双滤料过滤技术在微粒径采出水处理中的研究与应用

对BQ油田联合站采出水处理工艺技术优化,由"重力沉降+核桃壳过滤+纤维球过滤"三级工艺简化为"重力沉降+双滤料过滤"两级工艺。优化后设备集成度更高,设计处理能力优化缩减20%,设备负载率提高13.5%;过滤器由12具减少至4具,设备数量减少67%;反洗周期,由12 h延长至48～72 h,降低了反洗能耗;反冲洗水量,由435 m~3/d降至120 m~3/d,减少72.4%;预计采出水处理系统能耗可由改造前的71.2×10~4 kW·h降低至63.5×10~4 kW·h。     

油田污水过滤罐含油污染滤料再生技术

大庆油田污水处理系统产生的含油污染滤料,经过含油污染滤料再生工艺化学清洗、烘干、分筛、磁浮选等程序处理后,各种再生滤料重复使用于油田污水处理系统,清洗过程中产生的污水经自然沉降、旋流除砂、重力式过滤、杀菌和有机物降解处理后循环使用。减少油田含油污染滤料带来的环境污染,为油田节约了新滤料采购费用、废旧滤料集中堆放和处置费用。     

聚酯纳米滤料在水泥粉磨除尘系统的应用

介绍了PE(聚酯)纳米纤维及其滤料的优越性能,以及PE纳米纤维滤料在水泥粉磨系统中降低粉尘排放、节能、提产的应用效果。     

几种过滤材料的静电性能测试及分析

滤料产生静电火花是袋式除尘器因静电火花产生火灾和爆炸事故的主要原因。文章从面电荷密度、摩擦电压、半衰期、表面电阻率、体积电阻率五个方面对国内主要类型的过滤材料进行了静电性能的测试。分析得出,滤料采用经向导电涤纶纤维、面层均匀导电涤纶纤维等防静电滤料可有效防止静电火花的产生。     

高耐酸玻纤覆膜滤料耐腐蚀性能及应用研究

针对传统玻纤覆膜滤料存在的问题,开发了高耐酸玻纤覆膜滤料,其耐酸性能较普通E玻纤滤料用玻纤基材的耐酸性能提高了一个数量级,耐碱性能比C玻纤略好,与E玻纤相比提升显著,拉伸强度和耐折性要高于E玻纤滤料E750,与E玻纤滤料透气性基本一致。过滤性能测试表明,排放浓度为0.0000417g/m3,PM2.5过滤效率达到99.99960%,总过滤效率达到99.99977%,基本达到了"零排放"。在燃煤电厂的应用寿命已超过了22,000小时。     

新疆油田压力式连续流过滤器工业性试验

介绍了压力式连续流过滤器用于油田采出水的工业性试验,试验结果表明:采用0.8～1.2 mm石英砂滤料处理水质悬浮物,73.7%情况下出水悬浮物可降至2 mg/L以下,26.3%情况下出水悬浮物可降至2～5 mg/L,水质介于一级与二级过滤指标要求之间,处理水质较双滤料过滤器出水水质好;采用0.5～0.8 mm金刚砂滤料,处理水质悬浮物在5～6 mg/L,含油在1 mg/L以下。     

超低排放下钢铁行业滤料的选用与发展趋势

钢铁行业是全球最主要的经济发展核心之一,我国是目前世界上最大的钢铁生产国。钢铁生产流程长,烟尘排放范围广,袋式除尘技术广泛应用于钢铁行业。滤料作为袋式除尘的核心部件,各个环节的合理选用都尤为关键。随着超低排放的推进,颗粒物排放限值越来越低,对于滤料技术不断提出新的要求,滤料技术正朝着材质多样化、加工工艺改进、滤料表面处理以及纳米纤维滤料方向发展。     

玻纤/PPS、PTFE复合水刺滤料的研发

玻纤/PPS、PTFE复合水刺滤料突破了传统针刺产品的性能局限性,利用水刺动能开纤,使纤维原纤化,同时增加滤料的抱合度,使产品具有立体三维容尘梯次结构,有效解决过滤效率和阻力之间的矛盾,替代覆膜滤料适应PM2.5的排放标准。     

玄武岩覆膜滤料在垃圾焚烧和电力行业的应用

连续玄武岩纤维（简称CBF）是以天然的火山岩作为原料,经1650℃熔融后制成的纤维产品,具有力学性能佳、耐高温、耐腐蚀、强度高、不易被水解、性价比高等优点。本文通过具体实例,介绍了连续玄武岩纤维用于滤料在垃圾焚烧和电力行业中的应用情况。     

中空纤维陶瓷膜修饰及去除重金属离子的研究

以铝矾土为原料,采用"相转化-高温烧结"法制备低成本中空纤维陶瓷膜。膜管直径约为2.0 mm,管壁由指状孔层和海绵层组成。通过针铁矿纳米颗粒修饰后的中空纤维陶瓷膜,其表面膜孔径由0.6~0.8μm降低到10~25 nm,而渗透通量降低到原本的1.6%左右。修饰后的中空纤维陶瓷膜通过错流过滤对水中Cd2+和Pb2+的去除率分别超过90%和77%。错流过滤受到电荷排斥作用和筛分作用。     

活性炭纤维对Cu2＋吸附性能的研究

研究了pH值、吸附接触时间、铜离子的初始浓度及活性炭纤维（ACF）的投加量对活性炭纤维吸附Cu2＋的影响,并选取了最佳的实验条件。用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程拟合活性炭纤维对Cu2＋吸附等温线,结果表明：活性炭纤维吸附Cu2＋更符合Langmuir等温式,其相关系数为0．9995,以单分子层吸附为主。对活性炭纤维改性能明显提高对Cu2＋的吸附,其中效果最佳的吸附量从4．8mg／g增加到17．32mg／g,提高了3．6倍。     

Carbon storage potential in natural fiber composites

The environmental performance of hemp based natural fiber mat thermoplastic (NMT) has been evaluated in this study by quantifying carbon storage potential and CO₂ emissions and comparing the results with commercially available glass fiber composites. Non-woven mats of hemp fiber and polypropylene matrix were used to make NMT samples by film-stacking method without using any binder aid. The results showed that hemp based NMT have compatible or even better strength properties as compared to conventional flax based thermoplastics. A value of 63 MPa for flexural strength is achieved at 64% fiber content by weight. Similarly, impact energy values (84–154 J/m) are also promising. The carbon sequestration and storage by hemp crop through photosynthesis is estimated by quantifying dry biomass of fibers based on one metric ton of NMT. A value of 325 kg carbon per metric ton of hemp based composite is estimated which can be stored by the product during its useful life. An extra 22% carbon storage can be achieved by increasing the compression ratio by 13% while maintaining same flexural strength. Further, net carbon sequestration by industrial hemp crop is estimated as 0.67 ton/h/year, which is compatible to all USA urban trees and very close to naturally, regenerated forests. A comparative life cycle analysis focused on non-renewable energy consumption of natural and glass fiber composites shows that a net saving of 50 000 MJ (3 ton CO₂ emissions) per ton of thermoplastic can be achieved by replacing 30% glass fiber reinforcement with 65% hemp fiber. It is further estimated that 3.07 million ton CO₂ emissions (4.3% of total USA industrial emissions) and 1.19 million m³ crude oil (1.0% of total Canadian oil consumption) can be saved by substituting 50% fiber glass plastics with natural fiber composites in North American auto applications. However, to compete with glass fiber effectively, further research is needed to improve natural fiber processing, interfacial bonding and control moisture sensitivity in longer run.     

改性PVDF中空纤维膜处理压裂返排液研究

针对中空纤维膜应用于水力压裂返排液处理时存在的膜污染严重、通量衰减快、影响处理效率等问题,研究了PVDF固含量、凝固浴温度等因素对PVDF膜性能的影响,通过非溶剂致相分离法制备了PVDF中空纤维膜,并采用表面接枝技术,对PVDF中空纤维膜进行了表面亲水化改性。压裂返排液吸附实验结果表明,表面接枝降低了PVDF的接触角,提高了膜的亲水性。与未接枝改性的PVDF膜相比,亲水改性后的PVDF膜表面吸附的压裂返排液更少。将亲水性中空纤维膜用于页岩气水力压裂返排液的过滤处理,应用结果表明其对压裂返排液中的总铁、SS、浊度、细菌去除率达到90%以上,长时间运行后的通量保持率高,有较好的抗膜污染性。     

土壤中硫化物预处理方法的改进

通过对土壤中硫化物测定预处理方法━━━━氮气吹气法的试验装置、预处理酸度、温度、吹气时间及载气速度等条件的研究和改进。以多孔吹球代替单孔吹管 ,在土壤的水溶液中加入NaOH、EDTA和Vc ,以NaOH -EDTA -TEA(三乙醇胺)代替Zn(Ac)2-NaAc为吸收液 ,并采取了逐步加压吹气方法 ,通过对回收率、精密度及底泥对比试验 ,效果提高显著 ,回收率由原方法的40%～60 %提高到90 %以上 ,吹气时间缩短了20 % ,装置简单 ,便于推广应用。     

酸改性壳聚糖载体对漆酶的固定化

利用有机酸改性壳聚糖和交联法制备酸化壳聚糖载体,然后用改性壳聚糖载体固定漆酶。结果表明,甲酸、酒石酸改性壳聚糖的最适条件是壳聚糖与酸的量比分别为100/1(g/mol)、100/0.5(g/mol),戊二醛的浓度分别为1%、2%,缓冲溶液的pH分别为4.4、3.6,反应时间分别为3h、4.5h。两种酸改性的壳聚糖用于漆酶的固定,其酶活都有所提高,尤其用酒石酸改性的壳聚糖载体的效果最好,其酶活提高了57%。     

中药复合饲料对锦鲤诱食效果与生长影响的研究

选择3种中药配方,以其水提液对体长3-5cm锦鲤进行诱食活性(触球法)试验.每组实验重复5次,实验结果采用Excel和SPSS软件分析.结果表明,配方1对锦鲤的诱食有抑制作用,配方2与配方3对锦鲤有诱食反应,抑制或诱食的强弱与中药的浓度有关.其中,配方1 P=0.004＜ 0.05,配方2 P=0.0005＜ 0.05,配方3 P=0.0003＜ 0.0,经复合饵料饲喂后,实验鱼体长和体重都比基础饵料增长显著,说明3种饵料对锦鲤的生长都有促进作用.其中,配方2降低饵料系数0.2801,增重率达17.66％.     

循环水旁滤中试研究

目前所使用的纤维束过滤器经多次检测出水浊度往往大于进水浊度,其主要原因是纤维束已受污染,并且很难冲洗干净。因此选用高效流砂过滤器进行循环水旁滤处理,实验表明在使用高效流砂过滤器时,投加聚合氯化铝(PAC)处理效果非常理想。在PAC投量为5～10 mg/L时,平均去除率达到83%,平均进水浊度7.05NTU,平均出水浊度为1.2NTU。完全能够满足旁滤的要求。     

Fenton试剂与改性凹凸棒石联合处理微污染水中苯酚的实验研究

研究了Fenton试剂联合聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（PDMDAAC）改性凹凸棒石对模拟微污染水中苯酚的去除效果。考察了pH值、反应时间、投加量、温度等因素对苯酚去除效果的影响。结果表明：先采用Fenton试剂氧化再用改性凹凸棒石吸附对微污染水中苯酚具有较好的去除效果,在pH=9、温度为25℃、改性凹凸棒石投加量为5g／L、吸附时间20min的条件下,苯酚去除率达98．2％。     

Modification of ecological footprint evaluation method to include non-renewable resource consumption using thermodynamic approach

This study is to modify the ecological footprint methodology by incorporating non-renewable or abiotic resources as an additional category. The use of abiotic resources can be quantified as global hectare by using thermodynamic approaches. A detailed case study on various countries including Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Japan, USA, and Vietnam shows the advantage of using the new modified ecological footprint (EF) as an indicator for sustainable development. The modified EF includes not only biotic resources, but also the abiotic resources. The case study indicates that the modified EF differs from the traditional EF up to 123% in the case of Belgium, and 90% in the case of Australia. For developing countries such as Brazil and Vietnam, the differences are relatively smaller (21% for Brazil and 9.4% for Vietnam). The estimated total ecological footprint of the world using the new method implies more serious problems associated with over consumption than using results from the original ecological footprint method.     

Phosphorus speciation in broiler litter and turkey manure produced from modified diets

Modifying poultry diets by reducing mineral P supplementation and/or adding phytase may change the chemical composition of P in manures and affect the mobility of P in manure-amended soils. We studied the speciation of P in manures produced by broiler chickens and turkeys from either normal diets, or diets with reduced amounts of non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) and/or phytase, using a combination of chemical fractionation and synchrotron X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. All broiler litters were rich in dicalcium phosphate (65-76%), followed by aqueous phosphate (13-18%), and phytic acid (7-20%); however, no hydroxylapatite was observed. Similarly, normal turkey manure had 77% of P as dicalcium phosphate and had no hydroxylapatite, while turkey manure from diets that had reduced NPP and phytase contained equal proportions of dicalcium phosphate (33-45%) and hydroxylapatite (35-39%). This is attributed to the higher total Ca to P ratio (>2) in modified turkey manures that resulted in transformation of more soluble (dicalcium phosphate) to less soluble P compounds (hydroxylapatite). Chemical fractionation showed that H2O-extractable P was the predominant form in broiler litter (56-77%), whereas aqueous phosphate determined with XANES was <18% indicating that H2O probably dissolved mineral forms of P (e.g., dicalcium phosphate). Results show that HCl extraction primarily removed phytic acid from broiler litters and normal turkey manure, while it removed a mixture of hydroxylapatite and phytic acid from modified turkey manures. The combination of chemical fractionation and XANES provided information about the nature of P in these manures, which may help to devise best management practices for manure use.