考虑水分迁移混凝土构件温度场数值计算

在火灾(高温)条件下,钢筋混凝土构件中水分的蒸发迁移会改变构件内部的传热过程,导致温升及局部温度分布发生变化.为评估钢筋混凝土构件的温度场分布和耐火稳定性,对现有模型进行了改进完善,建立了考虑水分蒸发迁移的二维钢筋混凝土构件温度场计算模型,并与试验值进行了对比分析,实测温度分布与计算结果一致性较好.     

大空间建筑火灾中火焰辐射对无保护钢构件升温的影响

大空间建筑的空间尺度变化范围较大,当空间尺度变化时火焰对壁面或构件的热辐射变化也较大,正确预测火焰辐射对构件升温的影响,是准确计算火灾场景中构件升温的一个重要环节。在计算假定条件下,通过分析外界与构件之间的热量交换以及影响火焰辐射的因素,导出考虑火焰辐射影响的构件净吸热量计算公式,将构件净吸热量计算公式导入基于集总热容法的热平衡方程中,得到构件升温的数值解,从而定量确定火焰辐射对钢构件升温影响的,临界角系数,为简化钢构件升温计算奠定基础,使钢构件升温计算既准确反映火灾中构件的升温历程,又方便实用。     

建筑钢结构中钢构件的防火性能与抗火设计研究

首先有针对性地对当前国内外建筑钢结构中钢构件的防火性能与抗火设计研究背景做了较系统分析,接着,通过有限元程序,对当前应用非常广泛的半刚接门式刚架建筑在火灾高温下的受力性能进行了整体结构非线性分析。计算结果表明：随着温度的升高,钢构件节点的刚度不断下降,当节点的刚度下降到不能约束与其连接的梁柱构件时,结构将发生突然坍塌性...     

带肋薄壁方钢管混凝土柱温度场试验研究与分析

为研究带肋薄壁钢管混凝土柱在火灾下的温度分布,进行3根足尺带肋薄壁方钢管混凝土柱升温试验。建立方钢管混凝土柱温度场有限元模型,模型计算结果与实验结果符合较好。利用模型分析了典型的温度场分布规律,并研究了各参数对构件温度场的影响规律。结果表明:构件截面温度场在四面受火状态下呈双轴对称分布,且角部温度较高。加劲肋对构件温度场的影响仅限于焊接点附近,加劲肋间距和含钢率对构件整体温度场影响微小;截面边长、受火时间和受火方式是影响构件温度场的主要因素。     

火灾下匀质防火保护钢构件温度计算(II)：实际火灾环境计算

目前各国规范给出的计算火灾下有匀质防火保护的钢构件温度的公式都是基于标准火灾环境得到。标准火灾只包含升温段而实际火灾包括升温段和降温段。考察了将现有公式用于实际火灾环境计算的有效性。通过工况分析,考察了不同火灾、不同厚度、不同截面和不同防火涂料情形下的钢材温度。通过与有限元分析的结果比较,我国规范推荐的公式给出的钢材温度与有限元结果符合最好。研究同时表明欧洲规范中使用的避免升温早期负钢材温度增量的方法,即升温段当计算得到的钢材温度为负值时取增量为0,会引起最高钢材温度和降温段钢材温度的偏高,不适用于实际火灾环境计算。综合而言,我国规范最适用于实际火灾环境计算。     

不均匀防火涂层对火灾条件下某简支钢梁温升和变形特性的影响

在钢结构抗火研究中通常假设构件表面防火涂料涂刷均匀、厚度一致.但实际上这些涂层由于多种原因厚度并不一致,不均匀防火涂层可能对钢构件的温升特性和结构抗火性能产生影响.基于已被证实的不均匀防火涂层厚度服从正态分布的假设,运用有限元软件ANSYS分析了某简支钢梁在标准温升火灾条件下的温升和变形特性,研究结果表明:钢梁轴向温度不再一致,并呈区域分布,横截面温度呈非对称分布;涂层的不均匀性对轴向变形影响较小,但对构件挠度影响较大.标准差越大,其温度和挠度的相对误差越大.     

轴向约束钢柱温度应力影响因素研究

建筑结构多为超静定结构.火灾条件下,组成结构的各构件在受到不均匀温度作用时,构件内将会产生温度应力.温度应力增加了构件的作用荷载,并影响受火钢柱的稳定性,是导致约束钢柱屈服破坏的主要原因.根据文献分析,轴向约束钢柱的温度应力影响因素主要有轴向约束刚度、长细比、初应力水平和构件升温.采用试验方法研究各因素对约束钢柱温度应力的影响规律.在温度应力增长阶段,构件所产生的温度应力与构件的温度升高值之间为线性关系,温度越高,温度应力越大.温度应力随轴向约束刚度和长细比的增大而增大;初应力水平越高,温度应力值越小.初应力水平的大小不影响温度应力的增长,但决定构件何时进入塑性状态.     

制冷装置用浇铸铜-钢复合板性能研究

复合板材料在制冷装置用压力容器标准中还未采用,但是浇铸铜-钢复合板性能十份契合制冷装置对复合管板的使用要求。本文根据安全技术规范、标准要求和铜-钢复合板制作特点,确定了铜-钢复合板的试验及检测项目,并对以Q345R·作为基层的铜-钢复合板进行了相应的试验和检测。试验和检测结果表明,浇铸铜-钢复合板的性能完全符合安全技术规范及标准的要求。     

标准受火条件下考虑水分迁移混凝土板温度场数值计算

火灾（高温）条件下,钢筋混凝土构件中水分的蒸发迁移会改变构件内部的传热过程,导致温升及局部温度分布发生变化。本文尝试在一定假设条件的基础上建立简单的水分蒸发迁移模型来考虑水分对混凝土板温升过程及温度分布的影响,进而对计算温度场进行适当修正。     

现役钢筋混凝土受弯构件残余承载力计算模型

本文基于钢筋混凝土结构理论及锈蚀钢筋混凝土构件的力学性能的变化规律,建立了钢筋混凝土构件残余承载力的计算模型,并通过实验验证了计算模型的有效性.模型的物理概念明确、简单实用,可供现役混凝土结构的耐久性评估及维修决策参考.     

掘进工作面围岩散热的有限元计算

掘进工作面的围岩散热是至今尚未解决的一个重要问题。笔者根据掘进工作面围岩温度场的特点 ,分析了移动柱坐标下的导热微分方程 ,合理地确定了温度场边界、划分了单元格 ;推导了该特定导热微分方程的变分方程 ,阐述了有限元解算的原理 ;论述了由温度场解算结果计算围岩散热量的方法。由此原理和方法 ,编制了计算机程序 ,以一个简单的实例 ,分析了掘进工作面围岩温度场及其散热的特点和规律     

自然通风消除热源厂房热害的数值模拟与实践

在有余热余湿的厂房 ,大多采用自然通风。笔者采用k ε紊流模型 ,对某钢铁公司二高线厂房自然通风消除热害进行了数值模拟。将生产线上的散热量作为能量方程的附加源项 ,计算厂房内的速度场和温度场 ,优选出了该热源厂房的通风改造方案 :进风口的标高降低 2m ,在操作平台上设置开孔率为 30 %的通风栅栏板。通过对通风改造前、后厂房内温度实测值的对比 ,厂房工作区平均温度下降 5℃ ,风速由原来的平均 0 .2m/s增加到 1.6m/s,厂房内作业区的热环境有明显改善 ,防止了因热环境问题造成的安全事故 ,提高了工人的生产效率。     

建筑火灾增长阶段室内温度的时间特性研究

为研究建筑火灾增长阶段室内温度的时间变化规律,提出了高温烟气的主要几种热损失的计算方法,发展了受火室与未受火室及环境的热平衡方程,并采用牛顿-拉菲尔森法迭代得到受火室的温度变化.计算了慢速、中速、快速、超快速四种火灾增长速率下,受火室气相温度及烟气热损失随时间的变化.本文的研究方法及有关结果可以为建筑防火及安全疏散提供有力依据.     

Study on decomposition of hydroxylamine/water solution

The risk evaluation of decomposition of hydroxylamine(HA)/water solution was studied experimentally. The thermal property of HA/water solution was studied from the calorimetric data obtained using the differential thermal analysis (DTA). The intensity of decomposition was studied on the basis of the results of the mini closed pressure vessel test (MCPVT) and the pressure vessel test (PVT) in addition to the steel tube test.The thermal property of HA/water solution was evaluated on the basis of results of the DTA. The heat-release onset temperatures using the no-treated stainless steel cells were more than 70 K below those measured using the GSC. This result implies that the heat-release onset temperature depends on the materials of sample cell. On the other hand, the heat of reaction did not depend on the materials of sample cell.The intensity of the thermal decomposition was investigated on the basis of results of the MCPVT, the PVT and the steel tube test. The intensity of the thermal decomposition increased as the HA concentration increased in the MCPVT. The intensity of the thermal decomposition increased greatly when the HA concentration was beyond 80wt.% in the MCPVT. It was elucidated that the thermal decomposition of HA 70wt.%/water solutions was very violent in the PVT. In addition, HA/water solutions of more than 80wt.% concentration could detonate in the steel tube test. HA 80 wt.% water/solution was easily detonated by a detonator without RDX in the steel tube test.In addition, the decomposition hazard of HA/water solution by the metal ion and the iron powder was studied in this paper. The thermal stability of HA85%/water solution with the iron ion or the iron powder was discussed on the basis of the heat-release onset temperature by the DTA. The heat-release onset temperatures decreased when the concentration of the iron ion or the iron powder increased in the DTA measurements. The reactiveness of HA/water solution with the metal ion of iron, manganese, nickel, chromium and copper was examined by measuring the mass loss of HA/water solution after the metal ion was added to HA/water solution at room temperature. The reactiveness of HA/water solution with the iron powder was also studied in this paper. The ferrous ion, the ferric ion and the iron powder reacted with HA/water solution. Ignition automatically began when the 0.2wt.% ferric ion solution was added to HA85wt.%/water solution. The mass loss rate depended on the HA concentration greater than the iron ion concentration. The mass loss rate increased when an amount of the iron powder increased. On the other hand, the decomposition reaction of HA85wt.%/water solution with Cu²⁺ was calm compared to that of the iron ion. HA/water solution did not react with Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Cr³⁺ at room temperature.     

Small-scale experimental study of vaporization flux of liquid nitrogen released on ice

One of the LNG accident scenarios is the collision of an LNG carrier on an iceberg during marine transportation. A collision can result in damages to the vessel and lead to the leakage of the contents on ice or an ice-water mixture. When cryogenic liquid comes in contact with ice, it undergoes rapid vaporization due to the difference in temperature between the ice and cryogenic liquid. This process is different from the heat transfer between water and cryogenic liquid as ice is a solid and thus heat transfer to the pool occurs primarily through conduction. In this paper, the heat transfer phenomenon between ice and cryogenic liquid was studied through a small-scale experiment and the resulting vaporization mass fluxes were reported. The experiment involved six spills with varying amount of liquid nitrogen on different ice temperature to determine its effect on vaporization mass flux. The vaporization mass fluxes were determined by direct measurement of the mass loss during the experiment. The results indicated that the vaporization mass flux was a function of release rate and ice temperature. When the release rate and ice temperature was high, the vaporization mass flux follows a decreasing trend. With further reduction in release rate and ice temperature, the vaporization mass flux was found to be independent with time. The one dimensional conduction model was validated against experimental results. The predicted temperatures and heat flux were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.     

中空夹层钢管再生混凝土柱火灾后力学性能分析

基于ABAQUS建立中空夹层钢管再生混凝土短柱理论模型,进行受火后加载模拟,受火过程采用ISO-834标准升、降温曲线。进而探究柱构件在受火全过程中的温度分布规律和受火后的力学性能。并分析了受火时间、空心率、取代率、名义含钢率、钢管强度和混凝土强度等参数对柱构件剩余承载力的影响。结果表明:受火时间、含钢率、混凝土强度和钢材强度对构件剩余承载力影响较明显,空心率和取代率对构件剩余承载力影响较小;受火45 min和90 min后,空心率取33.90%能较大限度减轻构件自重,且具备良好的抗火性能。     

工业厂房自然通风的数值模拟及结构改进

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)技术(方法)对某钢铁厂房的自然通风过程进行数值模拟研究。采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型及DO辐射模型对该工业厂房的流场和温度场进行了数值计算,其计算结果与文献中实验值的对比吻合很好。在该基础上,进一步对热源分布和进风口、天窗排风口结构对自然通风效果的影响做了计算,结果表明:适当的减小排风口高度以及缩短生产线热源的间距等能够在一定程度上改善自然通风的效果。研究成果为工业厂房自然通风系统的设计提供了理论参考依据。