畜禽粪便和污水中金霉素及其代谢物的液质联用( LC-MS/MS)检测方法研究

建立了畜禽粪便和污水中金霉素(CTC)及其两种代谢物——差向金霉素(ECTC)和异金霉素(ICTC)的LC - MS/MS检测方法.粪便样品经Na2EDTA - Mcllvaine缓冲液(pH=4)分别提取3次,离心,收集上清液,过Waters的Oasis HLB固相萃取小柱净化、浓缩.用6mL0.01 mol·L-1草酸甲醇溶液洗脱,收集洗脱液,40℃水浴氮气吹至近干,甲醇定容至1 mL,过0.22μm滤膜,用LC- MS/MS测定.污水取100 mL经滤纸和0.65 μm纤维膜过滤后,加1 mL 5% Na2EDTA溶液,调节pH值至7.0,然后过预先用5 mL甲醇和10 mL Na2EDTrA- Mcllvaine缓冲液(pH=4)活化过的Waters Oasis HLB固相萃取小柱,净化、浓缩,后用6 mL0.01 mol·L-1草酸甲醇溶液洗脱,收集洗脱液,40℃水浴氮气吹至近干,甲醇定容至1 mL,过0.22 μm滤膜,上机测定.该方法在10～1 000μg·L-1之间呈线性相关,金霉素、差向金霉素和异金霉素的平均回收率分别为79.64% ～ 97.23%、75.34% ～ 98.37%和73.67% ～ 95.08%,日间偏差在1.78% ～6.18%,日内偏差在1.07%～6.28%.粪便样品和污水样品中的检测限分别为20μg·kg-1和10μg·L-1,符合作为检测方法的要求.     

固相萃取富集快速测定水样中痕量铜离子

采用固相萃取（SPE）富集水样中痕量铜离子继以分光光度法测定的方法,对样品浓度、SPE柱流速等诸多影响SPE柱效率的因素进行了研究,建立了一种简便、快速测定水样中痕量铜离子的新方法。结果表明,样品浓度低时,经过SPE柱时流速低,SPE柱富集效率高。当铜离子浓度为0－20μg／L时,铜离子富集倍数可达2000倍,回收率大于90％,相对标准偏差为6．5％,方法检测限可达0．5μg／L。     

气相色谱-质谱联用法测定水源水中酞酸酯和己二酸酯

用C18固相萃取和液-液萃取两种前处理方法处理水样,然后用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)定量测定水源水中的6种酞酸酯和己二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯.研究结果表明,用C18固相萃取法测定目标化合物的加标回收率范围为65%～101%,相对标准偏差为5.50%～19.71%;用液-液萃取法测定目标化合物的加标回收率范围为54 5%～107.6%,相对标准偏差为3.56%～14.47%.还研究了C18固相萃取法的方法检测限.除邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯的检测限为1.36 μg/L外,其他目标化合物的检测限为0.05～0.48μg/L.该方法适用于监测水源水中6种酞酸酯和己二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯.对实验过程中污染源的分析结果表明,固相萃取小柱、无水硫酸钠、玻璃毛和溶剂都有可能造成酞酸酯分析污染.     

青狮潭库区水体中有机氯农药分布及其健康风险评价

采用固相萃取-气相色谱/电子捕获检测器(SPE-GC/ECD)对青狮潭库区水体中有机氯农药(OCPs)的组成、分布特征及健康风险进行了分析。结果表明,六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)分别占所检出15种OCPs总量的28.93%~79.88%和2.66%~54.62%,特征组分比例表明HCHs和DDTs均源自历史残留。研究区域水体中OCPs质量浓度大小呈现为池塘西湖溪流东湖。青狮潭库区20个采样点水体中OCPs健康风险值为6.50×10-9~4.05×10-7a-1,远低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值,表明该区域水体中OCPs对人体健康风险处于较低水平。     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法对水体中全氟化合物的测定

采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱技术建立了水样中11种全氟化合物的检测方法.方法以ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18为分析柱,甲醇和2 mmol/L 5％甲醇乙酸铵溶液为梯度淋洗液,全氟己酸、全氟庚酸、全氟辛酸、全氟壬酸、全氟癸酸、全氟十一烷酸、全氟十二烷酸、全氟十四烷酸、全氟辛烷磺酸、全氟己基磺酸钾和全氟丁基磺酸钾可以在6min内分离,外标法定量.采用固相萃取作为前处理方法,对比研究了两种淋洗液、3种洗脱液在不同pH值下的添加回收率.在试验条件下,所选取的全氟化合物的最低检测质量浓度为0.011～0.089pg/mL,这些化合物除全氟十四烷酸外,在水样中的平均回收率为72.6％～144.7％,相对标准偏差为1.2％～9.2％.实际样品的检测显示,全氟丁基磺酸钾、全氟辛酸与全氟辛烷磺酸在所测污水中质量浓度较高.     

A/O法处理城市污水中有机物迁移转化的研究(Ⅱ)

本文通过实验方法对采用A／O工艺处理城市污水过程中有机物的迁移和转化进行了研究。所采用的方法是将原水、处理后的出水及污泥用甲苯萃取，萃取相经过真空浓缩后，采用色谱-质谱法(GC／MS)对样品中的有机化合物进行了测定。结果表明，在A／O工艺处理城市污水过程中，活性污泥对有机物的吸附作用是主要的，降解作用是次要的。     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定水中硫醚类研究

环境水体中的含硫有机物厌氧分解或藻类死亡腐烂后会产生硫醚类物质,这些物质对人体的中枢神经系统具有毒害作用.建立了顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱法,是一种可以同时测定水中4种硫醚类的检测方法.4种硫醚类污染物的最佳固相微萃取条件:型号为85 μm CAR-PDMS涂层的纤维头,氯化钠加入量为4.00g,萃取温度为40℃,萃取时间25 min,萃取速度为20 mm/s,解析时间3 min.在此固相微萃取条件下,可以获得满意的4种硫醚类污染物的响应值和回收率.4种硫醚类的纯水加标回收率范围为81.1％ ～110％,地表水加标回收率范围为80.1％～100％,地下水加标回收率范围为80.0％ ～ 103％,污水加标回收率范围为80.3％ ～ 103％,相对标准偏差均小于10％,检出限为0.001～0.020 μg/L,4种硫醚在0～ 20.0 μg/L范围内线性良好,回归方程的相关系数均大于0.995.该方法简单实用、准确可靠,可用于地表水、地下水、污水中4种硫醚类的同时测定.     

不同环境介质中异丙隆残留的前处理方法研究

利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定水、土壤和植物中除草剂异丙隆的残留量.采用LC-18固相萃取小柱分离、净化和富集水中异丙隆残留;利用丙酮/水(体积比为3:1)振荡提取土壤中的异丙隆残留,并通过硅胶柱层析净化、分离;以乙酸乙酯为提取剂,采用超声波提取植物样品中的异丙隆残留,并用Florisil固相萃取小柱净化、分离.利用HPLC-UVD(Ultraviolet Detector,紫外检测器)定性、定量测定水、土壤和植物样品中异丙隆残留量.结果表明,异丙隆HPLC的线性检测范围为0.1～16 mg/L,决定系数\%R2\%=0.999 9,最低检测浓度为0.012 mg/L.水的加标回收率为90.7%～91.1%,相对标准偏差为3.0%～12.0%;土壤的加标回收率为88.4%～97.4%,相对标准偏差为6.9%～9.8%;植物的加标回收率为94.4%～99.9%,相对标准偏差为4.6%～9.0%.研究为异丙隆残留的检测提供了一种有效方法.     

环境中氟喹诺酮类抗生素残留检测和去除研究进展

环境样品中的氟喹诺酮类抗生素(FQs)残留浓度低,干扰因素复杂,其检测需要采用多个预处理步骤,固相萃取回收率和重现性好,在实际样品预处理中常采用。检测方法包括毛细管电泳分析法、酶联免疫吸附法以及LC与ECD、FLD、UV、MS联用等。毛细管电泳法速度快,敏度低,检出限高;酶联免疫吸附法检测速度快,但存在交叉反应。高效液相色谱联用质谱检测(HPLC-MS/MS)灵敏度高,选择性好,是比较理想的分析方法。FQs污染物降解方法包括污泥吸附、光降解和高级氧化。光降解和高级氧化技术成本较高,反应副产物可能存在环境风险。污泥颗粒吸附FQs效果好,吸附FQs后,污泥颗粒可通过高温碳化活化制备活性炭,使FQs在高温下得到较彻底降解的同时,实现污泥的资源化利用,是较具前景的去除FQs的方法。     

某人工湿地系统对水中持久性有机污染物去除效果的分析

采用固相萃取样品前处理技术和气相色谱/电子捕获检测器(GC/ECD)及气相色谱/质联联用(GC/MS)分析方法,对某人工湿地系统进、出水中持久性有机污染物(包括多环芳烃、多氯联苯、有机氯农药)的质量浓度进行了分析和对比,以研究该湿地水中持久性有机物的污染水平及湿地对它们的处理效果.结果表明,多环芳烃检出19种,以二环为主,萘及其同系物约占总量的71%;有机氯农药只检出HCH的4种异构体和七氯;多氯联苯检出5种,以二氯代为主.这3类物质的浓度水平明显低于以往的研究结果,且低于国家地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838-2002).对于持久性有机物浓度较低的水源水,湿地对以上3类物质的去除效果不明显.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。