常见有机物对催化臭氧化降解水中硝基苯的影响

考察了有机物甲醛、甲醇、甲酸和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对单独臭氧氧化和蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化工艺去除水中硝基苯降解效果的影响规律.单独臭氧氧化和蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化对硝基苯的去除率随着甲醛浓度的升高(0～12 mg·L-1)分别降低了11.6%和9.6%;2种工艺对硝基苯的去除率都随着甲醇浓度的增加(0～16mg·L-1,)先增高再降低,单独臭氧氧化和蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化分别在浓度为2 mg·L-1和4 mg·L-1时去除率达到最大值;随着甲酸浓度的增加(0～8 mg·L-1)去除率也都先增高再降低,单独臭氧氧化和蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化分别在浓度为0.5 mg·L-1和2 mg·L-1时去除率达到最大值;低浓度的甲醇和甲酸促进了硝基苯的降解,高浓度的甲醇和甲酸抑制了硝基苯的降解.单独臭氧氧化和蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化在邻苯二甲酸二丁酯浓度增加(0～10 mg·L-1)的情况下对硝基苯的去除率分别降低了19.7%和18.6%.     

纳米铁去除废水中硫离子的研究

研究了实验室自制的纳米铁对人工配制的含硫废水中S2-吸附的影响因素、吸附等温线、吸附动力学.并对纳米铁去除S2-的机制进行了初探.结果表明.增加纳米铁的投加量能增大S2-的去除率;增加初始S2-浓度,去除率下降,<100 mg·L-1的初始S2-浓度能被10 g·L-1纳米铁完全去除;纳米铁对S2-的吸附能力随pH值的升高而下降.且变化较大,pH为2、7、13时的去除率分别为87.34%、65.80%和44.61%;25℃时纳米铁对S2-的吸附能力最强,平衡吸附量为19.17 mg·g-1;温度升高或降低,吸附能力均下降,但变化不大;纳米铁对S2-的吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程;纳米铁吸附S2-的过程符合拟二级动力学方程,初始时刻的吸附速率h在25℃最大,为1.575 3 mg·(g·mg)-1,而吸附速率常数随温度的升高而增大;吸附反应的活化能E.为8.22 kJ·mol-1;纳米铁对S2-的去除主要是通过形成表面络合物、硫氢基氧化铁和硫化铁(FeS、FeS2、FeSn)沉淀吸附在纳米铁表面来去除.     

蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化降解水中痕量硝基苯的机理研究

实验考察了HCO3-、CO32-、HPO42-、H2PO4-和叔丁醇等羟基自由基抑制剂存在条件下,单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化对水中硝基苯降解效果的影响规律,初步推测了反应机理.结果表明,2种工艺对硝基苯的去除率都随着HCO3-浓度的增加(0～200 mg·L-1)先增高再降低,在浓度为50 mg·L-1时去除率达到最大值;单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷对硝基苯的去除率随着CO32-浓度的增加(0～20 mg·L-1)分别降低了16.57%和27.52%,随着HPO42-浓度的增加(0～12 mg·L-1)分别降低了13.61%和17.52%,随着H2PO4-浓度的增加(0～120 mg·L-1)分别降低了6.61%和12.52%,随着叔丁醇浓度的增加(0～10mg·L-1)硝基苯去除率降低了30.06%和46.09%.证明单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化对硝基苯的降解遵循·OH氧化机理,叔丁醇更适合作为自由基抑制剂用来推断单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化降解硝基苯的反应机理.单独臭氧氧化对硝基苯的去除率随着pH值的升高(3.02～10.96)而增大,臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化对硝基苯的去除率在pH=9.23时达到最大值.     

酿酒酵母对Ag^＋的吸附特性研究

为了深入探讨酿酒酵母吸附贵金属离子Ag+的特性,研究了吸附时间、离子浓度、初始pH值、温度对废弃酿酒酵母吸附Ag+的影响,并分析了动力学、热力学以及等温吸附特性.结果表明,酵母吸附Ag+的过程进行得很快,当Ag+初始浓度为1mmol·L-1、细胞浓度2 g·L-1条件下,反应10 min,Ag+可以达到平衡吸附量的86%以上.随后在24 h内吸附量缓慢增加,去除率基本维持在51%～55%左右.酵母吸附Ag+的过程可以用准一级和准二级动力学方程描述,后者模拟效果更好.酵母吸附Ag+的等温吸附过程可以用Langmuir方程描述,但Freundlich方程拟合效果较差.当Ag+初始浓度为0～8 mtool·L-1、酵母浓度2·L-1条件下,酵母吸附Ag+的Langmuir理论饱和生物吸附容量为0.385 mmol·g～.在pH 2.0-7.2范围内,吸附量随着溶液初始pH值升高而升高.10～40℃范围内,温度对酵母吸附Ag+的影响不如pH值的影响显著,特别是在低离子浓度下尤其如此.酵母吸附Ag+的较适宜温度为20～30℃.热力学分析表明,酵母吸附Ag+具有自发性、熵增特征.     

EDTA优化纳米Pd/Fe对2,4-D的催化脱氯研究

采用EDTA优化纳米Pd/Fe催化脱氯水中2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D),并考察了EDTA投加浓度、pH、钯化率、温度等因素对2,4-D还原的影响.结果表明,EDTA的加入络合了纳米Pd/Fe在催化脱氯过程中生成的铁离子,抑制纳米Pd/Fe颗粒表面钝化层的形成,提高了体系的反应活性.适宜的EDTA浓度、低pH、高钯化率、低温等有利于2,4-D的还原脱氯.当EDTA浓度为25.0 mmol·L-1,纳米铁含量为1.0 g·L-1,初始pH=4.3、钯化率为0.5%,温度为25.0℃,搅拌速率为200 r·min~(-1)时,反应50 min,10.0 mg·L-1的2,4-D去除率及苯氧乙酸(PA)生成率均达到100%.     

陶粒负载纳米TiO2催化臭氧化降解水中微量硝基苯

制备了以陶粒为载体的纳米二氧化钛催化剂,并以硝基苯为稳定性有机污染物的目标降解物,研究了其对臭氧化的催化性能,对影响催化效果因素及降解机理进行了探讨.实验对不同温度条件下烧结的催化剂催化臭氧化有机物能力进行了比较,使用SEM进行表征,确定最佳烧结温度.通过改变催化剂投量、硝基苯初始浓度、pH值、添加不同浓度自由基抑制剂和催化剂重复使用实验等,表明在700℃温度下烧结的催化剂具有最大催化活性;硝基苯臭氧化反应中主要氧化剂为羟基自由基,其降解反应为一级反应;硝基苯的去除率随催化剂投量增加而增大;在pH为10时催化剂具有最好的催化效果,对硝基苯的去除率为46.5%;催化剂连续3次重复使用性能良好.     

陶粒负载纳米TiＯ2催化臭氧化降解水中微量硝基苯

制备了以陶粒为载体的纳米二氧化钛催化剂,并以硝基苯为稳定性有机污染物的目标降解物,研究了其对臭氧化的催化性能,对影响催化效果因素及降解机理进行了探讨.实验对不同温度条件下烧结的催化剂催化臭氧化有机物能力进行了比较,使用SEM进行表征,确定最佳烧结温度.通过改变催化剂投量、硝基苯初始浓度、pH值、添加不同浓度自由基抑制剂和催化剂重复使用实验等,表明在700℃温度下烧结的催化剂具有最大催化活性;硝基苯臭氧化反应中主要氧化剂为羟基自由基,其降解反应为一级反应;硝基苯的去除率随催化剂投量增加而增大;在pH为10时催化剂具有最好的催化效果,对硝基苯的去除率为46.5%;催化剂连续3次重复使用性能良好.     

厌氧生物法处理果胶废水的研究

采用经果胶废水驯化的厌氧污泥处理果胶废水,考察了果胶浓度、温度对厌氧去除果胶和COD的影响,并对降解产物进行了分析.结果表明,与未驯化厌氧污泥处理果胶废水相比,驯化后的污泥对果胶去除率提高了59.2%.果胶浓度分别为100、2 500和4 500 mg·L-1时,果胶降解速率分别为4.5、49.8和74.0 mg·(L·h)-1,说明果胶浓度越高,降解速率越快.果胶浓度低于500 mg·L-1,COD去除率较低,仅为41.6%~82.0%,果胶浓度高于1 000 mg·L-1,COD去除率稳定在91%以上.温度越高,降解果胶所需的时间越短.随着温度在5~35℃范围内变化,厌氧污泥对果胶废水中COD的去除率从38.6%逐渐增加到91.5%,当温度高于35℃时,厌氧污泥对果胶废水中COD的去除率逐渐降低.果胶降解的中间产物主要是乙酸、丙酸、低级酯、烷基醇(C12~C40).     

硅胶负载纳米TiO2催化臭氧化降解水中微量硝基苯的研究

研究了纳米TiO2负载于硅胶表面作为臭氧氧化硝基苯过程中的催化剂时,热处理温度对催化活性的影响.结果表明,在700℃条件下烧结的纳米TiO2/硅胶表现出了最佳活性,反应10min硝基苯去除率相比于单独臭氧氧化提高了约25%.在一定范围内催化剂投量越大,硝基苯去除率越高.碱性pH环境有利于催化臭氧化反应的进行,但当pH值高于10时,硝基苯去除率有所降低.催化臭氧化反应遵循一级反应,反应速率常数与硝基苯的初始浓度无关.典型的自由基捕获剂叔丁醇与碳酸根离子对硝基苯的降解有强烈的抑制作用,间接地证明催化臭氧化反应遵循自由基作用机理.反应温度为10～40℃之间时,硝基苯去除率随着温度升高而提高.催化剂重复使用实验证明TiO2在硅胶表面负载牢固,催化剂具有较好的稳定性与耐用性.     

光助芬顿反应催化降解气体中甲苯

以甲苯作为挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)的代表,利用连续进气动态实验装置,研究光助芬顿反应降解气体中甲苯的作用.考察了芬顿试剂溶液初始p H、H2O2浓度、Fe2+浓度以及甲苯初始浓度对降解甲苯的影响,并利用在线质谱和色谱对产物进行了定性、定量分析.结果表明,紫外光照加快了羟基自由基的生成,显著提高了气体中甲苯的去除率;p H=3.0、H2O2浓度为20 mmol·L-1、Fe2+浓度为0.3 mmol·L-1的条件下,甲苯去除率最高;当甲苯初始浓度为260 mg·m-3时,去除率能够达到98%;光助芬顿反应催化降解气体中甲苯实验未检测到CO2之外的中间产物,CO2产率分析表明去除的甲苯全部转化为CO2.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.