高而降低,酸化碱渣溶液的pH对吸附性能的影响可以忽略。酸化碱渣表面吸附作用力主要为偶极间力和氢键力,吸附过程可用一级动力学方程模拟。NaCl溶液对氨氮的解吸效果好于蒸馏水,最大解吸率为25．7％。     

Film-Forming Starch Composites for Agricultural Applications

Biodegradable polymer composites were prepared from starch, crude glycerol, rapeseed cake and urea. The uniform films of the composites were prepared by casting technique. Mechanical properties and solubility in water of the films were studied. Increase of the content of rapeseed cake in the composites lead to the decrease of tensile strength and to the increase of elongation at break. The solubility of the composites in water increased with the increase of the content of rapeseed cake and urea. The changes of pH of soil being in the contact with the composite films were studied. It was established that the composites with the ratio of starch, rapeseed cake, crude glycerol and urea ranging from 4:6:3:0.2 to 4:6:3:1 can be used for the production of disposable plant pots. Too high content of urea can increase pH of soil up to the limit dangerous for plants.     

Land application of biosolids. Soil response to different stabilization degree of the treated organic matter

The effect of land application of biosolids on an agricultural soil was studied in a 2-month incubation experiment. The soil microbial biomass and the availability of heavy metals in the soil was monitored after the application of four different composting mixtures of sewage sludge and cotton waste, at different stages of composting. Land application caused an increase of both size and activity of soil microbial biomass that was related to the stabilization degree of the composting mixture. Sewage sludge stabilization through composting reduced the perturbance of the soil microbial biomass. At the end of the experiment, the size and the activity of the soil microbial biomass following the addition of untreated sewage sludge were twice those developed with mature compost. For the mature compost, the soil microbial biomass recovered its original equilibrium status (defined as the specific respiration activity, qCO2) after 18 days of incubation, whereas the soil amended with less stabilized materials did not recover equilibrium even after the two-month incubation period. The stabilization degree of the added materials did not affect the availability of Zn, Ni, Pb, Cu, Cr and Cd in the soil in the low heavy metal content of the sewage sludge studied. Stabilization of organic wastes before soil application is advisable for the lower perturbation of soil equilibria status and the more efficient C mineralization.     

Pyrolysis of tyres. Influence of the final temperature of the process on emissions and the calorific value of the products recovered

A study was made of the pyrolysis of tyre particles, with the aim of determining the possibilities of using the products resulting from the process as fuel. Three final temperatures were used, determined from thermogravimetric data. The design of the experiment was a horizontal oven containing a reactor into which particles of the original tyre were placed. After the process, a solid fraction (char) remained in the reactor, while the gases generated went through a set of scrubbers where most of the condensable fraction (oils) was retained. Finally, once free of this fraction, the gases were collected in glass ampoules. Solid and liquids fractions were subjected to thermogravimetric analyses in order to study their combustibility. The gas fraction was analysed by means of gas chromatography to establish the content of CO, CO2, H2 and hydrocarbons present in the samples (mainly components of gases produced in the pyrolysis process). A special study was made of the sulphur and chlorine content of all the fractions, as the presence of these elements could be problematic if the products are used as fuel. Tyre pyrolysis engenders a solid carbon residue that concentrates sulphur and chorine, with a relatively high calorific value, although not so high as that of the original tyre. The liquid fraction produced by the process has a high calorific value, which rises with the final temperature, up to 40 MJ/kg. The chlorine content of this fraction is negligible. Over 95% of the gas fraction, regardless of the final temperature, is composed of hydrocarbons of a low molecular weight and hydrogen, this fraction also appearing to be free of chlorine.     

A new theory of the creation of biomethane from aluminium-containing inorganic wastes

Energy by-products from the co-combustion of municipal solid waste with coal or biomass are monitored only in terms of oxides; the amount of metallic aluminium is not determined. When these energy by-products are deposited at landfills, the alkali metal compounds in landfill bodies undergo reactions with aluminium in the presence of water. This leads to the formation of hydrogen and its possible bioconversion into methane. The article summarises the findings of the possible development of methane and hydrogen from the ashes of 11 items of typical municipal waste containing aluminium, burned in power plants, which are then landfilled. The assessment of the new information on aluminium-waste reactions in landfill bodies and the metabolism of some bacteria may give rise to a new theory of the formation of the biomethane contained in the landfill gas.