不同螯合剂和有机酸对苍耳修复镉砷复合污染土壤的影响

为了提高苍耳对农田Cd和As污染的修复效率,探究了不同螯合剂和有机酸（EDTA、SAP、CA和MA）对苍耳提取农田土壤Cd和As的影响.结果表明,施用4种不同螯合剂和有机酸对苍耳的根、茎和叶生物量影响不大.不同螯合剂和有机酸对苍耳各器官Cd和As含量和积累量影响不同.与CK处理相比,施用EDTA、SAP、CA和MA均显著提高了苍耳叶部的Cd含量,增幅分别是44.1%、32.4%、41.2%和38.2%,苍耳根系As含量分别提高89.6%、7.4%、94.8%和61.5%.施用EDTA、SAP、CA和MA处理使苍耳植株总Cd积累量分别比CK处理提高70.2%、29.4%、28.9%和33.1%,而As积累量分别提高67.0%、19.6%、81.9%和40.8%.施用螯合剂和有机酸对苍耳各器官Cd和As的富集系数和转运系数也有不同影响.4种螯合剂和有机酸处理对根际土壤Cd和As含量影响均比较显著,与对照相比降幅分别是32.7%~38.2%和14.6%~20.5%.4种螯合剂和有机酸均可以提高苍耳提取农田土壤Cd和As的效率.     

我们憧憬的未来(节选)

4.我们认识到,消除贫穷、改变不可持续的消费和生产方式、推广可持续的消费和生产方式、保护和管理经济和社会发展的自然资源基础,是可持续发展的总目标和基本需要。我们也重申必须通过以下途径实现可持续发展:促进持续、包容性、公平的经济增长,为所有人创造更多机会,减少不平等现象,提高基本生活水平;推动公平社会发展和包容;促进以可持续的方式统筹管理自然资源和生态系统,支持经济发展、社会发展、人的发展等等,同时面对新挑战和正在出现的挑战,促进生态系统的养护、再生、恢复和回弹。     

中欧污水处理条例和工艺对比研究——以意大利特洛维索污水厂和泰安第二污水厂为例

本文以意大利特洛维索污水厂和泰安第二污水厂为例,介绍了欧洲和中国是如何进行水处理并解决日益严重的水资源不足的问题.本文从污水处理工艺和排放条例方面进行对比研究,表明一些生态的、社会的和经济的指导方针和处理工艺还需要加强和推进.     

大沽排污河污灌区土壤重金属富集特征和来源分析

测定了天津大沽排污河污灌区耕作层(0～25cm)和底层(25～50cm)土壤中重金属、As、Fe及TN、TP和有机质等的含量,采用污染指数、相对富集系数和聚类分析等方法研究了重金属的富集特征和可能来源.结果表明, Hg、Cd、Pb和zn达到土壤环境质量二级标准, As、Ni和Cr达到一级标准.耕作层Hg的含量为0.323mg/kg,污染指数(CF)和相对富集系数(REF)分别为10.8和7.2,属于严重污染和重度富集, Cd的含量为0.341mg/kg, CF和REF分别为3.8和4.5,属于重度污染和中度富集, Pb、Zn和As的含量分别为44.7,108.29和11.2mg/kg, CF和REF均小于3,呈现中度污染和低度富集, Ni和Cr的含量分别为29.86和66.6mg/kg,基本没有富集. Hg、Pb和Zn在耕作层土壤中富集较严重, As在底层土壤富集较严重, Cd、Ni和Cr在两层的含量接近.与1985年的调查结果相比, Cd和As的含量有所增加, Hg、Pb和Zn的含量有所下降, Cr和Ni的含量略低于土壤环境背景值.通过聚类分析并结合大沽排污河污染源调查,表明Hg除受污水灌溉的影响外,燃煤释放的Hg可能是重要来源之一,也是As含量增加的主要原因, Cd、Pb和Zn可能来自污水灌溉和大气沉降,以污水灌溉的贡献为主, Ni和Cr以自然来源为主.     

植物和沉积物样品中PCB47与PCB155的测定

建立了一种红树植物和沉积物样品中多氯联苯的提取、分离以及定性、定量分析的方法.以植物和沉积物中PCB47和PCB155为研究对象,利用超声波进行提取、硫酸和硅胶柱进行净化和分离,以毛细管GC- ECD和内标法对PCBs进行定量分析.研究结果表明:植物中PCB47和PCB155的平均回收率分别为90.47%和84.25%,方法检测限为0.0109×10~(-9) 和0.0112×10~(-9);沉积物样品中PCB47和PCB155的平均回收率分别为93.27%和86.68%,方法检测限为0.0140×10~(-9)和0.0114×10~(-9);相对标准偏差均低于3.60%.本方法可满足植物和沉积物样品中PCBs定量分析要求.     

吸油烟机油烟捕集和空气性能的模拟与试验研究

应用计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟吸油烟机油烟捕集和空气性能,捕集结果和测量基本吻合。改滤网为分离器,使烟机油脂分离度和分离器占烟机分离度提高2.3%和15.8%,减少叶轮和蜗壳的清洗。计算的风量和功率与实验结果的误差分别为18.9%和8.4%。提出改进机箱空间,并采用空心叶轮和蜗壳后盖板挖槽方案。     

青海湖沙柳河流域不同时期地表水与地下水的相互作用

氢氧稳定同位素技术是研究地表水和地下水相互作用的有效手段。依据青海湖沙柳河流域2018年消融期、多雨期和冰冻期所收集的降水、河水和地下水样品中对氢氧同位素组成(δD、δ18O)的测定结果,识别和量化不同时期高山草原带和高山草甸带地表水和地下水间的补给关系和比例,其目的旨在明确高寒内陆河流域地表水和地下水δD和δ18O受降水影响的时空差异。结果表明:青海湖沙柳河流域地表水和地下水δD和δ18O值受降水响应存在时空差异性,δD和δ18O值在消融期受降水影响最强,冰冻期最弱;在高山草甸带δD和δ18O值受降水的影响强于高山草原带。消融期的高山草甸带、高山草原带和冰冻期的高山草原带地表水补给地下水的比例分别为80.65%、93.36%和89.44%;多雨期的高山草甸带、高山草原带和冰冻期的高山草甸带地下水补给地表水的比例分别为44.50%、74.85%和88.58%。研究结果可为该流域水资源优化配置和管理提供科学依据。     

甘肃省虚拟能行业分布及其省际贸易空间格局

基于投入-产出模型,研究了2007、2010、2012年甘肃省分行业能源的直接和完全能耗系数大小,以及省际贸易中虚拟能源的净输入和净输出特征.结果表明：2007~2012年,甘肃省人均虚拟能源消费量和能源生产总量均呈上升趋势,增幅分别为25.5%和28.2%,13.9%和13.6%,能源消费量增幅远高于能源生产总量.2007~2012年甘肃省虚拟能源在行业间的流动趋势变化明显,其中2007年虚拟能源主要流向工业和交通运输及仓储业,其值分别为2957.41和2336.35万t标准煤.2010年变化趋势与其一致,其值分别为2563.92和3094.53万t标准煤.2012年虚拟能源主要流向建筑业和批发零售及其他行业.其值分别为3690.54和3080.61万t标准煤.2007~2012年,甘肃省虚拟能源总量增加了28.9%,其中建筑业和批发零售及其他行业分别增加了94.7%和92.5%,农业,工业和交通运输及仓储业分别减小了24.4%,42.3%和91.6%.2007~2012年甘肃省虚拟能源呈净输入-净输出-净输入的贸易格局,主要输向河北、内蒙古、上海和陕西等能源总量较多且经济发达的地区,其中工业和交通运输及仓储业为主要输出行业,分别占总输出的36.6%和38.3%;输入主要来源于北京、辽宁、江苏、福建和宁夏等省区.因此,减少省内能源输出量,提高省外输入量对甘肃省经济和能源的可持续发展及利用至关重要.     

水中挥发性有机物的分析方法综评

综述了目前国内环境监测领域监测分析水中挥发性有机物的各种手段和方法,以具体仪器和实验方法为例,对实验室、应急和自动在线监测分析VOCs的方法和仪器进行了概述和评价,便于更好地了解各类仪器在水中挥发性有机物监测中的优势和特点,使其更有效地发挥作用.     

离子色谱法测定环境空气中的乙酸和溴化氢

本文阐述了离子色谱法测定空气和环境样品中乙酸和溴化氢浓度的方法和步骤.测定结果显示乙酸和溴化氢的检出限分别为0.03 mg/m3和0.011 mg/m3.方法的回收率93.2～102％和97.1～ 101％.相对标准偏差为1.9％和1.7％.线性范围为0.00～50mg/L和0.00～15mg/L.本法是一种简单快速测定降水、空气和废气中乙酸和溴化氢的方法.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Preparations of TiO2 film coated on foam nickel substrate by sol-gel processes and its photocatalytic activity for degradation of acetaldehyde

Anatase TiO2 films were successfully prepared on foam nickel substrates by sol-gel technique using tetrabutyl titanate as precursor. The characteristics of the TiO2 films were investigated by XPS, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM and UV-Vis absorption spectra. The photocatalytic activities of TiO2 films were investigated by photocatalytic degradation reactions of gaseous acetaldehyde, an indoor pollutant, under ultraviolet light irradiation. It was found that Ni^2＋ doping into TiO2 films due to the foam nickel substrates resulted in the extension of absorption edges of TiO2 films from UV region to visible light region. The pre-heating for foam nickel substrates resulted in the formation of NiO layer, which prevented effectively the injection of photogenerated electrons from TiO2 films to metal nickel. The TiO2 films displayed high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of acetaldehyde, and were enhanced by calcining the substrates and coating TiO2 films repeatedly. The high activity was mainly attributed to the improvement of the characteristics of substrate surface and the increase of active sites on photocatalyst.     

Biological control experiment of excess propagation of Cyclops for drinking water security

Cyclops of zooplankton propagated excessively in eutrophic water body and could not be effectively inactivated by the conventional disinfections process like chlorination due to its stronger resistance to oxidation. In this study, an ecological project was put forward for the excess propagation control of Cyclops by stocking the filter-feeding fishes such as silver carp and bighead carp under the condition of no extraneous nutrient feeding. The results of experiments with different stocking biomass showed that the propagation of Cyclops could be controlled effectively, and the water quality was improved simultaneously by impacting on nutriment level and plankton community structure at proper stocking density of 30 g/m^3 of water. The growth of Cyclops may not be effectually controlled with lower biomass of fish （10 g）, and the natural food chain relation may be destroyed for Cyclops dying out in water while the intense stocking of 120 g per cubic meter of water. In addition, the high predator pressure may accelerate supplemental rate of nutrients from bottom sediments to water body to add the content of total nitrogen and phosphorus in water.     

Effects of seed aerosols on the growth of secondary organic aerosols from the photooxidation of toluene

Hydroxyl radical （.OH）-initiated photooxidation reaction of toluene was carried out in a self-made smog chamber. Four individual seed aerosols such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, sodium silicate and calcium chloride, were introduced into the chamber to assess their influence on the growth of secondary organic aerosols （SOA）. It was found that the low concentration of seed aerosols might lead to high concentration of SOA particles. Seed aerosols would promote rates of SOA formation at the start of the reaction and inhibit its formation rate with prolonging the reaction time. In the case of ca. 9000 pt/cm^3 seed aerosol load, the addition of sodium silicate induced a same effect on the SOA formation as ammonium nitrate. The influence of the four individual seed aerosols on the generation of SOA decreased in the order of calcium chloride〉sodium silicate and ammonium nitrate〉ammonium sulfate.     

Reaction mode between Si and Fe and evaluation of optimal species in poly-silicic-ferric coagulant

A kind of Fe-polysilicate polymer, poly-silicic-ferric （PSF） coagulant was prepared by co-polymerization （hydroxylation of mixture of Fe^3＋ and fresh polysilicic acid （PS））, in which PSF0.5, PSF1 or PSF3 denotes Si/Fe molar ratio of 0.5, 1 or 3, respectively. The effects of Si/Fe ratio and reaction time （co-polymerization time or aging time） on the reaction mode between Si and Fe were studies, and the optimal species of PSF was evaluated by pH change during the preparation of PSF and coagulation tests. The results showed that the characteristics of PSF are largely affected by both reaction time and Si/Fe ratio. PSF is found to be a essential complex of Si, Fe, and many other ions. The reaction mode between Si and Fe differs with various Si/Fe ratios. The pH of PSF0.5, PSF1 or PSF3 tended to be stable when reaction time is 10, 25 or 55 rain, respectively, which is almost consistent with the time reaching the relative stable morphology that is just the optimal species of higher coagulation efficiency. The optimal reaction time reaching optimal species can be evaluated by measuring the pH change during the polymerization process.     

汽车排气尾流中微粒分布及其变化特性的研究

根据微粒核化、凝并及凝结模型对汽车排气尾流中微粒分布的变化特性进行了分析.结果表明,微粒的核化增加了排气尾流中超细微粒的数量;微粒的凝并和凝结将改变排气尾流中的微粒分布.在核化、凝并及凝结过程同时存在时,核化对微粒分布的影响相对较小,微粒分布的变化主要受凝并和凝结的作用.在排气管出口处,微粒的核化、凝并及凝结过程比较剧烈,微粒分布变化较大;随着距排气管出口距离的增加,微粒演变逐渐减弱.研究工作可以为汽车排放控制策略的确定以及汽车微粒对人体健康影响的研究提供依据.     

Imazaquin degradation and metabolism in a sandy loam soil amended with farm litters

Irnazaquin applied in legume crops has a long residual time in soil, which often impacts safety of the susceptible crops. To increase safety of imazaquin application, two composted litters, bovine manure （BM） and chicken manure （CM）, were used to determine their effects on imazaquin environmental behavior by incorporating each kind of manure into the tested sandy loam soil at 10% （w/w）. The degradation of imazaquin in BM- and CM-amended soil was about 2.4 and 1.5 times, respectively, faster than that in unamended soil. The half-lives of imazaquin in BM-amended soil varied between 6.7 and 15.4 d over the temperature range of 20 to 40℃, and the degradation rate constant （k） increased by a factor of about 1.5 for every 10℃ change. Higher mix ratio did not significantly increase the degradation, and the optimal active degradation of imazaquin was observed approximately at the mix ratio of 10：1 of soil to BM. The different moisture levels had negligible effect on imazaquin degradation. In both unamended and BM-amended treatments, two metabolites were observed at 5, 10 and 30 d after treatment. One metabolite at retention time （RT） of 8.4 rain was identified as 2-（4- hydroxyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl） quinoline acid, originating from the loss of isopropyl group and hydroxylation at the 4-position of imidazolinone ring. The other at RT of 12.9 rain was identified as quinoline-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride, resulting from detachment of imidazolinone ring and the forming of dicarboxylic anhydride. This finding suggested that the addition of farm litters into soil might be a good management option since it can not only increase soil fertility but also contribute to increase safety of imazaquin application to the following susceptible crops.