北方地区污水处理厂工艺方案探讨——以内蒙古自治区某旗县为例

内蒙古中部地区某旗县污水处理厂采用“预处理+Bardenpho工艺+高效沉淀池+反硝化深床滤池”处理工艺,出水满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918—2002）一级A标准。本文详细介绍了污水水质特点、工艺方案选择及主要构筑物的工艺参数。     

污水处理厂提标改造工艺研究和运行效果分析

合肥市某污水处理厂原有一期工程主体工艺为A_(2)/O工艺,出水标准执行《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级B标准。在对一期工程进行更换设备、投加外部碳源和优化运行参数的基础上,进行提标改造,新建高密度沉淀池、曝气生物滤池、反硝化深床滤池深度处理工艺,出水水质执行《巢湖流域城镇污水处理厂和工业行业主要水污染物排放限值》(DB 34/2710—2016)中城镇污水处理厂Ⅰ类标准。系统连续运行6个月,COD、NH_(3)-N、TP、TN平均出水质量浓度分别为10.522、0.258、0.195和6.907 mg/L,平均去除率分别为94.1%、98.4%、92.3%、73.6%,出水各项指标均达到甚至优于设计标准。     

A/O一体式曝气生物滤池处理生活污水

在原水水力负荷为1．1m/h，回流比为2的条件下，考察了缺氧－好氧一体式生物滤池在气水比为4∶1、5∶1和6∶1工况下对生活污水的处理效果。研究结果表明，对生活污水有着良好的处理效果，处理出水可稳定地达到国家二级排放标准。随着气水比的增加，系统对COD、BOD5和氨氮的去除率有所提高，缺氧－好氧暴气一体式生物滤池具有良好的硝化、反硝化效果。硝化作用主要在好氧区完成，反硝化作用在缺氧区45cm处即可完成。     

亚硝酸盐对再生水脱色的影响研究

反硝化生物滤池因其脱氮效果好、出水稳定等特点在污水再生处理过程中得到广泛应用。实际运行中发现,反硝化生物滤池出水经后续工艺处理后色度常常难以达标。反硝化脱氮过程存在亚硝酸盐积累的现象,进水NO_3~--N质量浓度为25 mg/L、碳源投加量为90mg/L时,反硝化滤池出水NO_2~--N质量浓度为2.87 mg/L。以反硝化生物滤池与臭氧氧化组合工艺为研究对象,开展了反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐累积对臭氧及次氯酸钠脱色的影响研究。结果表明,亚硝酸盐累积不利于后续臭氧氧化脱色过程,当反硝化生物滤池出水NO_2~--N质量浓度为3.98 mg/L、臭氧投加剂量为3 mg/L和5 mg/L时,出水色度分别为20.6和17.3,无法满足GB/T 19772—2005《城市污水再生利用地下水回灌水质》的要求(色度15)。通过投加5 mg/L的NaClO预氧化、再投加5 mg/L的臭氧使出水色度达到14.1。     

沸石滤池深度处理石化废水二级出水研究

采用小试规模沸石滤池,深度处理石化废水二级出水,通过考察滤池对CODCrNH4^-N和挥发酚的去除情况,分析了沸石去除污染物的规律和机理。结果表明：沸石滤池对CODCr,NH4^＋-N和挥发酚的平均去除率分别达到27．32％、94．67％和34．47％。在滤池运行初期,离子交换起主要作用。随着反应器的运行,离子交换因沸石饱和而减弱,而生物氧化逐渐起作用。由于沸石资源丰富、价格低廉和性能优越,所以沸石滤池作为三级深度处理技术具有广阔应用前景。     

超磁分离+曝气生物滤池工程设计及运行效果探讨

采用超磁分离+曝气生物滤池组合工艺处理城市溢流生活污水,工程处理规模为100 000 m3/d,对氨氮、TP、COD、BOD5、SS等指标平均去除率分别为80.69%、81.33%、84.56%、88.27%、85.00%,出水主要指标优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918—2002）一级B标准（不考核TN）。实践表明,超磁分离+曝气生物滤池的组合工艺具有处理效果好、出水稳定、占地面积小、运行管理方便等优点,其中曝气生物滤池的进水方式对污染物的去除率影响不大,建议曝气生物滤池采用圆形池体和下进水的方式,在工程应用中运行状况更优。     

悬浮载体SBR工艺处理生活污水实验室研究

以生活污水为研究对象,研究将悬浮载体生物处理技术引入SBR工艺中的可行性,以及填充率对CODcr-NH3-N去除率的影响。试验结果表明,悬浮载体生物处理技术引入SBR工艺可以使去除效率提高10个百分点以上;同时发现在30％填充率时,CODcr、NH3-N的去除率分别可达87．0％、91．5％以上。其出水CODcr和NH3-N指标可达到生活杂用水水质指标。     

填埋场渗滤液处理模式的试验研究

通过建立试验装置模拟深圳市滨河污水处理厂工艺流程,分别验证不同水量的渗滤液原液及预处理后的渗滤液对污水处理厂出水水质的影响。研究结果表明,当渗滤液添加量小于0.5%或预处理后的渗滤液添加量小于1.3%时,处理装置及处理后的污水水质可不受渗滤液水质冲击影响,出水COD,NH3-N,TN,TP,pH都满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A的排放要求。     

铝材加工废水的处理

铝材加工废水是含有乳化油较难处理的有机废水,废水中有机物和悬浮物浓度较高,可生化性较差.采用内电解反应-混凝气浮-复合好氧生物组合工艺处理该废水,运行结果表明,该组合工艺运行稳定,COD、BOD、SS、油类物质去除率达98％、95％、97％和99％,出水水质COD、BOD、SS、油类物质的平均质量浓度分别为50,15,40和5 mg/L,水质达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级排放标准.该系统出水经过滤深度处理后,达到回用标准.     

改性硅藻土对城市污水的深度处理

采用天然和改性硅藻土对污水处理厂二级处理出水进行深度处理的实验研究,考察了天然硅藻土处理水样时,搅拌时间、投加量和动静态实验对去除效率的影响,并分析了硅藻土改性前后对水样的去除效率和出水水质.结果表明:天然硅藻土处理水样,搅拌时间30min,投加量300 mg/L时,能取得较好的处理效果,出水水质满足排放标准的一级B标准;相同条件下,投加改性硅藻土,去除效率优于天然硅藻土,去除率提高了20％ ～ 40％,其处理后出水能够达到排放标准的一级A标准,能够满足回用的基本要求.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。