英语语言中的性别歧视

在人类社会的历史发展中,男尊女卑是非常普遍的社会现象.男尊女卑不仅反映在社会的分工、权力的占有和财富的分配等方面,也体现在语言的使用中,即形成了语言的性别歧视.同其它许多语言一样,英语中也广泛存在着性别歧视现象.作为语言家庭中的一员,在英语中,性别歧视的原因也是多方面的,显得很复杂,既有社会方面的,也有文化方面的.而性别歧视表现在语言内部,既包括语义方面,搭配方面,也包括词法方面的.我们对此要一一加以省视.     

“黑的”惊魂记

这两年打的,很奇怪,我总是招到黑的,于是有了许多坐黑的的经历和经验。而每个城市的黑的营运情况都不大相同。在北京和四川,我遭遇了两次被黑的欺负和挨宰的事,一想起便唏嘘不已。先说北京的黑的故事吧。由于北京     

图书馆的安全隐患

提起图书馆安全,人们往往认为是传统的图书文献的"防水""防火""防盗"等"三防"为主的安全工作.但是随着信息知识的增多,图书馆职能的转变,图书馆被越来越多的人们利用,人们进出图书馆的次数也越来越多,图书馆已从藏书楼的形式转变为一个人员来往密集的公共场所.因此,图书馆如何面对新的环境,更好的做好图书馆的安全工作,已不只是单纯的图书馆"三防"问题,它关系到图书馆如何起到它应有的作用,确保图书馆文献资源安全、馆舍及设备的安全、读者和工作人员人身安全等方方面面.为读者提供安全、方便利用信息资源场所,是图书馆工作的主题.     

开心一刻

神奇的经历甲对乙说:"我时常睡醒时发现身边竟然有一个陌生的年轻女子,最近遇到的还大多是漂亮的呢!"乙露出极其羡慕的神情道:"你怎么会有这么神奇的经历啊,教教我如何?"甲笑着说:"在公共汽车上找个没人的椅子坐着睡觉,这种机会多的是。"     

吃粗粮的学问

<正>粗粮有什么营养?一粒谷物的籽粒,也就是我们吃的白米、白面的原形——麦粒、稻谷,它是由谷皮、糊粉层、谷胚、胚乳构成的。我们来把籽粒一层一层剥开分析一下它的营养价值。谷皮:含有丰富的膳食纤维和矿物质,但是由于它的外型不太美观,口感太粗糙,所以在粮食的精细加工过程中被去掉了。糊粉层:营养价值比较丰富,含有我们需要的蛋白质、矿物质、维生素和膳食纤维。但是糊粉层的细胞壁较     

安全员要做到"六坚持"

坚持讲政治.安全工作是事关国家财产和人民生命安全,涉及社会稳定和经济发展的政治工作.安全员要从讲政治的高度来认识所从事的工作,看重自己的事业,以"位卑未敢忘国忧"的责任意识和大局意识,自觉增强工作的主动性,以实实在在的工作成绩,回报组织和职工的期望与信任.     

上下班遇车祸算工伤个体户首次纳入保险范畴

今年1月1日起实施的"<工伤保险条例>扩展了工伤保险制度的适用范围.凡是中华人民共和国境内各类企业的职工和个体工商户的雇工,均享有工伤保险待遇的权利."中国人民大学商学院教授郭国庆表示,新条例的一大亮点就是首次将有雇工的个体工商户以及乡镇企业纳入工伤保险范畴.     

大型商场、超市火灾隐患及防治对策

近年来国内外大型商场、超市的火灾事故呈现迅猛抬头之势,群死群伤恶性火灾事故屡见报端,如:唐山市的林西百货大楼、北京的隆福商业大厦、河南的洛阳东都商厦,吉林的中百商厦等火灾都造成了严重的人员伤亡和巨大的经济损失.因此,在严峻的火灾形势下,加强对大型商场、超市火灾危险性及防治对策的研讨是一个重要而紧迫的课题.     

春游莫让学生时代留下永久的遗憾

春光明媚,草长莺飞,走进大自然,近距离的欣赏花儿开放、杨柳吐絮、鸟儿报春,如此诱人的情景,怎能不让人心动.然而,学生们渴望亲近大自然的激情却被安全等诸多因素禁锢,使春游已逐步退出了学生的视野,春游的脚步似乎完全淡出了我们的教育,也让多数孩子的学生时代留下了永久的遗憾.     

联合国确定2002年国际减灾日主题

世界气象组织2002年8月29日向新闻界发布一份报告说,肆虐全球的洪灾和干旱等自然灾害正在加剧,人类生存环境面临严峻挑战.世界气象组织的报告说,从2002年年初以来,世界80多个国家超过800万平方公里的土地遭受洪灾,造成3000多人死亡,1700多万人的生活陷入困境,财产损失高达300亿美元,其中中欧和中国的洪灾最为严重.同期世界一些地区的持续干旱也令人担扰.世界气象组织说,持续干旱使非洲中部和南部许多国家的饥荒形势更加严峻;在北美,干旱已经袭击了美国37%的国土;印度等一些国家还遭受洪灾和旱灾的双重威胁.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。