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集中式饮用水水源地水质预警指标体系构建 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
饮用水水源地水质预警是建立健全饮用水安全保障体系的关键环节,构建水源地水质预警指标体系是水源地监控预警工作的重要基础。系统分析了常规水质在线、生物毒性在线、卫星遥感、人工巡视等水质预警监测技术手段,并分析比较了各方法的优缺点。以此为基础,遵循水源地预警指标体系构建原则与实际需求,统筹兼顾,提出了建立以常规理化-生物毒性在线监测相结合,遥感监测与人工巡查相统筹的一体化水源地水质预警指标体系,为水源地水质预警监控工作提供合理的、科学的技术支撑。 相似文献
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在线生物毒性监测系统在饮用水源地水质监测中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过对汞、镉、铬、铅和砷的生物毒性剂量效应分析,评估生物毒性监测方法在饮用水源地水质监测中的预警作用,结果显示,几种元素的生物毒性大小依次为:汞〉砷〉铅〉镉〉铬。结合南京上坝饮用水源地的生物毒性监测数据,建立动态报警限,用于评价水质安全。 相似文献
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环境监测是水生态健康监测与评估的重要环节,基于物理、化学监测的传统水质监测通常仅能提供独立的数据信息,不能全面、直观地反映水环境状况。基于生物等生命体导向的水生态监测通过生物对环境的响应,能够直接反应复杂水体状况,在水环境健康监测与评估中占据重要地位。基于病原微生物、指示生物介绍了生物监测中的常规生物指标,总结了包括藻类、无脊椎动物和鱼类在内的常见指示生物在不同类型污染水体中的环境指示作用。从生物毒性效应出发介绍了常用的毒性效应测试方法、分析了污染物在不同生物学水平的响应,从而指明生物毒性效应在水环境健康评估中的发展优势。再从生态完整性角度阐述了生态完整性评价的一般方法和新兴分子生物学技术在水生态健康评估中的应用。重点指出环境毒理学和分子生物学在水环境监测的优势,以期为更加科学精确地进行水生态健康监测预警提供支撑。 相似文献
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中国农村饮用水水源地水质状况研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
为了系统评估中国农村饮用水水源地水质变化情况,根据2009—2018年农村饮用水水源地水质监测数据,综合评价和分析了中国农村地表和地下饮用水达标情况、空间分布和主要超标因子等。监测结果表明:10年来,农村饮用水水源地达标率不断提高,这主要得益于地表饮用水水质整体改善;地下饮用水水质达标率持续偏低,且略有变差趋势,与城市地区的差距逐年加大。农村饮用水水源地超标断面和点位在空间上分布较广,主要超标因子相对集中,且表现出与农村和农业面源污染较强的相关性。建议进一步重视农村饮用水水源地(特别是地下饮用水)的保护,加强农村饮用水水源地水质监测,加快农业面源污染防治。 相似文献
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酚污染正严重威胁着饮用水源地的供水安全,迫切需要开展挥发酚实时预警监测。从挥发酚在线监测系统构架、监测方法验证、在线监测功能完善、运维周期及成本核算、应急预警功能实现等方面,介绍了挥发酚在线监测技术在苏州市饮用水源地的应用经验,以期进一步完善水源水预警监测体系。 相似文献
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生物监测可以系统反映污染物对生物生长的影响及其在生物体内的转化和迁移,在水环境监测与生态健康管理中的重要性日益突出。伴随着工业化的快速发展,中国水环境污染问题依然严峻,工业废水治理和排放问题仍旧突出。为进一步保障工业废水出水及受纳水体水质安全,迫切需要在工业废水监测中引入生物监测技术。对传统微生物群落监测法、水生生物毒性监测法和基于分子生物学技术的微生群落监测法等在工业废水监测领域的研究及应用进行了综述,并对存在的问题进行了总结。建议后续进一步完善工业废水生物监测体系时,参考国外成熟经验,制定出符合国内需求及特征的工业废水生物监测方法与评价标准,以便更好地掌握工业区整体环境健康及污染状况。 相似文献
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1980年国际标准组织(ISO)拟定了有关水生生物(如大型(氵蚤) 、斑马鱼)毒性试验标准法.美国和日本的环境管理部门或有关学术团体也制定了关于水生生物毒性试验标准方法,并在不断加以完善.我国目前关于水生生物毒性试验尚处于试行阶段,对试验生物的选择、稀释水的水质、温度、致毒时间、观察指标及试验状态等至今还未统一,以致各种毒性试验可比性差.根据毒性试验工作中所遇 相似文献
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跨界河流的水质监测(1) 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
水质监测是任何水资源管理必不可少的组成部分,水质监测与评价不仅可对水污染问题进行鉴别和评估,而且可以验证污染控制措施是否正确以及污染源是否遵守了相关的环保法规、制度、文章讨论了综合监测系统的对策、网络设计、采样与分析、数据处理与报告,还讨论了必需的科学的组织形式。以4条跨界河流[欧洲的莱茵河(Rhine)和多瑙河(Danube)、南美的拉普拉塔河(La Plata)、东南亚的湄公河(Mekong)]为例阐述了现代意义的监测方法学。对于工业化程度高的流域(如莱茵河和多瑙河),早期预警系统尤为重要。最后探讨了新的性价比好的污染监测方法以及如何避免产生数据很多,但信息量很少的状况。 相似文献
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Freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea, a surrogate species in metal toxicity testing, is a promising bioindicator of impairment in aquatic ecosystems. Little is known, however, about the relationship between clam valve daily rhythmic response and metal bioavailability related to a metal biological early warning system (BEWS) design. The purpose of this study was to link biotic ligand model (BLM)-based bioavailability and valve daily rhythm in C. fluminea to design a biomonitoring system for online in situ detection of waterborne copper (Cu). We integrated the Hill-based dose-time-response function and the fitted daily rhythm function of valve closure into a constructed programmatic mechanism. The functional presentation of the present dynamic system was completely demonstrated by employing a LabVIEW graphic control program in a personal computer. We used site-specific effect concentration causing 10% of total valve closure response (EC10) as the detection threshold to implement the proposed C. fluminea-based Cu BEWS. Here our results show that the proposed C. fluminea-based BEWS could be deliberately synthesized to online in situ transmit rapidly the information on waterborne bioavailable Cu levels under various aquatic environmental conditions through monitoring the valve daily rhythmic changes. We suggested that the developed C. fluminea-based dynamic biomonitoring system could assist in developing technically defensible site-specific water quality criteria to promote more efficient uses in water resources for protection of species health in aquatic environments. 相似文献
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微生物是威胁饮用水安全的首要问题,水环境微生物快速检测技术的开发和应用是推动饮用水源微生物快速检测和水质安全预警技术发展的保障。随着对水质微生物污染快速检测和准确预警新要求的提出,水环境中微生物在线检测和预警技术得到了越来越多的开发和应用。笔者总结了水环境常见微生物检测方法和技术的发展,重点讨论了饮用水源微生物快速检测技术的发展和应用,根据各项技术的应用和推广使用程度,将其归纳为常用快速检测技术、潜在适用快速检测技术和新型快速检测技术等类别,并详细阐述了一些应用较广的技术,以期为构建水质微生物污染早期预警系统提供参考。 相似文献
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Indicators of ecosystem health at the species level and the example of selenium effects on fish 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Peter V. Hodson 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1990,15(3):241-254
Chemical monitoring of aquatic ecosystems describes the chemical exposures of aquatic biota and measures the success of pollution control. However, meeting water quality criteria cannot assure that aquatic biota are protected from the effects of unexpected chemicals, mixtures and interactions between toxicity and environmental stressors.Biological monitoring is an obvious solution since aquatic biota integrate spatial and temporal variations in exposure to many simultaneous stressors. Top predators, typical of specific ecosystems (e.g. lake trout in cold water oligotrophic lakes) indicate whether environmental criteria have been met. The presence of naturally reproducing, self-sustaining and productive stocks of edible fish demonstrates a high quality environment. If these conditions are not met, there is a clear sign of environmental degradation. Specific changes in population structure and performance may also diagnose which life stage is affected and the nature of the stressor.Unfortunately, environmental managers cannot rely solely on populations, communities or ecosystems to indicate chmical effects. The lag between identifying a problem and finding a cause may destroy the resource that we wish to protect, particularly where chemicals are persistent.A solution to this dilemma is the measurement of primary or secondary responses of individual organisms to chemical exposure. Since toxicity at any level of organization must start with a reaction between a chemical and a biological substrate, these responses are the most sensitive and earliest sign of chemical exposure and effect.Application of this idea requires research on molecular mechanisms of chemical toxicity in aquatic biota and adaptation of existing mammalian diagnostic tools. Since relevance of biochemical responses to populations and ecosystems is not obvious, there is a need to study the links between chemical exposure and responses of individuals, populations and ecosystems.The recognition of chemical problems and cause-effect relationships requires the integration of chemical and biological monitoring, using the principles of epidemiology to test the strength of relationships and to identify specific research needs. The contamination of a reservoir with selenium and impacts on fish populations provide an excellent example of this approach. 相似文献
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水环境生物监测是环境监测的重要内容,它应重点说清环境胁迫的生物效应。简述了总量管理、流域管理、风险管理、生态管理等环境管理对水环境生物监测有迫切需求,应引入"生态系统健康"、"生物完整性"、"环境胁迫"、"全排水毒性"等现代环境生物监测的基本概念,建立水环境生物监测技术发展的理论基础,发展生物完整性、综合毒性等监测与评价核心技术;革新现行监测方法体系,建立包括QA/QC、快速方法等支持系统在内的现代水环境生物监测业务化方法体系;创新评价技术体系,建立水环境生态健康评价及综合毒性评价指标体系、基准及分级管理标准,确立水环境质量管理的生物学目标。 相似文献
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This study aims to investigate the use of metallothionein as a biomarker and its environmental impact on aquatic systems. According to the species’ characteristics, the interactions of toxic elements with living organisms in marine water can lead to biomagnifications in the trophic chain or bioconcentration of what is in the water. In many aquatic organisms, the presence of metallothionein proteins was studied. The chemical analysis of these bioindicators establishes, therefore, a sensitive method for the measurement of bioavailability which, over the years, allows for the quantification of the current pollution agents in the environment. Two study areas were selected along the Latium coasts. They are differentiated by their economic activities and their kind and level of environmental impact (mainly on marine pollution). These areas were selected in order to differentiate the maximum degree of both economic development and environmental quality. In particular, the presence of pollutants in the sea due to land activities was evaluated to compare the quality of the fishing products obtained from locations subject to various environmental impacts. The heavy metal concentrations were evaluated in water samples taken from different 30 sections of the fishes in order to understand the metabolism and origin of these contaminants. The primary metals studied were: mercury (Hg), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu). All data produced were analyzed via multivariate analyses in order to provide a final and reliable indicator. 相似文献