溢油事故造成的海湾生态系统服务损失的货币化评估

海湾是人类活动的密集地带,它以其特有的生态系统为人类的生产和生活提供了物质和精神方面的多种服务。从海湾生态系统服务的分类入手,在分析溢油事故可能给海湾生态系统的供给、调节、文化和支持服务带来的各种负面影响的基础上,运用市场价值法、替代市场法、调查评价法和成果参照法,构建了海湾生态系统服务（子服务）损失货币化评估的相应计量模型。     

基于生态系统的海洋管理:发展历程、概念、 原则、 框架和建议

随着人类开发海洋的强度不断增加,海洋生态系统面临着巨大的压力,基于生态系统的海洋管理(MEBM)已经成为国内外海洋管理研究的热点。20世纪后半叶以来,MEBM的理论和实践在一些国际组织、相关国家以及科研人员的努力下逐渐完善,主要海洋国家的管理层也逐渐接受并开始实施MEBM。本文在参考国内外相关研究的基础上,给出了对其概念的科学理解,梳理出了MEBM的主要原则,提出了MEBM的行动框架。最后根据MEBM的特点和我国实际,提出了我国发展MEBM的建议,以期对我国MEBM的发展有所裨益。     

生态系统经济服务价值的综合管理

随着生态系统的不断退化,我国开始从经济学角度展开生态系统与生物多样性保护的新思路并引入生态系统与生物多样性经济学。生态系统与生物多样性经济学侧重于帮助决策者认识和管理自然资本,这与着眼于国家层面国民经济核算的绿色核算存在一定的相似和互补性,两者结合起来,将有助于生态系统经济服务价值的综合管理,实现生态系统与生物多样性的保护。     

城市水域生态系统的调控机理及评估模型

城市水域是人类赖以生存的重要生命支持系统之一,城市水域生态系统的调控机理对维护城市水资源及环境的健康、持续、稳定发展具有重要意义。论文从城市水域问题的生态学实质出发,基于五律协同原理,研究城市水域生态系统的调控机理及模型。研究表明,城市水域生态系统的"六位一体"调控具有时空层次性、综合性、阶段性特征,灰色评估模型可定量评估城市水域生态系统的健康、持续程度,随着城市水域生态系统的结构和功能不断完善,其六位一体度亦随之增高。选取我国著名水域北京颐和园昆明湖、杭州西湖、南京玄武湖、济南大明湖进行案例比较研究,为我国城市水域生态建设提供借鉴和参考。     

胁迫生态学理论框架（上）：受胁生态系统的症状

本文试图建立胁迫生态学的理论框架。阐述了胁迫在生态学中的意义，划分了胁迫的类型，归纳了生态系统在胁迫作用表现出的症状和症候群。根据受胁生态系统的特征反应，可以民生态系统的状态，为生态系统恢复与重建提供理论指导。     

北京市环境压力及重点调控策略研究

近年来,北京市在控制污染、提高环境质量方面投入了大量人力、物力、财力,取得了较大的成绩,在经济保持较快增长的同时,环境质量得到了持续改善。本文从环境质量、污染防治形势等方面深入分析了北京市的主要环境问题和环境压力,并从强化科学决策、调整能源结构、优化产业结构、深化污染防治等方面提出了具体的调控对策,对于相关管理部门宏观决策具有一定的参考价值。     

基于生态系统恢复的减缓气候变化策略与实践

生态退化和气候变化是人类社会面临的两大挑战。生态保护修复不仅能够改善生态系统质量和提高生态系统稳定性,也可以减缓区域气候变化和增强区域生态系统气候韧性。生态保护修复与应对气候变化之间具有内在一致性,如何开展生态系统保护修复和可持续利用管理,成为减缓气候变化的关键命题。本文梳理了我国通过生态保护、生态修复、生态系统管理等开展减缓气候变化的策略与实践,从政策措施和利益相关方两个方面提出了对策建议。     

中国化肥资源供需矛盾及调控策略

鉴于中国化肥供需形势不清给产业调控带来不确定性影响,论文分析了化肥资源供需矛盾,并提出了相关调控策略。结果表明,中国化肥供需总量已经接近平衡,氮磷钾化肥的自给率分别达到100%、95%和29%。少部分产品存在缺口,其中氯化钾的自给率为23%,是当前我国惟一紧缺的化肥产品。随着化肥生产向资源产地集中,中国化肥供需时空不平衡有扩大的趋势。部分时间段的供需不平衡异常尖锐,其中10月份至来年3月份全国化肥供应过剩超过900×10⁴t,而部分月份却极端不足,例如7月份两广、东北等地的尿素缺口达200×10⁴t左右,10月份华北地区的磷酸二铵缺口达到100×10⁴t左右,而5、7、8三个月中两广地区的钾肥缺口也超过100×10⁴t。建议国家加强储备工作,储备化肥消费量的15%,其中10%储备在淡季,以减少过剩的压力,而5%储备在旺季,以应对市场供不应求。     

基于生态系统格局变化的贵州生态修复策略研究

贵州生态系统格局变化影响有正向的,也有负向的。基于全省生态系统类型转移矩阵分析,城镇化进程加快、粮食安全保障任务重、资源开发力度大及自然环境变化是影响生态系统格局变化的主要因素。针对贵州生态系统格局演化主要驱动力分析,全省生态保护修复主要策略为：一是转变生态保护观念,坚持保护优先、自然恢复;二是优化生态保护区域布局,提升生态系统服务能力;三是严守农业空间底线,保护优质农业用地资源;四是构建生态保护制度体系,规范生态保护行为;五是优化资源开发保护格局,加快矿业绿色转型升级;六是构建山水林田湖草一体化保护修复重大工程格局。     

基于利益相关者感知视角的生态系统服务研究进展

作为生态系统服务的共同生产者和受益者,利益相关者在生态系统服务供给、需求与决策中发挥着重要作用,对探究生态系统服务的社会相关性和潜在社会影响至关重要。如何从利益相关者感知视角进行生态系统服务评估、揭示生态系统服务感知的影响因素、平衡不同利益相关者的多重生态效益已成为一项重要议题。本文基于国内外生态系统服务感知研究的理论基础和实践进展,在归纳利益相关者及其感知概念的基础之上,整理介绍利益相关者感知在生态系统服务研究中的应用,系统梳理利益相关者识别、感知数据获取、感知评估方法特点,阐释影响利益相关者对生态系统服务感知的多维因素及其作用机制。从生态系统服务社会公平性、决策参与度、可持续供给理念出发,以利益相关者为核心,构建一个社会感知评估、社会效应分析、政策实践应用互动融合的研究框架,进而有效链接自然生态系统和人类社会系统。未来研究有必要进一步阐明生态系统服务的多样化社会需求与差异、挖掘多源大数据在多尺度生态系统服务感知评估中的作用、扩大空间分析方法应用范围、揭示生态系统服务感知差异形成机制。     

基于生态系统的海洋管理:原则、实践和建议

基于生态系统的管理(ecosystem-based management, EBM)是一种得到海洋界广泛关注和普遍认可的管理理念,文章分析了EBM的内涵、原则,简要介绍了各海洋大国在海洋发展战略中基于生态系统的海洋管理实践,并简要分析了我国在基于生态系统的海洋管理方面的初步尝试.结合EBM所提倡的原则、方法以及我国国情,文章提出了为实施基于生态系统的海洋管理所急需开展的工作,包括开展海洋管理单元区划研究、制定科学的管理目标、建立和健全生态系统监测和评价系统、建立涉海机构和部门之间的有效合作机制以及扩展公众参与海洋管理的渠道等五个方面.     

海湾综合整治与资源环境优化研究进展

依据近年来国内外的研究成果,综述了海湾综合整治专项研究的内容、方法,阐述了基于数值模拟技术的海湾综合整治效果预测的研究方法.在深入分析的基础上,就海湾综合整治目前存在的问题和今后的研究工作进行了讨论,并就此提出了几点建议.     

Can integrated control strategies for multiple emissions enhance cost-efficiency in environmental policy?: Evidence from Sweden

The aim of this paper is to clarify the magnitude of the sub-optimization cost associated with separate control strategies for compliance with the Swedish environmental quality objectives. The marginal reduction costs are estimated using a separate and an integrated version of a deterministic linear programming model. To investigate whether the accuracy of the data is decisive for the result of this study, an extensive sensitivity analysis that deals with both the disparity in discount rates in data and the different types of measures, is carried out in four steps. It can be concluded that the results are robust for possible and probable faults in data. The main findings are that there are no substantial sub-optimization costs for separate control strategies for CO₂, NO_X and SO₂, but an integrated action strategy could imply enhanced cost-efficiency in reductions of VOC and particles.     

基于三维水动力水质数值模型的象山港排污策略研究

本文以象山港（半封闭港湾）为研究对象,采用Delft 3D软件建立三维水动力数值模型,对其潮位、潮流、温度、盐度的时空变化进行验证分析,计算结果与实测结果基本吻合,表明该模型能够较好地模拟象山港海域的水动力特征。为进一步研究象山港内污染物的迁移转化过程,在上述水动力模型的基础上构建三维水质模型,水质模拟结果与实测数据吻合良好,可以反映水质的变化趋势。利用验证后的水质模型,针对排污口的落潮排放、排放量减少和排污口整合3种排污策略进行模拟计算,分析排污口对象山港水质变量的影响程度。模拟结果表明,象山港水质环境受排污口影响明显,3种排污策略均可以直接降低港内DIN浓度,但不同的工况表现出不同的影响特征。     

From IBM to IPM: Using individual-based models to design the spatial arrangement of traps and crops in integrated pest management strategies

The development of alternative pest-control strategies based on the spatial design of cropping systems requires a thorough understanding of the spatial links between the pest and its environment. Mechanistic models, especially individual-based models (IBMs), are powerful tools for integrating key behaviours, such as habitat selection and dispersal, with spatial heterogeneity. In this paper, we used an IBM calibrated and evaluated from real data to represent the spatial dynamics of the banana weevil in relation to the cropping system. We considered crop fragmentation and mass trapping as tools for suppressing pest numbers. Our simulation results showed that manipulating crop residues in the area surrounding each pheromone trap greatly improved trap efficiency. For an intensive banana plantation in fallow, traps were most effective when situated at the transition zone between banana area and fallow so as to maximize the trapping of weevils escaping the fallow. The model also showed that weevil numbers decreased when fragmentation of banana plantations was reduced.     

Pursuing an integrated development and climate policy framework in Africa: options for mainstreaming

Climate change presents a major threat to the prospects for sustained economic development in Africa. In spite of this, climate change concerns do not feature prominently in the implementation of national and regional development programmes. The present paper identifies the likely trade-offs and synergies that may emerge from an integrated ‘development-climate’ approach to policy making. Also, the paper presents the case for the formulation and evaluation of an integrated policy approach based on four principle criteria, including; long-term environmental effectiveness, equity considerations, cost-effectiveness and the institutional compatibility of the policy combinations. What is more? The paper suggests specific options for mainstreaming climate change adaptation and mitigation in various sectoral development agenda such as; agricultural intensification, poverty eradication, rural development, urban renewal, energy security of supply and trade. Given the wide divergence of socio-economic systems and the peculiar challenges faced by individual countries in the continent, further research is required on robust country-specific strategies for pursuing an integrated development-climate policy framework.     

环境保护部电子政务综合平台总体架构设计

本文对环境保护部政务业务进行了分析,研究了环境保护部电子政务综合平台的总体框架,重点描述了系统建设目标、技术路线、总体架构设计。通过平台的总体架构设计,为环境保护部电子政务综合平台的建设提供了指导和依据。     

Economic and other implications of integrated chain management: a case study

In this article, the concept of Integrated (Substance) Chain Management (ISCM) is discussed. The definition of ISCM, motives for ISCM, conditions for implementation, different points of view and a five-step model are dealt with. In addition, a number of possible barriers on the road to ISCM are discussed. The model is applied to a stonewool-producing company in the Netherlands. This company set up a recycling project in the form of a briquetting factory. The substance-flow sheets show that after implementing the briquetting factory, almost all process wastes are used in the factory and that fewer virgin materials have to be used. From an economic point of view, production in a more sustainable fashion is very unattractive: production costs per ton of stonewool product rose as a consequence of the use of the briquettes as an input. The barriers connected to ISCM are mainly economic and regulatory. Solutions for the Rockwool company may include engaging in environmental product stewardship and a realignment of the government policy towards dumping re-usable and non-separated building and construction waste.     

Integrating water management and principles of policy: towards an EU framework?

The EU Water Framework Directive requires Member States to organise the management of their water systems in an integrated manner, based on the natural boundaries of the water systems; the river basins. A river basin approach implies the integration of policymaking and management throughout a set of different functional uses and spatial scales. Another innovation of the Directive is the introduction of recovery of costs for water services, taking account of the polluter-pays principle. By 2010, water-pricing polices will have to provide adequate incentives for users to use water resources efficiently, and thereby contribute to the environmental objectives of the Directive. Other principles, such as the precautionary principle, are becoming increasingly important in the management of water resources as well. The translation of those principles into policy in the several Member States may however diverge. We present an overview of policy principles that play a role as basic assumptions in water management. Environmental policy principles have gradually been introduced in European legislation. From being part of a declaration of the Council, they have evolved to a basis for action in the environmental field and currently they also find wide application in the context of water management. While focusing on the EU Water Framework Directive, we investigate whether and how these principles can be reconciled with a framework for integrated water management.     

Uncertainties in integrated assessment modelling of abatement strategies: illustrations with the ASAM model

Following the signing of the Second Sulphur Protocol in 1994 under the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, preparations are now underway for a new multi-pollutant multi-effects protocol, under the auspices of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN ECE). A number of scientific models have been used to provide policy makers involved in these preparations with sound scientific information. These include the Abatement Strategies Assessment Model (ASAM). ASAM has recently been extended to cover abatement strategies for NH₃ and NOx as well as SO₂, in order to address the amelioration of acidification and eutrophication in the ECE region. It is important to be able to demonstrate that the scientific information provided to policy makers is robust to uncertainties, and hence there is a need for a thorough sensitivity analysis. In this study ASAM is used to demonstrate a large degree of robustness of derived abatement strategies to uncertainties in critical loads, meteorological data and cost information. This is based on a comparison of strategies at the same overall abatement cost. Systematic changes in data are shown to influence model results more profoundly than random changes.