油田新型结垢计量装置与防垢剂优选试验

从定量的角度出发,设计垢量测量装置。以BZ25-1油田为例,判断油田结垢类型,模拟动态试验,利用油田结垢量大小测定渗透率损失率。随后进行防垢剂筛选试验。结果表明:碳酸钙垢的生成,岩心渗透率损失率21%左右;防垢剂JPS-01、JPS-02、JPS-03能有效缓解地层结垢,JPS-01防垢剂效果最佳,结垢量最小。     

鄂尔多斯盆地地层水的配伍性研究

水平井体积压裂技术是致密油气藏高效开发的关键技术。为了合理地处理鄂尔多斯盆地长7采出水及避免油井水淹,通过对水质离子含量分析、失硫酸根率、结垢量和垢型的分析,研究了陕北油田长7和延10地层产出水的混合结垢性质,探索了上述混合水样回注延10地层的可行性,得出了可回注地层的长7与延10地层产出水最佳混合比例。结果表明:长7与延10地层水以8:2比例混合时,失硫酸根率与结垢量达到最高;混合水与延10地层水以9:1的比例混合时,失硫酸根率与结垢量为最低;经过絮凝处理的混合水悬浮物含量、含油量分别降至为1.0,2.50 mg/L,达到SY/T 5329—2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》的要求。     

塔中四油田注水管线结垢腐蚀影响因素分析

文章对塔中四油田注水管线结垢腐蚀影响因素进行分析,结果表明:影响结垢的主要因素为回注水中高浓度的钙离子、碳酸氢根离子形成的碳酸钙垢;影响腐蚀的主要因素为回注水质呈弱酸性,氯离子和硫化物含量高,氯离子和硫化氢的协同作用加剧了管道的腐蚀。另外,注水管线中井口流速慢,压力降低,注入水质不配伍等因素都会导致结垢腐蚀。因此,应主要选择针对碳酸钙类型的阻垢剂和防氯腐蚀缓蚀剂以减缓塔中四油田管道结垢腐蚀。     

塔中油田硫酸盐还原菌恶性繁殖机理分析＊

硫酸盐还原菌等的恶性繁殖使油田生产管线设施腐蚀破坏、结垢堵塞,注入地层后对油层造成伤害。研究发现,塔中油田联合站水体可检测SRB菌数高达2.5×104个/mL,注水管垢含FeS高达29.8%,属硫酸盐还原菌恶性繁殖代谢产物。塔中油田水系统各主要环节中硫酸盐还原菌和硫化氢含量与油田水处理工艺特点密切相关,其中塔中油田联合站完全密闭的水处理压力流程是造成该站硫酸盐还原菌恶性繁殖的主要原因。实验表明,前端适度曝氧、添加H2O2等氧化性杀菌剂和300mg/L冲击式加药等都是抑制硫酸盐还原菌的有效方法。     

油田污水去除成垢离子处理技术研究

在高效气浮除油、多种新型过滤分离技术的基础上,利用特种阴离子交换树脂去除油田污水中成垢离子的方法,解决了油田在注水开发中管线、设备及地层存在的结垢问题,处理后水质达到油田回注要求。同时在污水处理过程中,对"三废"的有效处置和循环使用,也达到了绿色环保的要求,为油田企业做进一步的实验和推广,起到一定作用。     

纳滤浓水凝胶调剖体系可行性实验

针对姬塬油田采用纳滤膜分离技术去除注入水中硫酸根离子,防止或延缓注水造成地层结垢堵塞时产生15%的高浓度硫酸根离子的盐水,提出利用抗盐聚合物与高浓度硫酸根离子盐水配制凝胶调剖剂实现浓水回收再利用。通过对现有三类抗盐聚合物四种产品进行室内实验研究,分别考察聚合物高浓度硫酸根离子的盐水溶解性、凝胶成胶强度及岩心封堵分流性能评价。结果表明疏水缔合聚合物(T8~#)满足高浓盐水配制凝胶调剖的要求。     

长庆油田水处理新技术研究

长庆油房庄油田水经过处理后仍具有较高的矿化度、较多的悬浮物及残留油,同时其SRB严重超标。现场处理水质不稳定,在进行回注时与地层的配伍性较差。针对这些情况,研究了一种新型的水处理工艺技术。对成垢离子调整剂、水质净化剂和成垢离子钝化剂进行了筛选,并对含油污水的成垢离子含量及比例进行了调整。运用这种技术,使油房庄油田水经处理后达到回注水的标准,且提高了与地层的配伍性。同时提出了新型水处理技术的工艺流程。     

以响应面法优化气田含甲醇污水预处理药剂加量

针对延长气田某净化厂的含甲醇污水预处理装置存在结垢严重、腐蚀等问题,利用离子色谱、XRD等方法对含甲醇污水及再生塔塔板垢样进行分析,在单因素的实验基础上,以含甲醇污水的总铁、浊度为考察的总指标,采用响应面法优化得到氧化剂、碱化剂、絮凝剂及助凝剂４种预处理药剂的最佳注入量,最后验证了优化方案的可靠性。研究结果表明：含甲醇污水pH值偏低,矿化度较高,易结垢的Ca2＋、Mg2＋含量高;再生塔塔板垢样的主要成分为CaCO3、MgCO3,含量（质量百分比）分别为64.32％和35.58％,说明大量存在的Ca2＋ 、Mg2＋是导致甲醇再生装置结垢腐蚀的主要原因。预处理药剂的最佳加量为氧化剂832.39mg/L,碱化 剂1108.64mg/L,絮凝剂889.01mg/L,助凝剂57.59mg/L,此时,预测的响应值为3.525。现场污水经优化 处理后pH值为7.4,浊度为6.8NTU,总铁含量为11.04mg/L,均达到预处理水质指标要求;现场的设备和管线结垢、堵塞情况明显好转,由原来的1个月检修两次,降至3个月左右检修1次。     

某气田采出水回注储层伤害研究

某气田采出水外排压力大,污水拉运成本高,通过研究须家河组分别与蓬莱镇组、沙溪庙组流体与流体、流体与储层之间是否配伍来论证须家河组采出水在蓬莱镇组和沙溪庙组就近回注的可行性。开展了须家河组与蓬莱镇组、沙溪庙组采出水混合水样的浊度、结垢趋势预测,以及须家河组采出水对蓬莱镇组和沙溪庙组的储层伤害评价实验,结果表明:须家河组与沙溪庙组混合水样配伍性较好,虽然两种混合水样在地层条件下均会产生CaCO_3和BaSO_4垢样,但须家河组与沙溪庙组混合水样产生垢量低于和蓬莱镇组混合水样产生垢量,须家河组采出水注入沙溪庙组岩心渗透率损失率39.68%,低于蓬莱镇组岩心渗透率损失率69.34%。须家河组和沙溪庙组流体配伍性较好,须家河组采出水对沙溪庙组储层伤害较小,优选沙溪庙组作为须家河组采出水回注层。     

浙江油田管5井区块注水处理研究

浙江油田管5井区块属于低渗透区块,油田开发过程中产出水悬浮物(SS)、硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、腐生菌(TGB)等指标严重超标。未经处理的油田污水如果直接注入到地层中,注入水中的悬浮颗粒会伤害油层的渗透率,导致注水井的吸水能力降低和油井产能下降,从而影响开发效果。因而,对其油田产出水采用内压式中空纤维超滤工艺处理。文章介绍了注水处理工艺及流程,结果表明:超滤工艺出水水质:SS为0.25mg/L,SRB菌数为0,铁细菌数为17个/mL,腐生菌数0,相关水质指标符合《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》(SY/T5329-94)的要求。     

Effect of long-term application of biosolids for land reclamation on surface water chemistry

Biosolids are known to have a potential to restore degraded land, but the long-term impacts of this practice on the environment, including water quality, still need to be evaluated. The surface water chemistry (NO3-, NH4+, and total P, Cd, Cu, and Hg) was monitored for 31 yr from 1972 to 2002 in a 6000-ha watershed at Fulton County, Illinois, where the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago was restoring the productivity of strip-mined land using biosolids. The mean cumulative loading rates during the past 31 yr were 875 dry Mg ha(-1) for 1120-ha fields in the biosolids-amended watershed and 4.3 dry Mg ha(-1) for the 670-ha fields in the control watershed. Biosolids were injected into mine spoil fields as liquid fertilizer from 1972 to 1985, and incorporated as dewatered cake from 1980 to 1996 and air-dried solids from 1987 to 2002. The mean annual loadings of nutrients and trace elements from biosolids in 1 ha were 735 kg N, 530 kg P, 4.5 kg Cd, 30.7 kg Cu, and 0.11 kg Hg in the fields of the biosolids-amended watershed, and negligible in the fields of the control watershed. Sampling of surface water was conducted monthly in the 1970s, and three times per year in the 1980s and 1990s. The water samples were collected from 12 reservoirs and 2 creeks receiving drainage from the fields in the control watershed, and 8 reservoirs and 4 creeks associated with the fields in the biosolids-amended watershed for the analysis of NO3- -N (including NO2- N), NH4+-N, and total P, Cd, Cu, and Hg. Compared to the control (0.18 mg L(-1)), surface water NO3- -N in the biosolids-amended watershed (2.23 mg L(-1)) was consistently higher; however, it was still below the Illinois limit of 10 mg L(-1) for public and food-processing water supplies. Biosolids applications had a significant effect on mean concentrations of ammonium N (0.11 mg L(-1) for control and 0.24 mg L(-1) for biosolids) and total P (0.10 mg L(-1) for control and 0.16 mg L(-1) for biosolids) in surface water. Application of biosolids did not increase the concentrations of Cd and Hg in surface water. The elevation of Cu in surface water with biosolids application only occurred in some years of the first decade, when land-applied sludges contained high concentrations of trace metals, including Cu. In fact, following the promulgation of 40 CFR Part 503, the concentrations of all three metals fell below the method detection level (MDL) in surface water for nearly all samplings. Nitrate in the surface water tends to be higher in spring, and ammonium, total P, and total Hg in summer and fall. Mean nitrate, ammonium, and total phosphorus concentrations were found to be greater in creeks than reservoirs. The results indicate that application of biosolids for land reclamation at high loading rates from 1972 to 2002, with adequate runoff and soil erosion control, had only a minor impact on surface water quality.     

Pilot-scale treatment of RDX-contaminated soil with zerovalent iron

Soils in Technical Area 16 at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) are severely contaminated from past explosives testing and research. Our objective was to conduct laboratory and pilot-scale experiments to determine if zerovalent iron (Fe(0)) could effectively transform RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) in two LANL soils that differed in physicochemical properties (Soils A and B). Laboratory tests indicated that Soil A was highly alkaline and needed to be acidified [with H2SO4, Al2(SO4)3, or CH3COOH] before Fe(0) could transform RDX. Pilot-scale experiments were performed by mixing Fe(0) and contaminated soil (70 kg), and acidifying amendments with a high-speed mixer that was a one-sixth replica of a field-scale unit. Soils were kept unsaturated (soil water content = 0.30-0.34 kg kg(-1)) and sampled with time (0-120 d). While adding CH3COOH improved the effectiveness of Fe(0) to remove RDX in Soil A (98% destruction), CH3COOH had a negative effect in Soil B. We believe that this difference is a result of high concentrations of organic matter and Ba. Adding CH3COOH to Soil B lowered pH and facilitated Ba release from BaSO4 or BaCO3, which decreased Fe(0) performance by promoting flocculation of humic material on the iron. Despite problems encountered with CH3COOH, pilot-scale treatment of Soil B (12 100 mg RDX kg(-1)) with Fe(0) or Fe(0) + Al2(SO4)3 showed high RDX destruction (96-98%). This indicates that RDX-contaminated soil can be remediated at the field scale with Fe(0) and soil-specific problems (i.e., alkalinity, high organic matter or Ba) can be overcome by adjustments to the Fe(0) treatment.     

Tile water quality following liquid swine manure application into standing corn

The quality of water draining fields fertilized with liquid swine (Sus scrofa) manure (LSM) sidedressed into standing corn (Zea mays L.) at rates ranging from 0 to 94 m(3) ha(-1), either topdressed (TD) onto the surface, or injected (INJ) into the soil once annually for each of three consecutive years was evaluated. Liquid swine manure application rate was a critical driver of preferential flow of LSM to tile as detected by turbidity, concentrations of NH(4)(+)-N, dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), and the presence of enteric bacteria (Escherichia coli). Contaminant movement to drains occurred immediately after 75 and 94 m(3) LSM ha(-1) were injected (e.g., 2.5 mg DRP L(-1), 3-yr average). With injection of 56 m(3) ha(-1) or less, drainage water was not turbid and concentrations of NH(4)(+)-N, DRP, and enteric bacteria were dramatically lower than with the higher rates, even when tiles flowed freely during manure application. Application method also affected tile water quality. With TD applications (37 and 56 m(3) ha(-1)), nutrients and bacteria did not move to tiles at the time of application, but with rains that fell within 3 d after application, concentrations increased (e.g., 0.1 mg DRP L(-1)), although less than with INJ. Overall, sidedress injection rates that supplied adequate crop nutrients did not compromise drainage water quality.     

Distribution and leaching of methyl iodide in soil following emulated shank and drip application

Methyl iodide (MeI) is a promising alternative to methyl bromide in soil fumigation. The pest-control efficacy and ground water contamination risks of MeI as a fumigant are highly related to its gas-phase distribution and leaching after soil application. In this study, the distribution and leaching of MeI in soil following shank injection and subsurface drip application were investigated. Methyl iodide (200 kg ha(-1)) was directly injected or drip-applied at a 20-cm depth into Arlington sandy loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic Haplic Durixeralfs) columns (12-cm i.d., 70-cm height) tarped with virtually impermeable film. Concentration profiles of MeI in the soil air were monitored for 7 d. Methyl iodide diffused rapidly after soil application, and reached a 70-cm depth within 2 h. Relative to shank injection, drip application inhibited diffusion, resulting in significantly lower concentration profiles in the soil air. Seven days after MeI application, fumigated soil was uncapped, aerated for 7 d, and leached with water. Leaching of MeI was significant from the soil columns under both application methods, with concentrations of >10 mug L(-1) in the early leachate. The leaching was greater following shank injection than drip application, with an overall potential of 33 g ha(-1) for shank injection and 19 g ha(-1) for drip application. Persistent residues of MeI remaining in soils after leaching were 50 to 240 ng kg(-1), and the contents were slightly higher following shank injection than drip application. The results suggest that fumigation with MeI may pose a risk of ground water contamination in vulnerable areas.     

Physicochemical and mineralogical characterization of soil-saprolite cores from a field research site, Tennessee

Site characterization is an essential initial step in determining the feasibility of remedial alternatives at hazardous waste sites. Physicochemical and mineralogical characterization of U-contaminated soils in deeply weathered saprolite at Area 2 of the DOE Field Research Center (FRC) site, Oak Ridge, TN, was accomplished to examine the feasibility of bioremediation. Concentrations of U in soil-saprolite (up to 291 mg kg(-1) in oxalate-extractable U(o)) were closely related to low pH (ca. 4-5), high effective cation exchange capacity without Ca (64.7-83.2 cmol(c) kg(-1)), amorphous Mn content (up to 9910 mg kg(-1)), and the decreased presence of relative clay mineral contents in the bulk samples (i.e., illite 2.5-12 wt. %, average 32 wt. %). The pH of the fill material ranged from 7.0 to 10.5, whereas the pH of the saprolite ranged from 4.5 to 8. Uranium concentration was highest (about 300 mg kg(-1)) at around 6 m below land surface near the saprolite-fill interface. The pH of ground water at Area 2 tended to be between 6 and 7 with U concentrations of about 0.9 to 1.7 mg L(-1). These site specific characteristics of Area 2, which has lower U and nitrate contamination levels and more neutral ground water pH compared with FRC Areas 1 and 3 (ca. 5.5 and <4, respectively), indicate that with appropriate addition of electron donors and nutrients bioremediation of U by metal reducing microorganisms may be possible.     

Determination of polyacrylamide in soil waters by size exclusion chromatography

Determination of polyacrylamide (PAM) concentration in soil waters is important in improving the efficiency of PAM application and understanding the environmental fate of applied PAM. In this study, concentrations of anionic PAM with high molecular weight in soil waters containing salts and dissolved organic matter (DOM) were determined quantitatively by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with ultraviolet (UV) absorbance detection. Polyacrylamide was separated from interferential salts and DOM on a polymeric gel column eluted with an aqueous solution of 0.05 M KH2PO4 and then detected at a short UV wavelength of 195 nm. Analysis of PAM concentrations in soil sorption supernatants, soil leachates, and water samples from irrigation furrow streams showed that SEC is an effective approach for quantifying low concentrations (0-10 mg L(-1)) of PAM in waters containing soil DOM and salts. The method has a lower detection limit of 0.02 microg and a linear response range of 0.2 to 80 mg L(-1). Precision studies gave coefficients of variation of < 1.96% (n = 4) for > 10 mg L(-1) PAM and < 12% (n = 3) for 0.2 to 3 mg L(-1) PAM.     

Application of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes for treatment of urban sewage in Israel

The effectiveness of sewage purification by aquatic plants, such as water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), was tested on laboratory and pilot scales. Cascade and semi-continuous pilot experiments verified that the plants are capable of decreasing all tested indicators of water quality to levels that permit the use of the purified water for irrigation of tree crops. This applies to biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity. The laboratory-scale tests confirm the capacity of the plants to reach and hold reasonably low levels of BOD (5-7 mg L(-1)) and COD (40-50 mg L(-1)) and very low levels of TSS (3-5 mg L(-1)) and turbidity (1-2 NTU). In the experimental pilot setup, with circulation, COD decreased from 460 to 100 mg L(-1) after 2.5-4 days of treatment, while 6-7 days were required to this end without circulation. This doubled the active pond area and provided a two-level hydraulic loading (8 and 12 L min(-1)) with circulation that proved to be effective during the summer as well as the winter season. The outflow concentrations were 50-85 mg L(-1) of COD and 4-6 mg L(-1) of BOD. The results show that the use of this free water surface flow system (FWS) and its low maintenance system for treatment of urban and agricultural sewage is a viable option.     

Denitrification from a swine lagoon overland flow treatment system at a pasture-riparian zone interface

In manure disposal systems, denitrification is a major pathway for N loss and to reduce N transport to surface and ground water. We measured denitrification and the changes in soil N pools in a liquid manure disposal system at the interface of a pasture and a riparian forest. Liquid swine manure was applied weekly at two rates (approximately 800 and 1600 kg N ha-1 yr-1) to triplicate plots of overland flow treatment systems with three different vegetation treatments. Denitrification (acetylene block technique on intact cores) and soil N pools were determined bimonthly for 3 yr. The higher rate of manure application had higher denitrification rates and higher soil nitrate. Depth 1 soil (0-6 cm) had higher denitrification, nitrate, and ammonium than depth 2 soil (6-12 cm). The vegetation treatment consisting of 20 m of grass and 10 m of forest had lower denitrification. Denitrification did not vary significantly with position in the plot (7, 14, 21, and 28 m downslope), but nitrate decreased in the downslope direction while ammonium increased downslope. Denitrification ranged from 4 to 12% of total N applied in the manure. Denitrification rates were similar to those from a nearby dairy manure irrigation site, but were generally a lower percent of N applied, especially at the high swine effluent rate. Denitrification rates for these soils range from 40 to 200 kg N ha-1 yr-1 for the top 12 cm of soil treated with typical liquid manure that is high in ammonium and low in nitrate.     

Biosolids application in the Chihuahuan desert: effects on runoff water quality

Surface-applied biosolids, the option most often used on range-lands, can increase the concentration of macronutrients and trace elements in the runoff water and can potentially produce eutrophication or contamination of surface waters. In this study, the effects of postapplication age of biosolids (18, 12, 6, and 0.5 mo) and rate of application (0, 7, 18, 34, and 90 Mg ha(-1)) on the quality of runoff water from shrubland and grassland soils were assessed. Between July and October 1996 simulated rainfall was applied to 0.50-m2 plots for 30 min at a rate of 160 mm h(-1). All of the runoff water was collected. The concentration of NH4+ -N, NO3- -N, PO4(3-)-P, total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), Cu, and Mn in the runoff water increased with rate of biosolids application and decreased with time of postapplication on the two soils. The highest PO4(3-)-P and NH4+ -N concentrations, 4.96 and 97 mg L(-1), respectively, were recorded in the grassland soil treated with 90 Mg ha(-1) of biosolids 0.5 mo postapplication. For the same soil, rate, and postapplication age of biosolids, Cu exceeded the upper limit (0.50 mg L(-1) in drinking water for livestock. Ammonium N and PO4(3-)-P should be the main compounds considered when surface-applying biosolids. Ammonium N at concentrations found in all biosolids-treated plots may affect the quality of livestock drinking water by causing taste and smell problems. Orthophosphate can contribute to eutrophication if the runoff from biosolids-treated areas enter surface waters.