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Cláudia Virgínia Lacerda Elisabeth Ritter João Antônio da Costa Pires José Adilson de Castro 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(11):2285-2291
Batch tests and diffusion tests were performed to analyze the efficiency of a protective barrier in a landfill consisting of compacted soil with 10% bentonite compared to the results obtained for only compacted soil and for compacted soil covered with a 1-mm-thick HDPE geomembrane; the soil and leachate were collected from the Rio das Ostras Landfill in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The diffusion tests were performed for periods of 3, 10 and 60 days. After the test period, the soil pore water was analyzed and the profiles for chloride, potassium and ammonium were determined along a 6-cm soil depth. The results of the batch tests performed to define sorption parameters were used to adjust the profiles obtained in the diffusion cell experiment by applying an ion transfer model between the interstitial solution and the soil particles. The MPHMTP model (Multi Phase Heat and Mass Transfer Program), which is based upon the solution of the transport equations of the ionic contaminants, was used to solve the inverse problem of simultaneously determining the effective diffusion coefficients. The results of the experimental tests and of the model simulation confirmed that the compacted soil with 10% bentonite was moderately efficient in the retention of chloride, potassium and ammonium ions compared to the configurations of compacted soil with a geomembrane and compacted soil alone, representing a solution that is technically feasible and requires potentially lower costs for implementation in landfills. 相似文献
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Esther Cascarosa Alessio Boldrin Thomas Astrup 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(11):2501-2508
Meat-and-bone-meal (MBM) produced from animal waste has become an increasingly important residual fraction needing management. As biodegradable waste is routed away from landfills, thermo-chemical treatments of MBM are considered promising solution for the future. Pyrolysis and gasification of MBM were assessed based on data from three experimental lab and pilot-scale plants. Energy balances were established for the three technologies, providing different outcomes for energy recovery: bio-oil was the main product for the pyrolysis system, while syngas and a solid fraction of biochar were the main products in the gasification system. These products can be used – eventually after upgrading – for energy production, thereby offsetting energy production elsewhere in the system. Greenhouse gases (GHG) accounting of the technologies showed that all three options provided overall GHG savings in the order of 600–1000 kg CO2-eq. per Mg of MBM treated, mainly as a consequence of avoided fossil fuel consumption in the energy sector. Local conditions influencing the environmental performance of the three systems were identified, together with critical factors to be considered during decision-making regarding MBM management. 相似文献
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Determination of nitrous oxide, methane, and ammonia emissions from a swine waste composting process 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Takashi Osada Kazutaka Kuroda Michihiro Yonaga 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2000,2(1):51-56
The amounts of harmful gas emissions from the process of composting swine waste were determined using an experimental composting
apparatus. Forced aeration (19.2–96.1 l/m3/min) was carried out continuously, and exhaust gases were collected and analyzed periodically. With weekly turning and the
addition of a bulking agent in order to decrease the moisture content and increase air permeability, the temperature of most
of the contents rose to 70°C and composting was complete within 3–5 weeks. NH3, CH4, and N2O emissions were high in the early stage of composting. About 10%–25% of the nitrogen in the raw material was lost as NH3 gas during composting. The emission rate of NH3 mainly depended on the aeration rate, so that as the aeration rate rose, the level of NH3 emissions increased. The CH4 and N2O emissions could be kept lower with adequate treatment at more than 40 l/m3/min aeration. N2O may be mainly the result of the denitrification of NO
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-N in the additional matured compost used as a composting accelerator.
Received: September 11, 1998 / Accepted: November 8, 1999 相似文献