粉煤灰在环境工程中的应用

结合改性粉煤灰处理含铅废水的研究成果，系统地阐述了粉煤灰在环境工程领域中的应用，总结了用粉煤灰处理废水的工艺流程和工艺参数，指出了应用中存在的问题和今后研究的重点。     

改性粉煤灰处理含铬废水的研究

在粉煤灰中添加适量的转炉铁泥经盐酸溶解后，制得改性粉煤灰，在适宜的工艺条件下，对六价铬和总铬都有良好的处理效果。经多项实验证明，此工艺方法技术可行，适用于小型企业间歇排放。     

高掺比粉煤灰-微珠保温制品工艺研究

本文从微珠、粉煤灰和粘土相近的化学成分出发 ,分析了混合料的结合和反应机理 ,在这个基础上研究了各种配方情况下的保温砖的成型工艺 ,指出烧结法工艺品有良好的性能 ,掺入较多的粉煤灰将有更好的环境效益和经济效益。为了简化工艺 ,节约能源 ,便于推广 ,初步研究了用化学方法粘结的非烧结工艺———这是一种有前途的保温砖成型工艺。     

改性粉煤灰及其处理废水的机理

应用正交设计的基本理论,研究了PDMDAAC(聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵)改性粉煤灰的最佳条件,并将改性粉煤灰用于模拟印染废水的处理,探索了改性粉煤灰处理废水的机理。结果表明,在原PDMDAAC的pH下．控制PDMDAAC的浓度为40g／L,恒温30℃．反应1h为最佳改性工艺,改性粉煤灰处理废水的机理以吸附电中和为主。     

高掺比粉煤灰—微珠保温制品工艺研究

本文从微珠,粉煤灰和粘土相近的化学成分出发,分析了混合料的结合和反庆机理,在这个基础上研究了各种配方情况下的保温砖的成型工艺,指出烧结法工艺品有良好的性能,掺入较多的粉煤灰将有更好的环境效益和经济效益,为了简化工艺,节约能源,便于推广,初步研究了用化学方法粘结的非烧结工艺-这是一种前途的保温砖成型工艺.     

粉煤灰协同微波-Fenton氧化法处理活性艳蓝KN-R染料废水

以粉煤灰联合微波-Fenton氧化工艺处理活性艳蓝KN-R生产废水,考察了粉煤灰投加量及吸附时间对处理效果的影响,并通过正交实验对微波-Fenton工艺参数进行了优化。实验结果表明,粉煤灰絮凝吸附与微波-Fenton氧化具有协同效应;在粉煤灰投加量为40 g/L,搅拌吸附时间为20 min,滤液pH值为4,Fe2＋和H2O2投加量分别为3.6 mmol/L和0.15 mol/L,微波功率为200 W,辐射反应时间为4 min的优化条件下,染料废水的处理效果最好,COD和色度的去除率分别达到90.90%和99.98%。     

粉煤灰基混凝剂制备及处理印钞废水研究

将粉煤灰经过超细球磨后再采用微波处理,用于制备粉煤灰基混凝剂。结果表明,超细和微波处理能明显增加混凝剂的产率和性能。通过正交实验确定了去除印钞废水中浊度的粉煤灰基混凝剂的最佳制备工艺条件：粉煤灰/酸比为1∶4（w/v）,粉煤灰/碱比为1∶3（w/v）,熟化温度为40℃。当投加量为5 mL/100 mL时,粉煤灰基混凝剂对印钞废水处理的浊度去除率为98.37％。对粉煤灰基混凝剂的混凝机理进行了分析。     

利用粉煤灰改进含铜酸性废水硫化法处理工艺

用粉煤灰对硫化沉淀法处理含铜酸性废水工艺进行改进试验,试验表明粉煤灰有吸附和絮凝沉降的作用,可显著改善单一硫化法沉降速度慢和脱水困难的缺陷。     

改性粉煤灰和高铁酸钾联合处理矿井水的研究

利用高铁酸钾处理经过改性粉煤灰混凝后的矿井水,形成改性粉煤灰和高铁酸钾联合处理矿井水工艺。研究表明,粉煤灰在使用硫酸改性前后,在投加量为50 g/L,对去除矿井水中浊度的变化是53.18～25.42 NTU,对COD_(Mn)的去除效率也由29%升高到50%;在改性粉煤灰中混入高铁酸钾5 mg/L时,矿井水中浊度和悬浮物分别降到18.3 NTU和10 mg/L,COD_(Mn)去除率为53.23%;此后,上清液中投加高铁酸钾10 mg/L时,水中的浊度由18.3 NTU降到5.1 NTU,悬浮物由10 mg/L降到3 mg/L,COD_(Mn)的总去除率也增加到68.88%。在使用该工艺进行小试时,改性粉煤灰用量为50 g/L,并在其中掺杂高铁酸钾5 mg/L,上清液再用10 mg/L的高铁酸钾处理后,出水水质都优于地表水环境质量Ⅳ级标准。     

改性粉煤灰基吸附剂烟气脱汞

改性粉煤灰基吸附剂作为烟气脱汞吸附剂,具有成本低的特点。为进一步研究改性粉煤灰基吸附剂脱汞的工业运行状况,设计了最大烟气流量为2 000 Nm3/h的中试实验。首先通过数值模拟方法研究燃煤烟气过程中吸附剂脱汞性能,分别研究了吸附剂粒径、烟气流量以及吸附剂料层厚度对脱汞效率的影响。研究发现,随着烟气流量的增加脱汞效率降低,烟气流量为2 000 Nm3/h时脱汞效率为74.26%。在中试实验中采用三段式脱汞工艺,脱汞吸附剂为卤素元素浸渍改性的粉煤灰基吸附剂,根据模拟结果设计了吸附剂粒径为25 mm,料层厚度为400 mm的实验参数。实验结果表明,三段式脱汞工艺在烟气流量为2 000 Nm3/h,其脱汞效率为78.8%,其中吸附剂的脱汞效率为68.90%,证明了改性粉煤灰基吸附剂在工业烟气脱汞工艺中具有良好作用。     

Bioavailability of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin from municipal incinerator fly ash to freshwater fish

The bioavailability of 2,3,7,8-TCDD from municipal incinerator fly ash to freshwater fish was determined. It was observed that carp exposed to fly ash containing all 22 TCDD isomers, or the solvent extract of the fly ash, retain only 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Exposures with fly ash appears to follow a dose response relationship for bioconcentration, however, the bioavailability of 2,3,7,8-TCDD was not directly related to the level of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in fly ash for two fly ash samples studied.     

火力发电厂粉煤灰干燥特性研究

介绍了利用实验台对粉煤灰的干燥特性进行试验研究的情况 ,给出了粉煤灰的干燥曲线、干燥速率曲线和粉煤灰平衡湿含量计算式 ,分析了在干燥过程中粉煤灰的阻力特性 ,为粉煤灰干燥装置的工业化设计提供了理论依据     

Speciation and mobility of cadmium in straw and wood combustion fly ash

Two fly ashes from biomass combustion have been analysed regarding cadmium speciation and mobility. A fly ash from straw combustion contained 10 mg Cd/kg dry matter, and around 50% of the cadmium was leachable in water. The possible main speciation of cadmium in this fly ash was CdCl2. When adding this fly ash to agricultural soil a threat for groundwater contamination and plant uptake is existing. A fly ash from wood chip combustion had 28.6 mg Cd/kg dry matter. In this fly ash, the cadmium was bound more heavily, with only small amounts of cadmium leached in mild extractants. A possible speciation of cadmium in this fly ash was as oxide or as CdSiO3. Long-term effects and accumulation of cadmium could be a problem when adding this fly ash to agricultural or forest soils.     

粉煤灰的改性及其在垃圾渗滤液深度处理中的应用研究

实验采用物理方法和化学方法对粉煤灰进行改性,并用改性粉煤灰深度处理垃圾渗滤液。通过扫描电镜和X-射线衍射对改性前后粉煤灰的表面结构和主要晶相组成进行分析,同时考察其在垃圾渗滤液深度处理中的吸附效果。结果表明,改性后粉煤灰的比表面积和孔隙度增大,吸附能力增强。通过比较,吸附能力最强的改性粉煤灰是将引发剂A与粉煤灰以质量比为1∶9的比例混合,在800℃下恒温焙烧2 h所制得的改性粉煤灰,该改性粉煤灰对垃圾渗滤液中COD和色度的去除率可达到67.3%和87.3%,相对于改性前去除率提高了96.0%和57.8%。     

回收粉煤灰磁珠在污水处理中的应用

从粉煤灰综合利用角度,探时利用回收粉煤灰中磁珠作磁种,用高梯度磁分离技术进行污水处理的可行性,进一步研究了粉煤灰磁珠粒度组成对污水处理效果的影响。     

粉煤灰对水溶液中磷的吸附性能及机理

以粉煤灰为吸附剂去除溶液中的磷,考察了其吸附除P动力学特征、热力学特征以及溶液初始pH和粉煤灰投加量对吸附除P效果的影响,并对其吸附除P机理做了初步探讨。结果表明,在给定实验条件下,粉煤灰对P具有较好的去除效果,随着初始P浓度从10 mg/L升高到80 mg/L,平衡吸附量为0.46～2.44 mg P/g粉煤灰,吸附效率从92.2%降低至61.1%;对不同浓度的含P溶液,粉煤灰最适用量为0.6～1.5 g粉煤灰/mg P;相同反应条件下,当温度由25℃升高到45℃时,P初始吸附速率提高了3倍;粉煤灰对P的吸附过程能够较好地拟合Langmuir、Freundlich及D-R吸附等温模型,相关系数均在0.98以上。通过对吸附饱和的粉煤灰进行解析实验发现,初始P浓度较低(<50 mg/L)时,以化学吸附为主,而在初始P浓度较高(>80 mg/L)时,则以物理吸附为主。     

火力发电厂飞灰对抗生素磺胺的吸附性能

研究了吸附时间、飞灰用量、初始溶液pH和振荡频率等因素对飞灰吸附去除水溶液中磺胺的影响,并对其吸附机理进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明,飞灰用量增大有利于提高其对磺胺的吸附去除率。在25℃、振荡频率150 r/min、飞灰用量50 g/L、磺胺浓度4 mg/L条件下吸附10 min,磺胺的吸附去除率可达到92.8%。电厂飞灰对磺胺的吸附符合二级动力学模型,属于单分子层吸附。     

Improving phosphate removal of sand infiltration system using alkaline fly ash

Septic tank effluent is customarily disposed of by soil infiltration. Coarse, sandy soil such as those found in Perth, Western Australia, exhibit low attenuation capabilities for phosphate (PO4(3-)) during effluent infiltration. Amendment of such soil with different amounts of alkaline precipitator and lagoon fly ashes was investigated as a means of reducing phosphorus (P) leakage to ground water. Alkaline precipitator fly ash possessed the highest P sorption capacity in terms of its Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm parameters during initial batch tests. The test materials were repeatedly contacted with fresh PO4(3-) solutions over 90 contacting cycles to gain a better indication of long-term P sorption capability. Again, precipitator fly ash exhibited higher P sorption capacity than lagoon fly ash and Spearwood sand. Column studies assessed the influence of various application rates of alkaline precipitator and lagoon fly ashes on the P removal of septic tank effluent. Septic tank effluent was applied at the rate of 4 cm/day to the column for 12 weeks. Concentrations of P were monitored in the column effluent. All the fly ash columns were more efficient in reducing P migration compared to the sand column. Increased levels of fly ash in the soil columns resulted in increased P attenuation. Lagoon fly ash was inferior to precipitator fly ash for P removal; high application rates of fly ash caused clogging of the infiltration bed apparently due to their lower permeability. It is reasoned that 5-15% precipitator fly ash, and less than 30% lagoon fly ash could be added to coarse sands to produce an infiltration bed, which would result in a better quality effluent than can be obtained with untreated sand alone.     

The toxicity and toxic potential of fly ash from municipal incinerators assessed by means of a fish early life stage test

The toxicity and toxic potential of fly ash were assessed, using rainbow trout yolk sac fry. In contrast to fly ash itself, extracts of fly ash were extremely toxic, producing typical toxicopathological features of TCDD-intoxication. By comparison with earlier experiments using pure 2,3,7,8-TCDD, the toxic potential of fly ash was roughly estimated to be 75–125 ng.g^?1 toxic aequivalents TCDD. Obviously, this toxic potential is attributable for a minor part to 2,3,7,8-TCDD and for the greater part to the other chlorinated dioxin congeners and the dibenzofurans, present in fly ash.     

改性粉煤灰吸附稀土废水中的氨氮

用硫酸和氢氧化钠对粉煤灰进行酸改性和碱改性处理,研究改性前后粉煤灰对稀土废水中氨氮的吸附效果变化及最佳吸附条件,并从吸附等温线入手探讨吸附机理。结果显示,经碱改性后粉煤灰对氨氮的吸附性能有明显改善,当最佳吸附条件确定为投加量2 g,吸附时间2 h,初始pH 7～8时,碱改性粉煤灰对氨氮的吸附过程符合Freundlich等温方程式和Langmuir等温方程式。碱改性粉煤灰对氨氮的吸附属于良性吸附,且为吸热过程,室温下理论饱和吸附量为1.9066mg/g。