姬松茸中Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd和Hg累积特性的初步研究

对三种不同产地的姬松茸子实体,经过微波消解后,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP- OES)、原子吸收光谱法(AAS)和原子荧光光谱法(AFS)测定了其中Ag,Al,As,Au,B,Ba,Bi,Ca,Cd,Cr,Co,Cu,Fe,Hg,K,La,Mg,Mn,Mo,Na,M,P,Pb,Rb,S,Sb,Se,Sn,Sr,Ti,V和Zn等32种元素的含量,并用高效液相色谱和电感耦合等离子质谱联用技术(HPLC-ICP-MS)分析了其中Hg元素的形态.另外,还探讨了Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd,Hg及一些相关元素在姬松茸子实体不同部位的分布特征.研究表明:与一些常见种类的大型真菌相比,姬松茸对Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd,Hg具有较强的累积能力,累积的Hg主要以Hg~(2 )形态存在,CH_3Hg~ 占总Hg比例在15%以下.Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd和Hg在姬松茸子实体不同部位的分布特征为:从菌柄下部到上部、从菌盖中心到边缘元素含量逐渐增加;P有助于提高姬松茸对Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd,Hg的累积能力,而Ca似乎起拮抗作用.     

Potentially toxic elements in some fresh water bodies in Ethiopia

A total of thirty three water samples were collected from Tinishu Akaki River, Lake Awassa, and Lake Ziway, Ethiopia. Multi-element determination of trace elements (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Ag, Cd, Sn, Hg, and Pb) in water samples was carried out by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry after acidification with 1% HNO₃. The concentration (in µg?L^?1) of the elements were in the range of 1.0–19, <0.42–83, 1.1–1580, <45–1760, <0.11–2.0, 0.43–13, 0.77–13, 6–300, <0.94–2.0, <0.3–1.5, <0.012–0.63, 0.13–4.8, <0.29, and 0.2–7.2 for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Ag, Cd, Sn, Hg, and Pb, respectively. The concentrations of all the quantified elements, with the exception of Mn, were in the range of the permissible limits of the Ethiopian, European Community, and World Health Organization for both drinking water quality guidelines and irrigation water guidelines. The accuracy of the method was validated by analyzing trace elements in water standard reference material (SRM 1643e). The measured values of trace elements in the SRM agreed well with the certified values at the 95% confidence level.     

鼻咽癌与土壤环境中化学元素的相关性研究

利用土壤元素数据２０６９４４８个,鼻咽癌死亡调查资料２２５６０例,研究了鼻咽癌死亡率与土壤环境中６１个元素质量分数的相关性。结果表明,汞、铅、硒、针、锡、钛、钽、溴、碘元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率呈非常显著的正相关;铪元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率呈显著的正相关;铟、镱、镥、铀、锆、铋、碲元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率呈较显著的正相关。锰、钠、镁、钙、锶元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率呈非常显著的负相关;钾、钡元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率呈较显著的负相关。钒、铷、铯、银、铝、镓、铊、钪、钇、镧、铈、钕、钆、镝、钬、铒、铥、钼、钨、铁、砷、镉、钴、铬、铜、氟、镍、锌、锂、铍、硼、镨、钐、铕、铽、锗、锑元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率无明显的相关性。     

Neutron-activation analysis of the elementary composition of the marine phanerogamPosidonia oceanica from a reference area in Port Cros National Park (French Mediterranean)

The marine phanerogamPosidonia oceanica (L.) Delile was collected from a presumably unpolluted reference area in Port Cros National Park, Mediterranean Sea, in November 1985, and its elemental composition was studied by gamma spectrometry after neutron activation and by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. Neutron-activation analysis revealed 23 elements and atomic-absorption spectrophotometry 4 others. Including all known records by other investigators, this brings the total of elementary components identified inP. oceanica up to 42: antimony, arsenic, barium, bromine, cadmium, cesium, calcium, carbon, cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, europium, gold, hafnium, hydrogen, iodine, iron, lanthanum, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, rubidium, samarium, scandium, selenium, silver, sodium, strontium, tantalum, terbium, thorium, uranium, ytterbium, zinc, zirconium. These elements display significant differences in their distribution in the various parts of the plant (roots, rhizomes, and growing and freshly budded leaves).     

Risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in smaller than 100-μm street dust particles from a valley-city in northwestern China

Concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn and Mo) in smaller than 100-μm street dust particles from Xining, a typical valley-city in northwestern China, were determined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and their potential risks to local ecosystem and human health were assessed using potential ecological risk index and health risk model. The results indicate that the concentration of As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn and Mo in the smaller than 100-μm street dust particles from Xining ranges from 0.8 to 11.1, 339.4 to 767.7, 27.2 to 110.2, 185.7 to 5134.5, 15.1 to 115.2, 150.1 to 623.5, 16.8 to 74.1, 24.4 to 233.0, 169.9 to 475.7, 47.4 to 96.8, 33.1 to 231.1 and 0.2 to 4.3 mg kg^?1, with an arithmetic mean of 3.6, 415.6, 50.1, 573.0, 40.6, 409.1, 22.6, 52.7, 257.8, 57.1, 108.6 and 2.5 mg kg^?1, respectively. Compared to the background value of local soil, the smaller than 100-μm street dust particles from Xining have elevated concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Sr and Mo. The contamination levels of Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Sr and Mo are higher than As, Mn, Ni and V. The comprehensive potential ecological risk levels of PTEs were moderate to considerable. The non-carcinogenic risks of PTEs studied on children and adults due to dust exposure are limited except for Cr to children. Cr in the dust may pose a potential health risk to children; this should draw more attention.     

Book reviews

PROGRESS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS AND CARCINOGENESIS, PROGRESS IN MUTATION RESEARCH, VOLUME 2, by A. Kappas, Biology Department, Nuclear Research Center Democritus, Athens (Greece), 205 pages (including 49 tables, 69 figures, concluding remarks of 3 pages, and a subject index of 3 pages), linen, format 246×171 mm, ISBN 0–444–80334–3, Elsevier/North‐Holland, Biomedical Press, Amsterdam 1981, USS 76.50, hfl. 180.00

CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS, HUMAN POPULATION MONITORING, AND GENETIC RISK ASSESSMENT, PROGRESS IN MUTATION RESEARCH, VOLUME 3, by K, C. Bora, G. R. Douglas and E. R. Nestmann, Environmental Health Directorate, Ottawa (Canada), 364 pages (including 103 tables, 45 figures, an appendix of seven pages with the Report of the WHO Consultation on Genetic Monitoring for Environmental Effects, and a subject index of 20 pages), linen, format 246 ×171 mm, ISBN 0–444–80352–1, Elsevier/North‐Holland, Biomedical Press, Amsterdam 1982 USS 80.75, hfl. 190.00.

AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY, Volume 1 of a Series, by Lavern J. Weber, Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, 238 pages (including 35 tables, 18 figures, and a subject index of 13 pages), linen, format 243 × 163 mm, ISBN 0–89004–439–2, Raven Press, New York 1982, US$ 36.72.

CARDIOVASCULAR TOXICOLOGY, TARGET ORGAN TOXICOLOGY SERIES, by Ethard W. van Stee, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA, 400 pages (including 17 tables, 58 figures, and a subject index of 12 pages), linen, format 243 × 163 mm, ISBN 0–89004–576–3, Raven Press, New York 1982, USS 61.20.     

Efficient removal of heavy metals from electroplating wastewater using polymer ligands

Poly(hydroxamic acid)-poly(amidoxime) chelating ligands were synthesized from poly(methyl acrylate-co-acrylonitrile) grafted acacia cellulose for removing toxic metal ions from industrial wastewaters. These ligands showed higher adsorption capacity to copper (2.80 mmol?g⁻¹) at pH 6. In addition, sorption capacities to other metal ions such as iron, zinc, chromium, and nickel were also found high at pH 6. The metal ions sorption rate (t_1/2) was very fast. The rate of adsorption of copper, iron, zinc, chromium, nickel, cobalt, cadmium and lead were 4, 5, 7, 5, 5, 8, 9 and 11 min, respectively. Therefore, these ligands have an advantage to the metal ions removal using the column technique. We have successfully investigated the known concentration of metal ions using various parameters, which is essential for designing a fixed bed column with ligands. The wastewater from electroplating plants used in this study, having chromium, zinc, nickel, copper and iron, etc. For chromium wastewater, ICP analysis showed that the Cr removal was 99.8% and other metal ions such as Cu, Ni, Fe, Zn, Cd, Pb, Co and Mn removal were 94.7%, 99.2%, 99.9%, 99.9%, 99.5%, 99.9%, 95.6% and 97.6%, respectively. In case of cyanide wastewater, the metal removal, especially Ni and Zn removal were 96.5 and 95.2% at higher initial concentration. For acid/alkali wastewater, metal ions removing for Cd, Cr and Fe were 99.2%, 99.5% and 99.9%, respectively. Overall, these ligands are useful for metal removal by column method from industrial wastewater especially plating wastewater.     

The impact of urban land expansion on soil quality in rapidly urbanizing regions in China: Kunshan as a case study

At a stage of rapid economic development and urbanization in China, most cities are faced with serious problems caused by environment deterioration such as pollution, space press, afforestation degradation, and disordering. Kunshan City, one of the most economically vigorous regions in China, has suffered a more prominent conflict between urbanization and environmental safety. In this paper, urban land expansion in Kunshan City in the Yangtze River Delta was measured with reference to the Landsat data recorded in 1982, 1991, 1995, and 2003 and change in land-use pattern in 1981, 1991, 1995, and 2004 as well as that in nutrients in soils of different purposes between the periods were analyzed to study the effect of urban land-use expansion on soil characteristics. To get a better understanding of soil nutrients, heavy metal content, and pollution, on-the-spot investigation, sampling and laboratory analysis were all conducted, and the geo-accumulation factors and revised Nemerow comprehensive index method were adopted for evaluation of the findings. The results show that the content of organic matter, total nitrogen, rapidly available nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the soil (except available potassium) all increased, and the average content of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Hg, Se, and Zn prove to be 8.61, 0.12, 83.53, 32.49, 29.93, 30.45, 0.27, 0.24, and 93.3 mg kg⁻¹, respectively, showing degradation in soil quality.     

Pattern of distribution of selected trace elements in the marine brown alga,Sargassum filipendula Ag. from Sri Lanka

Baseline concentrations together with biological variations of 29 trace elements (Ag, As, Au, Ba, Br, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sr, Tb, Th, Yb, Zn and Zr) were investigated in the brown alga, Sargassum filipendula collected from the western coast of Sri Lanka. Several elements (Co, Cr, Fe, Hf, Ni, Sc, Se, Th, Zr and the rare earth elements) were found to be enriched in S. filipendula compared to NIES No. 9 Sargasso reference material. Concentration of strontium in S. filipendula was highest at all sites. Chemical abundance of the rare earth elements decreased approximately linearly with increasing atomic numbers. The pattern of elemental distribution appears to be due to the fact that S. filipendula seems capable of concentrating high levels of trace elements under conditions of their very low availability in sea water. Concentration factors for elements in S. filipendula lie in a higher range compared with those reported in the literaure for brown algae.     

Elemental concentrations in Jamaican peat

The peat of the Negril Morass in Western Jamaica was sampled at depths down to 7 m in directions parallel and perpendicular to the seashore, and the samples were analysed for Al, As, B, Br, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Dy, Eu, Fe, Hf, I, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sr, Ti, U and V by instrumental neutron activation analysis and by spectrophotometry. The peat is high in ash content, but the concentrations of most elements are below crustal abundances and therefore provide no evidence of nearby mineralisation. The elemental concentrations indicate that no particular environmental hazards are to expected from the use of this peat in electricity generation.     

Geochemistry of the barkinite liptobiolith (Late Permian) from the Jinshan Mine,Anhui Province,China

This paper discusses the geochemistry and mineralogy of the barkinite liptobiolith of the Late Permian age from the Jinshan Mine, Guangde County, Anhui Province, China. Samples were examined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry, ion-selective electrode, sequential chemical extraction, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray, and optical microscopy. The coal is a medium-ash and high-sulfur resource. Minerals in the coal are composed of kaolinite, pyrite, calcite, and quartz. Pyrite and calcite are derived from seawater during peat accumulation. Quartz in the coal is of authigenic origin. Part of the kaolinite is from a land-source region, and part occurs as cell-fillings and is of authigenic origin. The results also indicate that the barkinite liptobiolith contains some toxic elements in high concentrations. Elements including Li, Be, Si, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ga, Se, Y, Zr, Mo, the rare earth elements (REEs), W, Hg, Tl, Pb, Th, and U in the coals are enriched in the barkinite liptobiolith. Results of sequential chemical extraction showed that Li, Sc, Ti, Cr, Y, Zr, REEs, and Th in the coal mainly occur as silicates, while Be and W are related to organic matter. Pyrite is the dominant source of S, Mo, Hg, Tl, and Pb. Gallium only occurs in silicate, and U and V occur both in organic and silicate associations.     

Trace metal concentrations and contents in the tissues of the shore crab<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Carcinus maenas</Emphasis>: effects of size and tissue hydration

Water content in the tissues, tissue proportions, and content and concentrations of copper, zinc, iron, cadmium, manganese, and cobalt were determined in male shore crabs Carcinus maenas of different sizes. Average wet to dry weight ratios in midgut gland, gills, muscle, exoskeleton, stomach, heart, testes, hypodermis, and haemolymph were 5.3, 9.5, 4.1, 1.5, 4.8, 6.1, 3.8, 4.7, and 13, respectively. The water content in the soft tissues generally increased with increasing size of the crabs (except in testes). Dry midgut gland, gills, muscle, exoskeleton, stomach, heart, testes, hypodermis, and haemolymph constituted 4, 0.9, 20, 68, 0.5, 0.12, 0.5, 0.7 and 5.3%, respectively, of the body dry weight. Dry midgut gland, gills, stomach, hypodermis, and haemolymph constituted a larger proportion of the body weight in small than in large crabs, whereas the opposite was the case for exoskeleton. Protein concentrations in the haemolymph decreased with size whereas haemolymph volume increased. Seventy percent of the copper body burden was located in the haemolymph. The majority of zinc (61%) occurred in muscle, whereas the midgut gland was the major site of cadmium storage (89%). The exoskeleton contained the major part of the body burden of iron (71%) and manganese (95%). Most of the cobalt body burden was located in the exoskeleton (45%) and haemolymph (44%). As tissue hydration and tissue proportions changed with size, tissue metal concentrations did not necessarily vary identically with size when expressed on a dry weight compared to a wet weight basis. Tissue potassium concentrations were negatively correlated with tissue water contents, indicating that water in tissues with a high wet to dry weight ratio was of extracellular origin. However, comparison of tissue and haemolymph copper levels showed that this extracellular water could not be pure haemolymph as tissue copper concentrations would have been higher than the values actually found.     

南京城市土壤中重金属的化学形态分布

采取Tessier连续提取法，研究了南京市不同城区表层土壤中Fe,Mn,Cr,Ni,Co,V,Cu,Zn,Pb的化学形态分布。结果表明，南京城市土壤中Fe,Mn,Cr,Ni,Co,V,Zn,Pb以残渣晶格态为主，可交换态比例极低；Cu在城市道路旁的土壤中有机物结合态所占的比例最高，其他区域残渣晶格态所占的比例最高，与非城区自然土壤相比，主要来源于人为输入的Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb残渣晶格态所占的比例低，活性态比例大；Cr和主要来源于原土壤物质的Fe,Ni,Co,V在城市土壤与非城区自然土壤中各形态所占的比例相似，残渣晶格态比例大，活性态比例极低。     

润肤霜类化妆品中金属元素的测定及砷形态初探

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定化妆品中的金属元素铝、铬、镍、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉、锡、锑、钡、镧、铈、镨、钕、钐、汞、铅的总量,并结合液相色谱(HPLC)-ICPMS联用技术考察了化妆品中的砷形态.研究表明,金属指标不合格的化妆品多为汞含量超标;此外,化妆品中的砷多以无机砷形式存在.     

Biomagnification of trace elements in a benthic food web: the case study of Deer Island (Northern Yellow Sea)

In this study, we investigated the concentrations of ten trace elements (Cu, Zn, Mn, Se, Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, and As) and their trophodynamics in a benthic food chain of Deer Island, Northern Yellow Sea. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mn, Se, Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, and As in the food chain ranged from 3.2 to 23.2, from 71 to 227, from 7.4 to 45.6, from 0.44 to 5.80, from 0.73 to 7.60, from 0.14 to 1.65, from 0.68 to 6.70, from 0.08 to 1.86, from 0.08 to 1.18, and from 0.24 to 3.92 mg kg^?1 dry weight, respectively. Among these trace elements, the linear regression between the log-transformed concentrations of Hg and Cd and δ¹⁵N values showed statistically significant increase (p<0.05) with the slopes of 0.134 and 0.144, indicating biomagnification of Hg and Cd occurred in the benthic food chain of Deer Island. While the linear regression for other eight trace elements (Cu, Zn, Mn, Se, Ni, Cr, Pb and As) were characterised by extensive scatter with non-significant correlation coefficients (R ²=0.002–0.235) and slopes (p=0.079–0.875), indicating there were not biomagnified or biodiluted of these trace elements.     

Geochemical baselines of heavy metals in the sediments of two large freshwater lakes in China: implications for contamination character and history

The aim of this study was to estimate the geochemical baseline concentrations of various heavy metals in the surface sediments of two large freshwater lakes in Taihu and Dianchi, China, and to assess the character and history of heavy metal contamination around the two lakes. Heavy metal concentrations in the sediments were obtained by field surveys and were supplemented with published data. The statistical methods of cumulative frequency and normalization were employed to obtain the baselines. The respective baseline concentrations for As, Sb, Hg, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were 9.92, 1.67, 0.14, 22.62, 100.56, 31.63, 31.97, 33.05 and 97.01?mg/kg, respectively, in Taihu, and 24.60, 4.29, 0.25, 36.78, 135.68, 90.05, 50.76, 73.56 and 208.76?mg/kg, respectively, in Dianchi. The baseline concentrations of these heavy metals in Lake Taihu were equivalent to the pre-industrial concentrations determined from lakes in Sweden and Europe. Conversely, those in Lake Dianchi were much higher than the pre-industrial values. Li, Fe, Sc, Ti, V and Al were found to be the suitable reference elements for normalization, and one of these elements could be used to predict the baseline concentrations of heavy metals except Hg. Most of the heavy metals had one inflexion, and only Cu and Pb in Taihu, Sb, Pb and Zn in Dianchi, were found to have two inflexions in the cumulative curves, suggesting remarkable anthropogenic inputs of Cu and Pb in Taihu, Sb, Pb and Zn in Dianchi, which are generally consistent with the respective industrial structure around Taihu and Dianchi.     

野生及养殖背角无齿蚌中元素的生物积累特征

作为建立渔业生态环境“淡水贝类观察”体系的基础研究之一,以宜兴养殖水域（N=7）和太湖三山岛自然水域（N=7）采集的背角无齿蚌（Anodonta woodiana）为对象,运用电感耦合等离子质谱仪测定了背角无齿蚌软组织中元素Na、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Se、Cu、Cr、Cd的质量分数范围,并对各种元素积累水平的差异进行比较研究。结果表明,两水域中背角无齿蚌对元素的积累高低顺序具有相似的趋势。其中Ca质量分数最高,Co、Cr的质量分数最低,其它元素界于其间。养殖蚌样中的常量元素Na、K、Ca、Mg和微量元素Mn、Co的积累质量分数高于或接近自然水域蚌样中的相应元素,但后者中的重金属元素Cr、Cu、Cd、Ni质量分数显著地高于前者。养殖水域蚌样中的Mg-K、Mg-Ca、Mg-Ni、Mg-Mn、K-Ca、K—Co、K．Mn、Ca—Co、Ca—Ni、Ca．Mn、Ni—Mn、Cr-Co、Cu-Cd以及自然水域蚌样中的Mg—K、Ca-Cr、Ca—Mn、Ca-Ni、Ca-Cd、Cr—Mn、Cr-Ni、Cr-Cd质量分数之间呈现显著的相关性。     

毒死蜱、马拉硫磷和氰戊菊酯对赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetida）的急性毒性

采用滤纸接触法和土壤培养法研究了毒死蜱(Chlorpyrifos)、马拉硫磷(Malathion)和氰戊菊酯(Fenvalerate)对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)的急性毒性效应.滤纸接触法试验浓度分别设置为,毒死蜱:3.14、6.28、9.42、12.56、15.70、18.84μg·cm-2;马拉硫磷:3.10、6.20、12.40、18.60、24.80、31.40μg·cm-2;氰戊菊酯:0.31、0.62、1.24、1.86、2.48、3.14μg·cm-2.土壤培养法试验浓度分别设置为,毒死蜱:100、125、150、175、200、225、250mg·kg-1;马拉硫磷:350、400、450、500、550、600mg·kg-1;氰戊菊酯:20、30、40、50、60、70、80mg·kg-1.结果表明:采用滤纸接触法测得的各农药对蚯蚓48h的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为毒死蜱12.26μg·cm-2、马拉硫磷19.61μg·cm-2、氰戊菊酯1.03μg·cm-2;采用土壤培养法测得的各农药对蚯蚓7d的LC50分别为毒死蜱427.67mg·kg-1、马拉硫磷742.53mg·kg-1、氰戊菊酯81.81mg·kg-1,14d的LC50分别为毒死蜱182.21mg·kg-1、马拉硫磷497.29mg·kg-1、氰戊菊酯37.46mg·kg-1.根据《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》,这3种农药对蚯蚓的毒性均为低毒级.     

太湖水华蓝藻中元素的组成及其环境意义

利用电感耦合等离子质谱仪对2008年7、9和10月采自太湖南泉水域的水华蓝藻样本中19种元素(Na、Mg、K、Ca、Zn、Mn、Fe、Al、Cu、Cr、Co、Ni、As、Se、Mo、Ag、Tl、Cd和Pb)的质量含量(w)及组成变化进行研究。结果表明,在藻华中w较高(1 000μg.g-1,以干质量计)的常量元素或有益元素为Ca、K、Na、Mg、Al、Fe。其中,w(Ca)和w(K)较高(4 000μg.g-1),w(Ca)随月份变化不大,而w(K)、w(Mg)、w(Na)则逐月升高。w(Al)、w(Fe)变化较大,7月最高(1 000μg.g-1),之后迅速降低(400μg.g-1);藻华中w在10~100μg.g-1之间变化的元素为Mn、Zn、Ni、Cu,其中,7月这4种元素w均最高,9~10月则降低。藻华中还检出痕量元素Co、Mo和Se,Tl未检出。藻华中积累的有毒元素中w(As)较高(5~15μg.g-1),而w(Cr)、w(Cd)、w(Pb)、w(Ag)均较低(5μg.g-1)。有毒元素w最高值均出现在7月。基于上述结果,推算出2007—2009年采取物理方法除藻从太湖中移除的元素量约为:K595.89 t、Ca 544.03 t、Mg 181.18 t、Al 83.06 t、Na 63.97 t、Fe 55.45 t、Mn 2.99t、Zn 2.26 t、Ni 1.67 t、Cu 1.11 t、As 0.76 t、Cr 94.5 kg、Cd 82.70 kg、Se 45.01 kg、Pb 37.64 kg、Co 32.27 kg、Mo5.41 kg和Ag 2.46 kg。该研究不仅可为进一步寻找关键元素在蓝藻水华爆发过程中的限制作用及其机制提供基础数据,同时也可为评价利用物理除藻方法去除太湖中有毒元素和降低有可能促进藻华发展的营养元素的负荷量的有效性,从而保护和修复渔业环境提供理论依据。     

Trace metal concentrations in cigarette brands commonly available in Turkey: relation with human health

In this study, the concentrations of Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Mn, Pb, Cr, and Cd were determined in 15 cigarette brands from Turkey by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). A wet digestion method was employed to cigarette samples. The mean values obtained for Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Mn, Pb, Cr, and Cd were 1.2, 4.1, 134, 14, 66, 3.7, 5.0, and 1.1?µg?g^?1, respectively, i.e., in the order of Fe?>?Mn?>?Cu?>?Cr?>?Ni?>?Pb?>?Co?>?Cd. The results were compared with the literature values for other international cigarette brands.