改性矿化垃圾对渗滤液生化出水中COD和氨氮的吸附

用矿化垃圾作为吸附剂吸附处理生化后的垃圾渗滤液,利用单因素变量法研究了改性温度、p H、吸附剂投加量和反应时间对吸附效果的影响,并采用红外光谱和电镜扫描对矿化垃圾进行表征。结果表明:矿化垃圾改性温度为700℃,水样p H值为9,吸附剂用量为60 g/L,反应时间为10 h时,COD和氨氮去除率分别达到58.38%和79.77%,平衡吸附量分别为11.68 mg/g和1.58 mg/g;动力学数据拟合COD和氨氮吸附过程均符合拟二级动力学方程即吸附速率被化学吸附所控制;等温方程拟合表明,矿化垃圾对COD和氨氮的吸附分别属于多层吸附和单层吸附;红外光谱分析结果显示,吸附过程中OH、C=O和C—O 3种基团起主要作用;电镜扫描结果显示,矿化垃圾改性前、后和吸附前、后内部结构均发生变化。     

MFPAC混凝沉淀-矿化垃圾吸附预处理垃圾渗滤液

采用化学还原法制备纳米四氧化三铁,与聚合氯化铝(PAC)制备MFPAC磁性混凝剂,利用混凝沉淀-矿化垃圾吸附预处理垃圾渗滤液,用单因素变量法确定实验的最佳运行参数。结果表明:MFPAC磁性混凝剂对COD和色度的去除效果优于单独投加混凝剂PAC,在纳米四氧化三铁与PAC的质量比为1∶3、MFPAC的投加量为1.5 g·L~(-1)、搅拌条件为转速为300 r·min-1下搅拌60 s、溶液pH值为7.5(垃圾渗滤液原水的pH值)、絮凝时间为30 min的最佳运行条件下,COD由5 810 mg·L~(-1)降低到2 173 mg·L~(-1),色度由1 658倍降低到556倍,其COD去除率为62.6%,色度去除率为66.5%;利用矿化垃圾作为吸附剂处理MFPAC混凝处理后的出水,在矿化垃圾粒径小于2 mm、焙烧温度为700℃、吸附剂投加量为40 mg·L~(-1)、pH值为9的最佳条件下,经过12 h的处理,COD和氨氮的去除率分别为56.7%和68.4%,最终出水的COD和氨氮的浓度分别为941 mg·L~(-1)和343 mg·L~(-1);最终,MFPAC混凝沉淀-矿化垃圾吸附工艺对垃圾渗滤液COD、色度和氨氮的去除率分别为83.8%、78.5%和74.3%。     

矿化垃圾反应床/聚硅铁镁混凝/硫酸根自由基氧化处理垃圾渗滤液

采用矿化垃圾反应床(ARB)/聚硅铁镁混凝/硫酸根自由基氧化组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液。结果表明:ARB对COD、氨氮、TP的平均去除率分别达到75%、85%、90%,然而对色度的去除率仅为35%;自制混凝剂聚硅铁镁对ARB出水进行混凝,COD、色度、TP、氨氮的进一步去除率分别为55%、80%、75%、10%;硫酸根自由基氧化可继续消减混凝出水中的污染物,对COD、色度和氨氮的去除率分别为62%、100%、69%。经组合工艺处理后,最终出水色度和TP满足《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB16889—2008)的排放标准,辅以1.5g/L的活性炭吸附,COD和氨氮亦可实现达标排放。ARB/聚硅铁镁混凝/硫酸根自由基氧化是处理垃圾渗滤液技术和经济可行的有效组合工艺。     

超声波-TiO_2光催化联合处理垃圾渗滤液

采用超声波强化TiO2光催化技术处理垃圾渗滤液。研究了TiO2催化剂用量、光照作用、超声波作用、pH值、曝气作用等因素对垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮去除率的影响。结果表明,在TiO2粉末的投加量为2 g/L、pH值为11时,先采用功率为292.5 W的超声波辐射3 min,再以高压汞灯(250 W)照射3 min,垃圾渗滤液中的COD和NH3-N去除率分别达到50.1%和75%。若在同一条件下进行饱和曝气可以使NH3-N去除率进一步达到85.3%,但会降低COD的去除率。     

混凝沉淀-Fenton-NaClO氧化深度处理垃圾渗滤液

用混凝沉淀-Fenton-NaClO氧化联合深度处理垃圾渗滤液,利用单因素变量法得出:混凝实验在PFS投加量为1.2g/L、pH=6、搅拌时间为30min的条件下进行,COD、氨氮和色度的去除率分别达到56.60%、15.62%和56.52%;混凝出水在初始pH为4、H2O2投加量为80mmol/L、n(H2O2)∶n(F2+)比为1∶1、反应时间为60min的条件下进行Fenton氧化,COD、氨氮和色度的去除率分别达到71.38%、21.43%和95.24%;Fenton氧化出水在pH为6、NaClO投加量为60mmol/L、反应时间为60min的条件下进行NaClO氧化,COD和氨氮去除率分别为83.42%和99.57%;联合工艺COD、氨氮和色度去除率分别为96.68%、99.69%和98.04%,出水浓度分别为63mg/L、0.47mg/L和18倍,均可满足《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准(GB16889-2008)》中规定的排放标准。     

Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液的参数优化及反应动力学模型

采用Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液,研究反应时间、初始浓度、pH、Fenton试剂用量对垃圾渗滤液TOC去除率的影响。研究结果表明,最优反应条件是反应时间30 min,初始pH为3.0,初始[H2O2]0=7 310 mg/L,最佳[H2O2]/[Fe2+]摩尔比为5,反应温度为室温,此时渗滤液的TOC去除率达到70.3%。渗滤液矿化过程符合一级反应动力学,并建立了符合该渗滤液的反应动力学模型。     

矿化污泥生物反应器处理生活垃圾填埋场老龄渗滤液

经长时间稳定化形成的矿化污泥中,含有种类丰富和数量繁多的降解性微生物,具有处理渗滤液的潜力。建立3个矿化污泥生物反应器,即C1(粉煤灰0%),C2(粉煤灰9.1%),C3(粉煤灰16.7%),以处理垃圾填埋场老龄渗滤液。在单级矿化污泥反应器中,当进水COD和NH3-N分别约为1350和900 mg/L时,水力负荷为17.7～70.8 L/(m3.d),COD去除率可超过65%,氨氮的去除率可超过94%。粉煤灰的加入一定程度上降低了COD去除率,但有助于氨氮的去除。在二级矿化污泥生物反应器中(即C3～C1串联),水力负荷为35.4 L/(m3.d)的工况下,当COD、TOC、IC和NH3-N分别为1 500～2 500,500～900,1 200～1 600和1 200～1 450 mg/L时,出水可达到COD<300 mg/L,TOC<180 mg/L,IC<100 mg/L,NH3-N<5 mg/L。但是,矿化污泥生物反应器对渗滤液总氮的去除率较低,仅为20%左右。     

改性膨润土对垃圾填埋场渗滤液吸附效果

通过制备不同组分改性膨润土,研究其对苯酚的吸附效果,结果表明,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵+十二烷基磺酸钠+硫酸铝-改性膨润土>十六烷基三甲基溴化铵+十二烷基磺酸钠-改性膨润土>十六烷基三甲基溴化铵-改性膨润土。通过改性膨润土对实际复杂组分渗滤液的吸附研究,结果表明,使用活性炭改性的膨润土吸附COD和NH4+-N最为理想,单位质量COD吸附量最高为26.8 mg/g,NH4+-N最高为3.92 mg/g,其中,COD最高去除率为77.3%,氨氮为28.9%;十六烷基三甲基溴化铵+十二烷基磺酸钠+硫酸铝-改性膨润土对COD和NH4+-N均有去除效果,两者对于渗滤液实际处理工程具有应用价值。     

微波诱导AC/Cu、AC/Fe催化非均相Fenton 反应催化降解垃圾渗滤液

采用活性炭载体负载Cu、Fe为催化剂,在微波诱导作用下,对垃圾渗滤液污染物进行降解。实验结果表明,活性炭负载金属前经适当浓度硝酸浸泡处理后,催化剂对COD去除率提高可超过15%,过高硝酸盐浓度对COD去除有不利影响;催化剂对COD去除率随Cu、Fe金属负载量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,催化剂对Cu、Fe的最佳负载量分别为质量百分比2.11%和1.12%。对于AC-Cu体系,在初始pH=3,H2O2投加量为4.98×103mg/L,催化剂用量为5.0×103mg/L,420 W功率下微波辐射10 min时,垃圾渗滤液COD去除率可达到84.13%;对于AC-Fe体系,当H2O2投加量为0.33×103mg/L,催化剂AC-Fe用量为2.0×104mg/L,420 W功率下微波作用10 min时,垃圾渗滤液COD去除率为60.16%。分析2种催化剂对COD去除差异的原因,可能是催化剂AC-Cu表面单分子分布的阈值比AC-Fe高。降解液的pH值对AC-Cu体系、AC-Fe体系COD去除影响存在拐点,最高COD去除率点对应的降解液pH值为3。微波辐射功率较低时,体系COD去除率随辐射功率增加而增加;辐射功率较高时,高温下垃圾渗滤液中有机硫化物分解成小分子硫化物,对催化剂活性存在一定抑制作用。     

高铁酸钾的超声辅助化学合成及其对餐厨垃圾渗滤液的处理效果

采用超声辅助化学合成法制备K2Fe O4,用X-射线衍射、红外光谱和扫描电镜等对其进行表征。研究了K2Fe O4对餐厨垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮的处理效果。结果表明,本法制备的K2Fe O4具有四方结构,空间群为D2h(Pnma),其产率达到68.2%,纯度高达98.3%。扫描电镜表明,制备的K2Fe O4由规则的条状颗粒组成,颗粒之间存在一定团聚。对餐厨渗滤液处理实验表明,在COD初始浓度为140.6 g/L的餐厨垃圾渗滤液中投加0.12 mol/L K2Fe O4,调节p H为8.7,经处理24 min后COD去除率达到80.4%,氨氮的去除率达到75.9%。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.