黄浦江上游来水与黄浦江水源水质内在关联研究

使用有机污染综合指数评价和数理统计方法,对1986—2000年黄浦江水源地及黄浦江上游来水的水质监测数据进行分析。结果表明,黄浦江水源近15a水质变化可分为缓慢恶化、加速恶化和逐渐改善3个阶段;黄浦江松浦大桥取水口水质与园泄泾相近,且均劣于淀峰和太浦河,优于大泖港;大泖港与松浦大桥水质密切相关,对松浦大桥取水口水质恶化贡献很大。基于这一机理建立的回归方程能够较好地拟合出取水口水质的演变趋势。     

黄浦江中上游地区等标污染负荷面积比的评价分析

引入等标污染负荷面积比的概念 ,以使面积大小不同的子区域能进行相对污染严重程度的比较。采用等标污染负荷面积比的评价法 ,对黄浦江中上游地区排入水体的点污染源进行了评价 ,并与用等标污染评价法评价的结果进行了比较。等标污染负荷面积比评价的结果表明 ,黄浦江中上游地区各个区排入水体点污染源污染大小的排序为青浦、松江、奉贤、金山、闵行。     

着生藻类在苏州河黄浦江水质监测中的应用

对苏州河和黄浦江两条河流7个样点着生藻类进行了1年的动态研究,比较分析了2条河流着生藻类种类、数量、密度、多样性指数和优势种的变化情况,并且采用Palmer提出的20属耐受污染藻类的污染指数值求出水体的总污染指数。分析结果表明,苏州河和黄浦江的着生藻类主要为硅藻,各月各样点藻类的总污染指数分别为29、32,水质状况均是重度有机污染。     

模糊综合评价在天然水体水质评价中的应用研究

采用模糊数学方法,对河网地区面源污染影响较大的代表性河流的水质状况进行综合评价研究。根据监测断面水质污染特点,确定了8个指标作为评价因子,建立了评价因素矩阵,计算出影响因子的权重。在此基础上,提出了模糊综合评价的水质级别,证明该河网地区的污染物主要是氮、磷和有机物。     

综合环境质量的模糊二级评判

本文根据齐齐哈尔市中心城区1986年的大气、水质及噪声监测结果,应用二级综合评判法对齐齐哈尔市环境质量进行综合评价。方法灵活、简单、实用,为环境质量评价工作提供了一种新方法。     

因子分析及其在河网水质综合评价中的应用研究

对因子分析方法在天然水体水质评价中的应用进行研究，证明在数据较为缺乏的情况下，使用因子分析方法可以损失较少信息，减少评价指标，针对主因子进行分析，使水质评价结果更为合理和有效。同时，利用因子的得分值还可以将不同地区进行比较分析。应用因子分析对河网地区典型河流的水质状况进行分析，发现了增长潜力较大的主要因子，并对该地区的水质状况做出了符合实际的总体评价，表明因子分析在水质评价中具有重要应用价值。     

因子分析及其在河网水质综合评价中的应用研究

对因子分析方法在天然水体水质评价中的应用进行研究,证明在数据较为缺乏的情况下,使用因子分析方法可以损失较少信息,减少评价指标,针对主因子进行分析,使水质评价结果更为合理和有效。同时,利用因子的得分值还可以将不同地区进行比较分析。应用因子分析对河网地区典型河流的水质状况进行分析,发现了增长潜力较大的主要因子,并对该地区的水质状况做出了符合实际的总体评价,表明因子分析在水质评价中具有重要应用价值。     

模糊综合评价在天然水体水质评价中的应用研究

采用模糊数学方法,对河网地区面源污染影响较大的代表性河流的水质状况进行综合评价研究。根据监测断面水质污染特点,确定了8个指标作为评价因子,建立了评价因素矩阵,计算出影响因子的权重。在此基础上,提出了模糊综合评价的水质级别,证明该河网地区的污染物主要是氮、磷和有机物。     

基于BP网络的水质综合评价模型及其应用

讨论了BP网络模型存在的不足及建模条件,提出了建立合理的BP网络模型的基本原则和步骤.针对水质评价问题,通过在各类水质污染指标浓度区间内生成随机分布样本的方法,组成足够多用于BP网络训练、检验和测试用的样本,建立了辽河水质综合评价的BP网络模型;给出了区分不同类别水质的模型分界值样本和模型输出分界值.     

Using diatom indices for water quality assessment in a subtropical river, China

Diatoms have been regularly used as bioindicators to assess water quality of surface waters. However, diatom-based indices developed for a specific geographic region may not be appropriate elsewhere. We sampled benthic diatom assemblages in the upper Han River, a subtropical river in China, to evaluate applicability of 14 diatom-based indices used worldwide for water quality assessment. A total of 194 taxa from 31 genera were identified in the dry season and 139 taxa from 23 genera in the wet season. During the dry season, significant relationships were found for all but one of the diatom-based indices (Index Diatom Artois–Picardie) with one or more physical and chemical variables including nutrients and ion concentrations in river waters. The Biological Diatom Index (IBD) and diatom-based eutrophication/pollution index (EPI-D) were strongly related to trophic status and ionic content, while Watanabe’s Index was related to organic pollution and conductivity. Yet, the diatom indices showed weak relationships with physical and chemical variables during the wet season. It suggests that diatom-based indices developed in Europe can be applied with confidence as bioindicators of water quality in subtropical rivers of China, at least during base-flow conditions.     

不同模糊评价方法在水环境质量评价中的应用比较

近年来,运用模糊评价方法对水质和水体营养化程度进行评价逐渐受到重视。目前,对模糊评价方法的研究多集中在实测数据标准化、权重的确定和模糊模式识别模型研究几个方面。以滇池历年营养物质数据为实测数据,通过对几种实测数据标准化方法、权重确定方法和模糊模式识别方法的组合应用,获得水环境质量模糊评价最优组合方法。结果表明,在评价方法中,实测数据标准化方法采用线性内插法,权重的确定采用超标倍数法,模糊模式识别模型采用广义海明距离和加权海明距离法,即采用超标倍数法的广义海明距离和加权海明距离法能够更真实反映水环境质量的实际情况。     

可视化黄浦江水环境数学模型系统设计与开发

随着信息技术的高速发展,传统的水环境数学模型与数据库技术、GIS技术、可视化编程工具紧密结合,水环境数学模型的可视化是其发展的一个重要趋势,也是开发水环境决策支持系统和水环境数学模型商业软件的重要基础。对可视化水环境数学模型的设计框架进行了初步探讨,并结合自主开发的可视化黄浦江二维水环境数学模型系统,介绍可视化水环境数学模型的设计与开发。     

河流水环境中的非突发性水质风险模型研究

把影响水质模型的随机因素看成一个具有零均值的维纳过程,建立一个研究非突发性水质风险的随机微分动态模型,并对该维纳过程强度进行了估值。研究表明,水环境中的随机因素是引起非突发性风险的一个重要原因。     

Genotoxic assessment on river water using different biological systems

This paper reports genotoxicity and toxicity data in water samples collected in Sinos River, an important water course in the hydrographic region of Guaíba Lake, Rio Grande do Sul State, south of Brazil. This river is exposed to intense anthropic influence by numerous shoes, leather, petrochemical, and metallurgy industries. Water samples were collected at two moments (winter 2006 and spring 2006) at five sites of Sinos River and evaluated using in vitro V79 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (cytotoxicity, comet assay and micronucleus test) and Allium cepa test (toxicity and micronucleus test). Comet and micronucleus tests revealed that water samples collected exerted cytotoxic, toxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects. The results showed the toxic action of organic and inorganic agents found in the water samples in all sites of Sinos River, for both data collections. The main causes behind pollution were the domestic and industrial toxic discharges. The V79 and A. cepa tests were proved efficient to detect toxicity and genotoxicity caused by complex mixtures. This study also showed the need for constant monitoring in sites with strong environmental degradation caused by industrial discharges and urban sewages.     

中国流域水环境保护规划体系设计

现行与流域水环境保护相关的规划很多,但是由于各地区、各部门协调不足,规划间没有明确的关系,缺乏接口和控制,规划内容不统一,致使流域水环境保护规划没有形成体系。基于流域水环境保护相关规划存在的问题和当前的政府管理体制,提出了由国家流域水环境保护总体规划、小流域水环境保护规划、城市水环境保护规划和大点源水污染物减排规划构成的流域水环境保护规划体系。明确了该体系内,上级规划通过审批和评估实现对下级规划的指导与控制,规划之间的衔接关系体现为指标的联结。同时,提出了制定流域水环境保护规划法规、制定规划编制规范和指南、建立信息共享平台等建议。     

基于智能优化算法的河流水质模型参数的优化

为探索河流水质模型参数新的求解方法,根据有限的实测数据,分别应用免疫进化优化算法和免疫进化优选的捕食搜索算法,对河流水质模型计算公式中的多参数进行优化。将优化得到的计算公式用于国内外若干河流的河段中DO浓度值的拟合,并与实测结果进行了比较。结果表明,将免疫进化优化算法或免疫进化优选的捕食搜索算法优化得到的水质模型参数精度不仅较高,而且相对稳定,从而为河流水质模型参数的优化提供了一种新方法。     

International river basin management under the EU water framework directive: an assessment of cooperation and water quality in the Baltic Sea Drainage Basin

We address issues connected with international river basin management and the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). By creating a register of River Basin Districts established under the WFD, we show that the number and area of international River Basin Districts are significant. Further, we present an assessment of international cooperation and water quality in 14 international river basins in the Baltic Sea Drainage Basin. Our results indicate that the WFD is a push forward for international river basin management in the region. However the WFD in general, and the principle of river basin management in particular, may be hard to implement in river basins shared between EU Member States and countries outside the EU. According to the study, Vistula, Pregola, and Nemunas appear to be the international basins within the Baltic Sea Drainage Basin in greatest need of intensified cooperation with regard to the state of the water quality.     

城镇杂用再生水的水质安全评价关键指标探讨

污水再生利用是解决中国淡水资源短缺的有效途径,再生水的水质安全问题一直以来受到广泛关注.以城镇杂用再生水的水质安全为目标,从再生水中残留的化学污染物和病原微生物出发,通过全面分析污染物在回用过程中危害人体健康和生态环境的可能途径,结合当前国内外城镇杂用水的水质标准,提出了包括综合毒性指标、生物学指标、可吸附有机卤化物指标、挥发性有机物指标等在内的城镇杂用再生水水质安全评价关键指标.     

Plagiochasma appendiculatum as a biotest for water quality assessment

A thalloid pathogen-free liverwort, Plagiochasma appendiculatum, was exposed to different pollution stresses, especially heavy metals, synthesized in the laboratory, to simulate pollutants reported to occur in industrial areas. The plant was found to be sensitive to mercury and copper. Thallus injury and chlorophyll content showed effects with increasing exposure to metals. In contrast, the plant was found to be resistant to lead, zinc and chromium. The plant showed growth in some concentrations of these metals, hence suggesting their accumulation. In this paper, the possible use of Plagiochasma in the assessment of water quality, especially for heavy metals, is discussed, with special reference to thallus deterioration as a simple biomonitoring parameter.