Water quality issues in the Nakdong River Basin in the Republic of Korea

A framework for evaluating alternative management strategies for the Nakdong River Basin in the Republic of Korea (South Korea) was developed and applied jointly by Argonne National Laboratory in Argonne, Illinois, USA, and the Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology in Pohang, South Korea. Water from this basin, the second largest in South Korea, supports a total population of more than 13 million people. Rapid industrial expansion, urbanization, and population growth have dramatically increased the demand for water and have severely degraded water quality, particularly near large industrial complexes and in the lower portion of the basin. Management strategies for the entire basin through to the year {dy2011} were evaluated with a computer model for basin-wide predictions of water flow and quality (HSPF). This continuous-event model was developed and calibrated using site-specific data for the basin over a two-year period (1994-1995) that included periods of both high (monsoonal) and low (drought) flows. Water quality impacts for different wastewater treatment strategies were assessed in terms of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) levels. The results of the study indicate that BOD levels in the main stem of the Nakdong River below the Kumhogang (a major tributary with low flow and heavy pollution loads) cannot be significantly improved by reducing direct BOD loads from point sources along the river. To reduce main stem BOD levels, the nutrient loading to the river must be reduced. In order to reduce these loads, additional advanced treatment methods (i.e., tertiary treatment) must be incorporated in the treatment facilities to remove N and P. The discharge inventory data further suggest that a large portion of N and P loads are derived from non-point agricultural practices. Reduction of these loads is difficult to accomplish and may require extensive modifications in agricultural and land-use practices. The modeling frame-work developed provides a means to evaluate these and other basin management strategies.     

Mini-review on river eutrophication and bottom improvement techniques, with special emphasis on the Nakdong River

Water quality in rivers is vital to humans and to maintenance of biotic and ecological integrity.During the Four Major Rivers restoration of South Korea, remarkable attempts have been made to decrease external nutrient loads and moveable weirs were designed to discharge silt that may deposit in pools. However, recently eutrophication of the Nakdong River, which was limited to the lower reaches, is seen to be spreading upstream. The reduction of external nutrient loads to rivers is a long-term goal that is unlikely to lead to reductions in algal blooms for many years because of the time required to implement effective land management strategies. It would therefore be desirable to implement complementary strategies. Regulating the amount of water released is effective at preventing algae blooms in weir pools; so, the relationship between discharge, stratification and bloom formation should be understood in this regard. However, pollutants are likely to accumulate in the riverbed upstream from release points. Thus, to control phosphorus levels, total phosphorus density should be lowered by applying in-river techniques as well. As many ecosystem properties are controlled by multiple processes, simultaneous river bottom improvement techniques, such as combined dissolved oxygen supply and nutrient inactivation, are likely to be effective. The purpose of this review is to present a series of technological approaches that can be used to improve the river bottom area and hence sediment nutrient release, and to illustrate the application of these techniques to the Nakdong River.     

Mini-review on river eutrophication and bottom improvement techniques,with special emphasis on the Nakdong River

Water quality in rivers is vital to humans and to maintenance of biotic and ecological integrity. During the Four Major Rivers restoration of South Korea, remarkable attempts have been made to decrease external nutrient loads and moveable weirs were designed to discharge silt that may deposit in pools. However, recently eutrophication of the Nakdong River, which was limited to the lower reaches, is seen to be spreading upstream. The reduction of external nutrient loads to rivers is a long-term goal that is unlikely to lead to reductions in algal blooms for many years because of the time required to implement effective land management strategies. It would therefore be desirable to implement complementary strategies. Regulating the amount of water released is effective at preventing algae blooms in weir pools; so, the relationship between discharge, stratification and bloom formation should be understood in this regard. However, pollutants are likely to accumulate in the riverbed upstream from release points. Thus, to control phosphorus levels, total phosphorus density should be lowered by applying in-river techniques as well. As many ecosystem properties are controlled by multiple processes, simultaneous river bottom improvement techniques, such as combined dissolved oxygen supply and nutrient inactivation, are likely to be effective. The purpose of this review is to present a series of technological approaches that can be used to improve the river bottom area and hence sediment nutrient release, and to illustrate the application of these techniques to the Nakdong River.     

改进的模糊层次分析法在南苕溪临安段水质评价中的应用

南苕溪是太湖的源头水系,其水质状况对杭嘉湖平原居民饮用水安全和太湖流域的污染治理有重要意义.为了了解南苕溪的水质状况,在临安段开展了2年的水质监测,分别在2009年7月、10月和2010年1月、4月采集了水样并进行水质评价.同时,为了克服以往模糊层次分析法存在的低估污染的严重性及不能评价劣Ⅴ类水质的缺点,建立了一个改进...     

2007年京杭大运河扬州市区段和里下河段水质变化比较及对策的研究

通过对京杭大运河扬州市区段和里下河段pH、COD、DO、BOD、氨氮及石油类指标监测,分析2007年水质变化及主要污染物。得出京杭大运河扬州段主要为有机污染,里下河水质优于市区。大运河春秋季水质相对较差,夏、冬季相对好转。市区比里下河pH低0．5左右,COD含量高0．5～0．3mg·L^-1,DO含量高0．8mg·L^-1,春季BOD,含量高2．3mg·L^-1,氨氮含量高0．44mg·L^-1。因此,市区段春、秋季应重点针对削减BOD5、COD、氨氮进行水污染治理。里下河段春季针对降低COD进行治理,秋季针对降低COD、BOD5氨氮进行水污染治理。两区在夏季重点应针对提高水体中DO含量进行治理。提出的植物治理技术及管理对策措施,不仅为扬州到2010年建成生态市不断改善水环境质量,提供技术支撑和决策依据,也为如何提高具有跨流域、区域和内城河多重功能的水体水质提供启示。     

辽河流域水污染治理历程与“十四五”控制策略

为明晰辽河流域水污染治理“十四五”需求,进一步科学合理地推进辽河流域治理与保护进程,通过调研历史监测数据、统计年鉴等资料,回顾辽河流域水环境演化和治理历程.将辽河流域的治理分为3个阶段:第1阶段（1991—1999年）,该阶段流域水环境呈重度污染并持续恶化,环境治理逐渐起步;第2阶段（2000—2006年）,该阶段辽河流域水质恶化趋势基本得到遏制,控源治污初显成效;第3阶段（2007—2019年）,该阶段辽河流域水质优良比例整体持续提升,国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项有力支撑流域综合调控.辽河流域水污染治理颇显成效,但仍存在以下主要问题:①辽河流域水污染治理经历了从单一的控源治污向河流综合治理转变,污染程度由重度转为轻度,但流域水污染控制依然不容乐观;②辽河流域属寒冷地区缺水型河流,生态流量不足;③水质改善及水生态恢复成果不稳定;④流域管理机制体制有待完善.“十四五”应针对性增设分水期考核方式和水生态考核指标,完善水环境标准;坚持水资源、水环境、水生态“三水”统筹科学施治,构建减排和增容相结合的水污染控制模式,推动水量、水质、水功能良性循环发展;建立流域统筹管理、垂直领导的管理体制,制定辽河流域河流空间管控的长效机制,促进环保技术产业化,发展流域循环经济,缓解经济社会发展与水环境保护矛盾,最终实现流域经济社会可持续健康发展.      

Temporal and spatial variation of nitrogen and phosphorus and eutrophication assessment for a typical arid river—Fuyang River in northern China

Based on water quality surveys over 2 years(July to December,in 2014 and 2015) in a typical arid river in northern China the Xingtai segment of the Fuyang River basin — the variation of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) was analyzed.The extent of water eutrophication of this segment was also assessed using a universal index formula for eutrophic evaluation and a logarithmic power function.The results showed that the average concentration of total N(TN) was 27.2 mg/L(NH_3-N,63.5%),total P(TP) was 2.0 mg/L(solution reactive phosphorus,68.8%).Temporal and spatial variations of N and P in this segment were observed.Concentrations of N and P in the arid season were higher than those in the rainy season.Spatially,the N and P concentrations followed the same trend;i.e.,higher in the city segment than in the suburbs,and decreasing along the river.The water eutrophication in the studied segment reached extremely high levels at all times(eutrophication index ≥76.3).Spatially,its trend was clearly linked with N and P.Water shortage,pollution accumulation and a weak self-purification function are the main reasons for the prominent eutrophication in this segment.     

基于MEA情景的长江流域氮平衡及溶解态无机氮通量:流域-河口/海湾氮综合管理

以长江流域氮循环为研究对象,基于千年生态系统评估框架下的4种情景,预测了2050年长江流域的氮循环在不同驱动因子作用下的未来变化趋势,并提出长江流域生态系统的优化管理的建议.研究结果表明,在1970—2010年期间,长江流域氮输入量增加了5倍,长江向河口输出的溶解态无机氮(DIN)通量增加了8倍,流域土壤中的氮已经达到饱和并且氮过剩量持续增加,流域对氮的截留率下降,水体输送的DIN通量增加,区域氮循环失衡问题日益严重.在千年生态系统评估框架下,预测在2050年,在采取积极措施的预测情境下,河流向河口和近海输送的溶解态无机氮通量将会比2000年有所下降,而在消极应对的预测情境下,河流向河口和近海输送的溶解态无机氮通量将会继续增加,从而加剧河口和近海地区水体的污染程度.非点源氮输入将是长江溶解态无机氮输出通量的主要来源,其中以化肥氮输入为主,其次为禽畜粪便氮输入,贡献率最低的是点源污水氮输入.情景预测及源解析研究表明,2050年长江流域-河口/海湾氮污染控制的重点在于减少长江下游-太湖流域、沅江-湘江-洞庭湖流域、赣江-鄱阳湖流域及岷江流域的化肥及畜禽粪便排放,2050年要实现长江水系水质全面达标,长江流域的氮输入量需要削减29%,其中长江下游-太湖流域削减40%,汉江流域削减43%,沅江-湘江-洞庭湖流域削减31%.从子流域尺度制定氮污染管理策略更适用于流域-河口/海湾系统框架下的综合管理.     

Natural purification effects in the river in consideration with domestic wastewater pollutant discharge reduction effects

The first social experiment program in Japan to reduce domestic wastewater pollutant discharge by “soft interventions” in households has been conducted in the Yamato-gawa River drainage area since 2005. The Yamato-gawa River has been listed as one of the worst water quality rivers in Japan because of the larger annual average BOD. “Hard interventions” including deployment of wastewater treatment facilities and artificial installation of natural purification facilities in the river has been conducted in these years to improve river water quality. At the first Yamato-gawa River social experiment program (YR-SEP) in March 2005, BOD at the monitoring point near the river mouth decreased about 6% during the Program. Natural purification e ect along the river was evaluated in this article with one-dimensional water quality model for the six river sections. Larger biological oxygen consumption rate, kb, was estimated in the sections with artificially installed natural purification facilities. The e ect of “soft interventions” in households in the YR-SEP was estimated as 25% BOD decrease in the nearest monitoring point to the river mouth, when all the households participate in the Program and BOD discharge reduction rate with “soft interventions” in households was 40%.     

Climate change and water resources management in Tuwei river basin of Northwest China

Water resources are an integral part of the socio-economic-environmental system. Water resources have dynamic interactions with related social, economic and environmental elements, as well as regulatory factors that are characterized by non-linear and multi-loop feedbacks. In this paper, a complex System Dynamic (SD) model is used to study the relationship among population growth, economic development, climate change, management strategies and water resources, and identify the best management strategy to adapt with the changing environment in the Tuwei river basin of Northwest China. Three management alternatives viz. business as usual, water supply management and water demand management are studied under different climate change scenarios. Results indicate that water shortage rate in Tuwei river basin may increase up to 80 % by the year 2030 if current management practices are continued or the supply based management strategy is adopted. On the other hand, water demand management can keep the water shortage rate within a tolerable limit and therefore can be considered as the sustainable strategy for water resources management to maintain the economic growth and ecological status of the Tuwei river basin.     

大辽河流域上游非点源污染输出风险分析

为了解土地利用的组合方式对氮磷输出的影响,在广泛收集土地利用输出系数的基础上,基于遥感和GIS手段,分析了大伙房水库控制流域内营养物质氮磷的输出风险.结果表明,大伙房水库控制流域非点源污染输出的风险概率比较小,氮素和磷素的风险概率平均为19.31%和8.95%.但在空间分布上差异很大,风险概率高的地方一般在主要的河流附近,沿河流流向延伸.而其它区域的风险概率相对较低.此外,营养物质输出风险随着坡度不同差别比较大,而在行政区内差别不明显.     

Evaluating the effects of granular and membrane filtrations on chlorine demand in drinking water

In this study, chlorine decay experiments were conducted for the raw water from Nakdong river that is treated by Chilseo Water Treatment Plant (CWTP) situated in Haman, Korea as well as the effluents from sand and granular activated carbon (GAC) filters of CWTP and fitted using a chlorine decay model. The model estimated the fast and slow reacting nitrogenous as well as organic/inorganic compounds that were present in the water. It was found that the chlorine demand due to fast and slow reacting (FRA and SRA) organic/inorganic substances was not reduced significantly by sand as well as GAC filters. However, the treated effluents from those filters contained FRA and SRA that are less reactive and had small reaction rate constants. For the effluents from microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration the chlorine demand due to FRA and SRA were further reduced but the reaction rate constants were larger compared to those of sand and GAC filter effluents. This has implications in the formation of disinfection by products (DBPs). If DBPs are assumed to form due to the interactions between chlorine and SRA, then it is possible that the DBP formation potential in the effluents from membrane filtrations could be higher than that in the effluents from granular media filters.     

基于HSPF模型的滇池流域非点源污染模拟

介绍HSPF模型的主要结构和功能,通过对该模型参数的灵敏度分析和参数调整,利用滇池流域各入湖河流1988,1989年的水质监测数据及相关统计资料,分别对该流域的水文、水质过程进行了模拟.结果表明,SS是滇池流域非点源污染的首要污染物,大约80%的入湖SS来自非点源.在枯水年(1988年),非点源贡献了约1/3的TN、TP入湖负荷量.而BOD的主要贡献者则是点源污染.     

淄河上游农业非点源污染负荷分析与防治研究

农业非点源污染是造成农村地区湖泊水库产生富营养化的主要原因。对淄河流域非点源的综合分析表明 ,非点源的年污染负荷比点源的年污染负荷高 ,并提出了防治对策     

近50年来长江水资源特征变化分析

对长江水资源的特征如总量、用水量、水污染等的变化进行了分析,结果为:①1954-2004年流域平均降水量呈现下降趋势;长江上中游降水量的减少是导致宜昌、汉口水文站的径流量呈现下降趋势的主要原因,而大通水文站径流量呈上升趋势与汉口-大通间降水量增加有关;大通站1950到2004年的最小、最大月均径流量均呈上升趋势;长江水资源总量的变化主要受控于气候的变化。②水污染逐渐加重,水质有恶化的趋势,工业污染的增加是主要原因。③年均用水量占入海径流量的5.7%左右,人类活动尚未对长江流域总的水量构成很大的影响。结论:①长江水资源总量尚未发生巨大的变化,但由人类活动所造成的污染已对水资源的利用构成了影响;②南水北调工程的实施和长江三角洲工业的发展,使得中国东部地区对长江干流水资源的依赖性增加,加大了长江水资源利用的风险。     

韩国地表水水质标准研究与启示

韩国现行地表水水质标准由保护人体健康的水质标准和保护生态环境的水质标准两部分组成。采用风险评价的方法制定有毒物质的水质标准,并根据美国EPA推导环境水质基准的公式,对制定水质基准的方法进行了改进。韩国环境部计划于2015年将水质标准扩展到30种化学物质,同时将推导得出的生态风险基准纳入水质标准,旨在推进我国地表水水质标准的制订与完善。     

长春南湖水质分析评价与污染趋势预测

本文剃用内梅罗污染指数法时2000至2010年期间长春南湖水环境质量进行了综合分析评价,选取将氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮、总氮、总磷、COD和BOD,作为水环境评价的主要参评参数。结果表明自2000至今南湖水体内梅罗综合指数呈现增加趋势,南湖水体污染等级处于中度污染水平,并有再次爆发水华现象的可能,因此应加大南湖水体污...     

汉江流域水污染现状及污染源调查

评价了汉江流域水质污染现状：汉江流域干流水质好于支流,从上游至下游污染状况逐渐上升,主要污染物为COD、TP、NH3-N,污染特征为有机污染型。对汉江流域污染源进行了调查：汉江流域面源污染大于点源,排放负荷较大的是农业地表径流、城镇生活污水、畜禽养殖。     

新运粮河下游水质研究

新运粮河作为一条重要的入滇河流,其水质直接影响滇池的生态健康与环境安全。本文采用GB3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》研究各理化因子对其水质的影响,在2011年8月底到10月底,对其具有代表性的河段进行水质监测。结果表明：新运粮河下游河段全年水质均为劣V类,是所有滇池入湖河流中污染较严重的河流,其各河段（监测点）污染程度不同,越往下游水污染越严重;各理化指标对其污染贡献不同,SS、CODcr、BOD5、TN对新运粮河的污染贡献率分别为36％、30％、12％、11％,SS、CODCr TN、BOD。为其主控污染因子。     

常州市老城区重点生活污染源对北市河的污染负荷研究

以常州市老城区北市河为研究区域,对其汇水区域内的所有重点污染源的污水产生量、污染物性质及排污去向进行了详细调查和监测,利用确定的污染系数计算出各污染源的排污负荷.结果表明,除pH外,常州市的垃圾屋、垃圾转运站、公厕、餐饮等污染源排放的污水中SS、COD、BOD5、氨氮、TN、TP等浓度较高,远远超过了《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)及《污水排入城市下水道水质标准》(CJ3082-1999);其中:垃圾转运站的COD最高达51700mg/L,而公厕污水中氨氮和TN分别高达1616mg/L和2044mg/L.各污染源通过雨水管网进入河道的比例较高.排入北市河的年污染负荷源类型中,以餐饮业最多,其次是环卫设施;污染物以COD最高,为125.2t/a;其次是BOD5,为40.53t/a;因此,各污染源的COD和BOD5应为主要控制目标,且应首先对沿河餐饮和环卫设施进行截污治理.