铅酸废蓄电池的回收利用

本文对铅酸废蓄电池处理现状作了剖析，总结回收铅酸废蓄电池的各种工艺方法，并论述集中处置可治理铅酸废蓄电池对环境的污染，又可回收重金属及化工原料，并具有一定的经济效益。     

中国废铅酸蓄电池回收和再生铅生产

铅酸蓄电池是世界上各类电池中产量最大、用途最广的，它所消耗的铅占全球总耗铅量的82%。我国铅酸蓄电池工业本世纪80 年代进入蓬勃发展时期，90年代年产量达3000多万kWh，铅酸蓄电池也是对环境、人类健康危害最大的一种，随意抛置的废铅酸蓄电池所分解出的重金属和有毒废液会对生态平衡和人体健康造成严重威胁，急性或慢性的铅摄入会造成代谢、生殖及神经等方面的疾病，严重时可导致死亡。我国每年约有5000万只30万t废铅酸蓄电池产生，从事回收的部门有：供销系统的物资回收公司，物资系统的物资再生利用公司、机电系统的蓄电池制造企业，有色系统的再生铅企业以及数以万计的个体收购者，回收工作总体处于一种无序状态，迄今，我国仍未制订完善合理的废铅酸蓄电池管理法规及其实施细则。     

废铅酸电池回收制取再生铅合金技术的生命周期评价

废铅酸电池的回收利用已成为铅酸电池行业实现健康持续发展的关键一环.本文采用生命周期评价方法,分析了废铅酸电池回收制取铅合金技术及末端污染控制全过程的环境影响,并与废铅酸电池回收制铅锭再制电池材料和利用原生材料生产电池材料的过程进行了对比研究.结论表明废铅酸电池回收直接制取铅合金过程中铅膏熔炼和合金配制环节在各环境影响指标中的贡献较大(其中全球变暖潜值中占60%和33%,酸化潜值中占33%和54%,人体毒性潜值中占28%和57%),主要为辅助材料及能源动力带来的间接影响;利用原生材料生产电池材料过程的环境影响相对另两个过程更大,归一化的环境影响指标结果中人体毒性潜值、富营养化潜值及酸化潜值最大(分别为2.42×10~(-11)、1.26×10~(-11)和1.08×10~(-11)),其中铅原料生产的贡献比例占绝大部分.废电池回收直接制取再生铅合金与废电池回收制铅锭再制电池材料相比,环境影响表现更优,有利于形成电池生产企业的闭环循环过程,值得应用推广.未来应鼓励以废铅酸电池回收代替相应原生材料生产新电池,同时进一步减少回收过程中使用的资源能源环境影响,以带来更大的环境效益.     

上海市电动自行车废铅酸电池现状分析及管理对策

分析了上海市电动自行车废铅酸电池产生、回收、处置的现状。阐述了废铅酸电池因不规范回收处置而对环境造成的污染。从产生、处置及管理等方面指出了电动自行车废铅酸电池收集利用体系中存在的问题。提出了上海市管理废铅酸电池的对策、建议。     

我国社会源危险废物产生、回收及处置现状及管理对策

作为广受关注的社会源危险废物,废矿物油、废铅酸蓄电池具有显著的环境危害性,但同时也具备显著的可回收利用价值。本文在调研国外发达国家对于废矿物油、废铅酸电池的回收利用状况,以及所建立的相对完善的相关法律、法规制度和经济性政策的同时,也对目前国内特别是北京地区的废矿物油、废铅酸电池的产生情况、回收利用状况以及相关法律、法规政策进行了调查、研究。结果表明目前国内废矿物油、废铅酸电池近年来的产生量呈明显增加趋势,但其回收利用状况较为混乱,不够理想,大多数社会源危险废物无法进入具备合法资质的正规处置单位,无法得到合理妥善的利用及处置,对环境的威胁较大。本文针对此状况,在管理政策方面提出了一些建议,以期有助于国内对废矿物油、废铅酸电池的回收利用状况得到改善。     

废铅酸电池回收再生市场需规范

我国再生铅工业，是在重视环境保护和充分利用金属再生资源的情况下逐步发展起来的新兴产业。随着我国汽车、通讯和化学工业的迅速发展，对铅的要求不断提高。但随着越来越严格的环保法规出台，我国的再生铅工业也面临严峻考验。如何进一步规范市场、扩大回收规模、提高工艺水平、消除对环境的污染，是目前我国再生铅工业急需解决的问题。作为再生铅主要原料的废铅酸蓄电池，是固体废物中的危险物，对它的收集、转运、贮存、处理、再生等重要环节，必须进行严格规定和重点控制，并使用集中处置的原则进行管理。废铅酸电池管理不好会给环境带…     

废铅酸蓄电池回收处置现状与再生铅清洁生产工艺

废铅酸蓄电池属危险固体废物，若不妥善处置，会给环境带来严重污染，危害人体健康。本通过对国内外废铅酸蓄电池回收与处置现状分析，结合国家废电池污染防治政策，提出了利用废铅酸蓄电池生产再生铅的清洁生产工艺。     

我国废旧铅酸蓄电池回收方案探讨

废弃铅酸蓄电池含有大量铅、镉等重金属,会对环境产生严重污染。同时,废弃铅酸蓄电池中含有的铅和其他材料,是再生铅行业的主要原料。本文针对我国在废旧铅酸蓄电池回收方面存在的问题,根据我国实际情况提出具体可行的回收建议和方案,为废旧铅酸蓄电池的有效回收利用提供参考。     

有色金属再生资源制品

英德市新裕有色金属再生资源制品有限公司是经省环保局批准建立并选址兴建的，总投资额2500万，成立于2002年12月的民营企业。专业从事废旧铅酸蓄电池，废铅渣等的回收利用，实现废铅酸蓄电池的资源化与无害化处理，公司治理三废的工艺是采用广州工业大学环境科学与工程学院设计的技术与工艺流程，处理结果已达到环保要求，对当地的环境不构成任何影响。     

废旧铅酸蓄电池回收及处置对策研究

随着我国工业快速发展和城市化消费水平的逐步提高,交通、电力、通讯等需求而引发对铅酸蓄电池的需求不断增长,随之产生的废旧铅酸蓄电池量也逐渐增加。如何合理有效利用废旧铅酸蓄电池资源,降低废旧铅酸蓄电池的环境污染,已成为当前亟待解决的紧迫问题。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.