植物功能多样性及其与生态系统功能关系研究进展

生物多样性影响生态系统的多种功能。生物多样性的急剧丧失使得对其影响评定尤为重要和紧迫,因此,生物多样性与生态系统功能关系成为生态学研究的热点问题之一,其中功能多样性与生态系统功能关系的研究成为近十年该领域研究的重点。文章首先概括了植物功能多样性的多种定义,并详细介绍了目前被广泛接受的定义"功能多样性是某一群落内物种间功能特征的变化范围或指特定生态系统中所有物种功能特征的数值和范围"。其次重点阐述了围绕植物功能多样性开展的5个重要研究论题:(1)分别从功能丰富度、功能均匀度、功能离散度3个方面介绍了功能多样性算法,并强调要注重多指数相结合以综合描述功能多样性;(2)植物功能性状间主要体现为权衡关系,植物功能性状受到了气候、土壤、海拔、地形地貌、放牧、土地利用方式等一系列因素的影响;(3)基于植物功能性状更有利于探讨环境过滤和相似性限制对群落构建的驱动作用;(4)功能多样性与物种多样性间呈现正相关、负相关和饱和曲线等一系列关系,之所以呈现不同关系与资源状况和外界干扰密切相关;(5)尽管很多研究都证明了功能多样性对生态系统功能具有正效应,但依然存在两个主要的争议,一方面是物种多样性、功能多样性在生态系统功能维持中的相对重要性,另一方面是选择效应与互补效应在功能多样性与生态系统功能关系中的适用性。最后,提出了该领域需要进一步深入开展的4个研究方向:开展多尺度研究、重视多营养级研究,加强野外观测与受控实验相结合的研究、深化生态系统多功能性的研究。     

川西亚高山天然次生林生态功能恢复综合评价

川西亚高山原始针叶林遭受大规模采伐后自然恢复形成的次生林已成为该区域的主要森林类型之一,具有重要的生态功能.现有森林生态功能评价大多为水源涵养等单一生态功能,尚缺乏针对多种生态功能的综合评价.采用空间代替时间的方法,以岷江冷杉原始林为参照,基于植物群落学与生物量调查,以及植物和土壤样品采集与测定,分析次生林植物多样性、...     

吉兰泰盐湖周边荒漠植物养分、叶片功能性状及适应策略研究

为分析叶片功能性状与养分质量分数的相关关系,探究荒漠植物通过叶片功能性状、养分特征表现出的对环境胁迫的适应策略,以阿拉善盟吉兰泰盐湖区固定沙地生长的荒漠植物为研究对象,对植物叶片的水分与功能性状指标、养分元素质量分数进行测定,运用单因素方差分析、相关性分析等方法对叶片功能性状、养分质量分数以及二者的关系进行分析.结果表...     

绿色建筑植物资源信息系统的构建及应用

在前期研究的基础上,应用计算机技术建立绿色建筑植物资源信息系统(Green Building Plant Resources Information System,GBPRIS),该系统包括植物基本特征数据库、植物生态功能数据库、植物群落数据库和评价体系数据库4个基础数据库.共收录500种植物和上海常见48个植物群落的信息,将植物的生物学特性、生态习性及各项生态功能信息规范化、数字化输入,降低了绿色建筑适生植物选择的专业性要求,并具有多途径搜索、快速查询文档和图片的功能,既能用于对现有绿化体系进行评价,有针对性地提出改进意见,也可用于对建筑室外绿化规划设计进行预评价,为绿色建筑的绿化配置提供科学参考.     

喀斯特地区植被不同恢复阶段功能冗余和功能多样性对群落稳定性的影响

喀斯特地区属于生态脆弱区,由于环境本身的脆弱性和人为的干扰,导致植被恢复难度较大。所以,在植被恢复过程中群落稳定性的增长和维持成为了重要的研究内容,对指导生态修复具有重要意义。该文通过物种功能性状研究功能多样性、功能冗余与群落稳定性的关系,阐明植被恢复过程中影响群落稳定性增长与维持的内在因素。采用“空间代替时间”的方法,在贵州喀斯特高原区选择处于退化喀斯特植被自然恢复不同阶段的植物群落,即草本群落阶段、灌草过渡阶段、灌木灌丛阶段、灌乔过渡阶段和乔木林阶段的植物群落,探究功能冗余和功能多样性对群落稳定性影响的差异。结果表明：在喀斯特高原区,随着植被的恢复（1）群落的稳定性呈现逐步递增的趋势,两种测定方式均得到一致的结果,群落稳定性指数（C）由0.393上升至1.206,M.Godron稳定性指数法也显示曲线交点与稳定点之间的距离由10.49缩短至2.32;(2)功能冗余逐步递增,在乔木林阶段达到最高,且各阶段具有显著性差异;功能多样性则是先增后减,在灌乔过渡阶段达到最高;（3）根据逐步回归结果显示,功能冗余和功能多样性均能提高群落的稳定性,但是在不同的恢复阶段两者对于稳定性的影响并不一致...     

元谋干热河谷植物功能性状组合的海拔梯度响应

植物功能性状能够显示对环境变化的响应,不同的适应对策呈现出不同的功能性状组合。干热河谷地区水分是最主要的限制性环境因子,之前的大部分研究都是集中关注于干热河谷局部地段,对于从垂直海拔上来研究不同植物在环境梯度下的变化的研究较少。干热河谷地区由于梵风效应,水分胁迫沿海拔梯度发生变化,一般表现为随海拔高度升高,气温降低,湿度和降水量增加,而蒸发量减小,辐射增强。以云南元谋干热河谷4个海拔梯度（1491.33、1730.20、1850.00、1925.57 m）中的植物为研究对象,选取叶片干物质含量（LDMC）、叶面积（LA）、比叶面积（SLA）、叶片厚度（LT）和叶密度（LD）5个功能性状,研究它们的相互关系,比较了海拔间的差异。结果表明：1）5个功能性状在不同海拔间均呈现出一定差异,变异系数由高到低为LD>LA>SLA>LT>LDMC（分别是101%、64%、56%、41%和19%）;方差分析结果也表明,5个功能性状在不同海拔之间差异显著（F=56.218,P<0.01;F=7.829,P<0.01;F=11.21,P<0.01;F=7.429,P<0.01;F=19.213,P<0.01）,尤其是在最低（1491.33 mm）和最高（1927.57 mm）海拔之间,各性状均具有极显著的差异;2）性状之间存在组合关系, LD与其他性状间相关性最为明显,除LDMC以外,LD与LA、SLA、LT均呈现出极显著负相关关系;LDMC与LA和LT呈极显著负相关;SLA与LA和LT呈正相关,而与LDMC显著负相关;LT与SLA显著正相关,与LA之间相关性不显著;3）在不同的海拔梯度之间,性状组合存在非同步变化现象。研究显示,元谋干热河谷地区,植物对水分环境的海拔梯度变化产生功能性状组合的响应,低海拔和高海拔物种对所处环境的适应策略不同,使得植物在海拔梯度上出现叶片功能性状组合的分化和差异。     

植物次生代谢:功能、调控及其基因工程

植物次生代谢物具有多种重要的生物学功能 ,在工农业生产和人们日常生活中具有广阔的应用前景 .随着可持续农业的发展 ,植物次生代谢物的化学生态学功能及其对农产品品质的影响倍受关注 .植物次生代谢调控的生物化学、分子生物学和基因工程已成了当今国际生物界十分活跃的前沿研究领域 .本文仅就植物次生代谢物功能、代谢调控及基因工程研究进行简要的概述 .1　植物次生代谢物的功能1.1　植物次生代谢物的化学生态学功能植物次生代谢物按其合成方式可分为组成型和诱导型两种类型 ,它们在植物与植物、植物与微生物及植物与昆虫之间的关系中行…     

区域尺度生物多样性维护功能综合评估方法与实证研究

生物多样性是区域可持续发展的基础,准确掌握区域尺度生物多样性维护功能空间格局,对于反映区域生态系统状态、变化和面临的威胁,以及选择保护策略均具有重要意义。利用区域生物量、地形地貌、气候和土地覆被因子,构建生物多样性维护功能综合评估模型,并以京津冀地区为研究区,对评估模型进行应用与验证。结果表明:(1)构建的评估模型能够反映研究区生物多样性维护功能空间格局。经模型评价,京津冀地区生物多样性维护功能高值区主要集中在燕山山区和太行山山区,低值区主要集中在坝上高原和平原地区,评估结果符合研究区实际。(2)研究区县域生物多样性和自然保护区物种多样性与模型评估结果间均存在显著相关关系。县域生物多样性指标中,物种特有性与模型评估结果之间相关性最高(r=0.699,P0.001),其次为生态系统类型多样性(r=0.680,P0.001)、稀有濒危物种丰富度(r=0.571,P0.001)、野生维管植物丰富度(r=0.544,P0.001)、外来物种入侵度(r=-0.437,P0.001)和野生高等动物丰富度(r=0.404,P0.001);自然保护区物种多样性与模型评估结果间呈显著对数相关(r=0.540,P0.001),约70%的自然保护区分布在生物多样性维护功能极重要和高度重要区。构建的评估方法能够从区域尺度和栅格水平反映生物多样性维护功能,从而为区域自然保护区建设和生态修复工作提供科学依据。     

若尔盖典型高寒湿地植物叶功能性状对水深梯度的响应

高寒泥炭沼泽湿地储存着大量有机碳，影响全球碳库的收支平衡，作为重要的生态因子，植物功能性状显著影响着生态系统的碳输入与输出过程.为了解水位变化对高原高寒湿地植物功能性状的影响并深入理解水位下降下的高寒泥炭沼泽碳循环，以青藏高原东部若尔盖典型沼泽湿地两种优势植物——木里苔草(Carex muliensis；湿生植物，即喜欢潮湿环境而不能忍受长时间水位不足的陆生植物)和斑唇马先蒿(Pedicularis longiflora var.tubiformis；中生植物，即介于湿生与旱生植物之间而不能忍受严重干旱或长期水涝的植物)为研究对象，采用“中宇宙”水位模拟试验，分析两种植物在10 cm(D₁₀)、0 cm(D₀)、–20 cm(D_-20)和–50 cm(D_-50)水位梯度下叶形态性状的差异，以及叶片光合气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数等的变化规律.结果表明：(1)木里苔草通过减小叶长、叶面积、比叶面积、叶干重和增加叶厚以适应水位下降，斑唇马先蒿则通过减小叶长、叶宽、叶面积、比叶面积和叶干重来适应水位上升....     

常熟地区农户庭院植物多样性与配置模式

选择常熟地区代表性乡村,对农户庭院植物多样性和配置模式进行研究,分析其植物物种组成和多样性,并利用TW INSPAN分类方法,研究了庭院植物配置类型与模式。结果表明:在对281个户级庭院调查中,170户庭院中栽种植物,111户庭院中无任何绿化,共栽种植物151种(含变种、栽培品种),隶属58科116属;庭院植物配置可划分为4种庭院类型和10种配置模式;植物的层次结构对于多样性指数影响较大,植物配置模式的结构越丰富、复杂,其物种多样性指数越高。认为观赏性植物成为庭院的主体植物,观赏功能成为庭院植物的主要功能;庭院内有效绿化面积不足,单位面积植物生态效益较低;乡土植物景观建设与物种多样性保护有待于进一步加强。     

基于CNKI数据库的植物与昆虫关系研究文献计量分析

分析植物与昆虫的复杂关系是中国生物学研究的重要内容,虽然目前国内学者倾向于将相关论文发表在国外期刊上,但自始至终国内期刊仍是本领域科研成果的主阵地。随着开展植物与昆虫关系的研究日益增多,尚缺乏系统梳理本领域国内期刊论文的相关研究。为此,利用CiteSpace软件对1953—2020年CNKI数据库收录学术论文的年度发文量、期刊分布、关键词时间动态、研究热点与发展变化进行可视化分析,以期厘清和总结国内期刊对植物与昆虫关系研究成果发表的现状、热点和不足,推动中国学者将本领域的研究成果发表在国内期刊上。研究结果表明,（1）国内期刊植物与昆虫关系研究领域的年度发文数量总体呈增长趋势,趋势大致分为起步期-增长期-衰减期-恢复期4个阶段。（2）本领域发表在国内期刊的论文以昆虫生态学和害虫综合治理为主要研究内容,较多论文发表在昆虫学领域的期刊上。（3）植物与昆虫关系研究内容逐渐多样化,围绕“寄主植物”、“植食性昆虫”和“传粉昆虫”3个主题词开展了较多及较长时间的研究,为本领域的发展奠定了基础。在此基础上,对于植物次生代谢产物对植食性昆虫取食行为的影响、植物繁育系统与访花昆虫行为特征的作用关系、植物与...     

Patterns of Citations of Open Access and Non‐Open Access Conservation Biology Journal Papers and Book Chapters

Abstract: Open access (OA) publishing, whereby authors, their institutions, or their granting bodies pay or provide a repository through which peer‐reviewed work is available online for free, is championed as a model to increase the number of citations per paper and disseminate results widely, especially to researchers in developing countries. We compared the number of citations of OA and non‐OA papers in six journals and four books published since 2000 to test whether OA increases number of citations overall and increases citations made by authors in developing countries. After controlling for type of paper (e.g., review or research paper), length of paper, authors’ citation profiles, number of authors per paper, and whether the author or the publisher released the paper in OA, OA had no statistically significant influence on the overall number of citations per journal paper. Journal papers were cited more frequently if the authors had published highly cited papers previously, were members of large teams of authors, or published relatively long papers, but papers were not cited more frequently if they were published in an OA source. Nevertheless, author‐archived OA book chapters accrued up to eight times more citations than chapters in the same book that were not available through OA, perhaps because there is no online abstracting service for book chapters. There was also little evidence that journal papers or book chapters published in OA received more citations from authors in developing countries relative to those journal papers or book chapters not published in OA. For scholarly publications in conservation biology, only book chapters had an OA citation advantage, and OA did not increase the number of citations papers or chapters received from authors in developing countries.     

Functional and phylogenetic diversity as predictors of biodiversity--ecosystem-function relationships

How closely does variability in ecologically important traits reflect evolutionary divergence? The use of phylogenetic diversity (PD) to predict biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning, and more generally the use of phylogenetic information in community ecology, depends in part on the answer to this question. However, comparisons of the predictive power of phylogenetic diversity and functional diversity (FD) have not been conducted across a range of experiments. To address how phylogenetic diversity and functional trait variation control biodiversity effects on biomass production, we summarized the results of 29 grassland plant experiments where both the phylogeny of plant species used in the experiments is well described and where extensive trait data are available. Functional trait variation was only partially related to phylogenetic distances between species, and the resulting FD values therefore correlate only partially with PD. Despite these differences, FD and PD predicted biodiversity effects across all experiments with similar strength, including in subsets that excluded plots with legumes and that focused on fertilization experiments. Two- and three-trait combinations of the five traits used here (leaf nitrogen percentage, height, specific root length, leaf mass per unit area, and nitrogen fixation) resulted in the FD values with the greatest predictive power. Both PD and FD can be valuable predictors of the effect of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning, which suggests that a focus on both community trait diversity and evolutionary history can improve understanding of the consequences of biodiversity loss.     

基于SCI发文的中国生态学研究态势文献计量分析

采用文献计量学的方法,基于《科学引文索引》数据库近十年的检索结果,定量分析中国生态学领域发文的主题、时间、作者、机构、合作国家、被引频次、期刊分布等数据,系统分析中国生态学领域近十年的研究发展态势、研究热点、研究投入主体、国际合作和研究水平等趋势和特征。基于检索得到的3316篇SCI论文数据,研究认为：我国生态学领域的研究发展迅速。研究的热点主要是分子标记、气候变化、生物多样性、土地利用、分类学、物种、草原、荒漠化、模型、多态性等方面。研究主题的关联性随时间有增加的趋势。588个第一作者发文机构中,中国科学院发文量最高,大学近年的研究发展迅猛。生态学领域篇均作者人数是2.2人。国际合作的主要国家是美国。我国生态学研究的SCI发文篇均被引频次为6。第一作者机构为中国机构的论文被引用情况逊于外国机构。中国生态学领域研究最重要的发文期刊是ECOLOGICAL MODELLING和JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS。     

Multivariate identification of plant functional response and effect traits in an agricultural landscape

Plant functional traits have been proposed as a linkage between the environmental control of vegetation and ecosystem function. Identification of traits that mediate the response of plant species to the environment is well established, but the identification of effect traits and the linkage between the two sets is less developed. This was attempted for a study of eight contrasting land uses in a marginal agricultural landscape where data on vegetation, management controls of the disturbance regime, and soil characteristics, including nitrogen release, were measured simultaneously with measures of ecosystem function such as litter decomposition rates and primary productivity on 30 sites. Trait data were assembled from databases, and an iterative multivariate approach using the three table (species, trait, environment) method RLQ was employed to identify a parsimonious set of traits that predict plant species responses to the environment and a parsimonious set of traits that link vegetation to ecosystem function. The lists of response and effect traits were similar, and where differences were observed, traits were usually highly correlated with at least one trait in the other list. This approach identified a small number of traits (canopy height, leaf dry matter content, leaf size, and specific leaf area) that provide a means of linking vegetation responses to environmental change with changes in ecosystem function. Other response traits included vegetative spread strategy, start of flowering, and seed terminal velocity, but within the system studied these traits were all significantly correlated to the traits shared between the response and effect lists.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Untested assumptions about within-species sample size and missing data in interspecific studies

Phylogenetic comparative studies rely on species-specific data that often contain missing values and/or differ in sample size among species. These phenomena may violate statistical assumptions about the non-random variance component in sampling effort. A major reason why this assumption is often not fulfilled is because the probability of being sampled (i.e., being captured or observed) may depend on species-specific characteristics. Here, we test this assumption by using information on within-species sample sizes and missing data from five independent comparative datasets of European birds. First, we show that the two estimates of data availability (missing values and within-species sample size) are positively correlated and are associated with research effort in general (the number of papers published). Second, we demonstrate biologically meaningful relationships between data availability and phenotypic traits. For example, population size, risk-taking, and habitat specialization independently predicted within-species sample size. The key determinants of missing data were population size and distribution range. However, data availability was not structured by phylogenetic relationships. These results indicate that the accuracy of sampling is repeatable and distributed non-randomly among species, as several species-specific attributes determined the probability of observation. Therefore, data availability seems to be a species-specific trait that can be shaped by ecology, life history, and behavior. Such relationships raise issues about non-random sampling, which requires attention in comparative studies.     

Citation Rate and Perceived Subject Bias in the Amphibian‐Decline Literature

Abstract: As a result of global declines in amphibian populations, interest in the conservation of amphibians has grown. This growth has been fueled partially by the recent discovery of other potential causes of declines, including chytridiomycosis (the amphibian chytrid, an infectious disease) and climate change. It has been proposed that researchers have shifted their focus to these novel stressors and that other threats to amphibians, such as habitat loss, are not being studied in proportion to their potential effects. We tested the validity of this proposal by reviewing the literature on amphibian declines, categorizing the primary topic of articles within this literature (e.g., habitat loss or UV‐B radiation) and comparing citation rates among articles on these topics and impact factors of journals in which the articles were published. From 1990 to 2009, the proportion of papers on habitat loss remained fairly constant, and although the number of papers on chytridiomycosis increased after the disease was described in 1998, the number of published papers on amphibian declines also increased. Nevertheless, papers on chytridiomycosis were more highly cited than papers not on chytridiomycosis and were published in journals with higher impact factors on average, which may indicate this research topic is more popular in the literature. Our results were not consistent with a shift in the research agenda on amphibians. We believe the perception of such a shift has been supported by the higher citation rates of papers on chytridiomycosis.     

Trait similarity patterns within grass and grasshopper communities: multitrophic community assembly at work

Trait-based community assembly theory suggests that trait variation among co-occurring species is shaped by two main processes: abiotic filtering, important in stressful environments and promoting similarity, and competition, more important in productive environments and promoting dissimilarity. Previous studies have indeed found trait similarity to decline along productivity gradients. However, these studies have always been done on single trophic levels. Here, we investigated how interactions between trophic levels affect trait similarity patterns along environmental gradients. We propose three hypotheses for the main drivers of trait similarity patterns of plants and herbivores along environmental gradients: (1) environmental control of both, (2) bottom-up control of herbivore trait variation, and (3) top-down control of grass trait variation. To test this, we collected data on the community composition and trait variation of grasses (41 species) and grasshoppers (53 species) in 50 plots in a South African savanna. Structural equation models were used to investigate how the range and spacing of within-community functional trait values of both grasses and their insect herbivores (grasshoppers; Acrididae) respond to (1) rainfall and fire frequency gradients and (2) the trait similarity patterns of the other trophic level. The analyses revealed that traits of co-occurring grasses became more similar toward lower rainfall and higher fire frequency (environmental control), while showing little evidence for top-down control. Grasshopper trait range patterns, on the other hand, were mostly directly driven by vegetation structure and grass trait range patterns (bottom-up control), while environmental factors had mostly indirect effects via plant traits. Our study shows the potential to expand trait-based community assembly theory to include trophic interactions.     

Trait space of rare plants in a fire‐dependent ecosystem

The causes of species rarity are of critical concern because of the high extinction risk associated with rarity. Studies examining individual rare species have limited generality, whereas trait‐based approaches offer a means to identify functional causes of rarity that can be applied to communities with disparate species pools. Differences in functional traits between rare and common species may be indicative of the functional causes of species rarity and may therefore be useful in crafting species conservation strategies. However, there is a conspicuous lack of studies comparing the functional traits of rare species and co‐occurring common species. We measured 18 important functional traits for 19 rare and 134 common understory plant species from North Carolina's Sandhills region and compared their trait distributions to determine whether there are significant functional differences that may explain species rarity. Flowering, fire, and tissue‐chemistry traits differed significantly between rare and common, co‐occurring species. Differences in specific traits suggest that fire suppression has driven rarity in this system and that changes to the timing and severity of prescribed fire may improve conservation success. Our method provides a useful tool to prioritize conservation efforts in other systems based on the likelihood that rare species are functionally capable of persisting.