Oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury in a high voltage discharge reactor

Effects of the voltage waveform, discharge tooth wheel number and CO2/NO/SO2 concentration in the simulated flue gas on Hg0 oxidation were investigated using a link tooth wheel-cylinder reactor energized by di erent high voltage power supplies. Negative DC discharge induced more ozone production and a higher Hg0 oxidation e ciency than positive DC discharge and 12 kHz AC discharge. The discharge tooth wheel number had almost no e ect on the maximum Hg0 oxidation e ciency. The allowable supplied voltage decreased with the increase of discharge tooth wheel number. CO2 could stabilize the discharge process and increase the maximum voltage for a stable discharge. It has also been found that NO consumed O3 induced by high voltage discharge, thereby decreased Hg0 oxidation e ciency; while SO2 had a slight promoting e ect on Hg0 oxidation.     

MnOx/HZSM-5去除烟气中元素态汞的实验研究

采用浸渍法制备了一系列的MnOx/HZSM-5,在实验烟气中研究了MnOx/HZSM-5对Hg0的去除行为,并运用比表面(BET)和X-射线衍射(XRD)技术对其进行了表征.结果表明,在6%O2条件下HZSM-5本身具有良好的去除Hg0的性能,改性后的分子筛对Hg0吸附和氧化的能力得到改善,且MnOx负载量在10%时效果最佳;适当升高反应温度能增强脱汞效率,300℃为最佳反应温度;烟气中O2能促进汞的氧化,而NO和SO2与汞竞争MnOx/HZSM-5上的活性位,对Hg0的氧化有一定的抑制作用.此外,研究还发现,在MnOx/HZSM-5吸附剂上Hg0主要是经氧化形成HgO,其脱汞机理在一定程度上符合Mars-Maessen机理.     

光氧化反应脱汞技术发展综述

燃煤电厂烟气中汞污染的控制技术研究是目前重要的环保课题之一。气相元素汞成为大气中汞污染的主要来源。文章分析了光氧化反应脱汞技术(包括光化学氧化反应和光催化氧化反应)的反应机理,认为光化学氧化反应技术脱汞均是在紫外光作用下,产生具有强氧化性的基态原子或自由基,将难以脱除的Hg0氧化为高价汞,再通过配套的电除尘器等设备将高价汞捕集,进而达到汞污染控制的目的。不同的是,在光化学氧化反应中,汞的氧化需要借助于电厂烟气中的O2、H2O等成分,而在光催化氧化反应中,反应需要在光催化剂(TiO2或TiO2负载复合物等)的催化作用下进行。阐述了光氧化反应汞脱除技术研究进展。光氧化反应脱汞技术的汞脱除率均可达到60%~70%,具备设备简单、无二次污染等优点。     

影响大气汞化学过程的敏感因子分析

为了分析汞在大气中的化学行为,在一个化学模式中加入汞的气相、气液平衡和液相反应,模拟大气汞及其化合物的演变规律,并分析了气象因子(云、光解率、温度)和化学因子(气态O3、H2O2、HO2、OH和气态零价汞Hg0(g))的初始体积分数对各形态汞及其化合物浓度和Hg0(g)转化率的影响.模拟结果表明,在中等大气污染条件下,Hg0(g)的每小时平均转化率为2.91%.敏感性试验结果表明,云量、光解率、温度、O3和Hg0(g)的初始体积分数对不同形态汞的影响较为显著.云量的增加、光解率的增加、臭氧初始体积分数的升高,各形态汞的平衡时间缩短,除气态氧化汞和一价汞离子外,其他形态汞的平衡浓度均会降低,Hg0(g)的转化率增加.温度增加将抑制Hg0(g)的转化.Hg0(g)的初始体积分数增加,各形态汞的浓度升高,但其平均转化率没有显著变化.不同因子对汞化学过程的相对作用对区域或全球大气汞的环境模拟具有指导意义.     

添加CaCl2对烟气净化装置联合脱汞的规律分析

煤炭燃烧向大气中排放了大量汞。为了探究经济有效的汞排放控制方法,在管式炉中进行了CaCl₂晶体的水解实验,CaCl₂在一定温度和气氛下会水解产生HCl,HCl有利于烟气中Hg0的氧化。且随着反应温度的增加,水解率呈上升趋势。在流化床炉中进行了CaCl₂溶液蒸发协同脱汞实验。CaCl₂溶液喷洒在燃煤中可显著提高SCR脱销装置对Hg0的氧化率;煤中喷洒CaCl₂溶液可提高烟气中Hg2+的浓度和占比,从而提高湿法烟气脱硫装置（WFGD）对气态Hg的脱除效果。相比于喷洒在原煤中,将CaCl₂溶液喷洒在布袋除尘器（FF）前的蒸发干燥塔中,可显著提高FF脱除Hg的效果。整体上看,当温度越高,氯添加比越高时,烟气净化装置协同脱汞的效率也越高。     

气相组分对非热等离子体氧化气相元素汞的影响

采用线串齿轮-管式正极性流光放电反应器产生非热等离子体,考察了放电等离子体参与下烟气中各组分对元素汞氧化的影响.结果表明, CO2的加入和高浓度的NO导致作用于汞的活性粒子减少,从而阻碍元素汞的氧化.在等离子体作用下,部分CO2会与活性粒子作用而转化为CO.加入NO浓度为670mg/m3,电压升高到9.5kV时,仅有37%的元素汞被氧化. SO2的加入能促进元素汞的氧化,而且伴随SO2的氧化和白色HgSO4和Hg2SO4的生成,电压升高到10kV时,反应器出口基本检测不到元素汞. H2O和HCI也具有促进元素汞氧化的作用,这可能是因为氧化性· OH形成得到促进和反应气氛中存在C1-离子.部分元素汞和氧化态汞在荷电后会被等离子体反应器捕集,因此等离子体作用后,气相总汞浓度显著降低.     

SO2对模拟燃煤烟气中汞形态分布影响的实验研究

采用OntarioHydro方法作为检测方法 ,在小型模拟燃煤烟气Hg形态转化实验台上研究了烟气中SO2 浓度、HCl浓度、O2 浓度变化对燃煤烟气中Hg形态分布的影响 .结果表明 :在CO2 O2 N2 的烟气体系中 ,加入SO2 后 ,Hg的转化率略有增加 ,随反应温度升高Hg的转化率逐渐降低 ,较高的O2 浓度可以促进Hg的氧化 .加入HCl后 ,随反应温度的升高Hg的转化率升高 ,SO2 的存在会降低Hg的转化率 ,HCl的浓度越大 ,转化率越大 ,较高的O2 浓度也可以促进Hg的氧化 .     

SCR气氛下Ce-W/TiO2催化剂的脱硝协同脱汞特性

在固定床反应器上研究了反应温度和烟气组分对Ce-W/TiO₂（物质的量比Ce：W=2：1）催化剂脱硝协同脱汞活性的影响.结果表明：反应温度对该催化剂的脱硝脱汞效率影响显著,在280~400℃温度区间,脱硝效率随温度升高而升高,而脱汞效率在温度为280℃与360℃的条件下较高,360℃时兼具最好的脱硝与脱汞效率.在SCR气氛中,HCl对Hg⁰的氧化脱除有极大的促进作用,低浓度的HCl也有利于脱硝效率的提高,但HCl浓度过高对NO的脱除有抑制作用;SO₂的存在对脱硝过程可起到促进作用,对Hg⁰的氧化有抑制作用.利用BET,XRD,SEM,TPD,XRF,NH3-TPD等分析手段对反应前后催化剂进行表征,结果表明：Ce-W/TiO₂无微孔结构,活性组分CeO₂和WO₃以高度分散的形式分布于载体表面.280℃条件下部分Hg以HgCl₂的形式吸附于反应后催化剂表面,随着反应温度的升高催化剂表面吸附态的汞急剧降低.SCR气氛中的HCl与SO₂会影响催化剂表面酸性,同时增加Cl和S元素含量,进而影响该催化剂的脱硝与脱汞效率.     

Simultaneous oxidation of NO, SO2 and Hg0 from flue gas by pulsed corona discharge

A process capable of oxidizing NO, SO2 and Hg0 was proposed simultaneously, which utilized a high-voltage and short-duration positive pulsed corona discharge. By focusing on NO, SO2, and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies, the influences of pulse peak voltage, pulse frequency, initial concentration, electrode number, residence time and water vapor addition were investigated. The results indicate that NO, SO2 and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies depend primarily on the radicals (OH, HO2, O) and the active species (O3, H2O2), etc. produced by the pulsed corona discharge. The NO, SO2 and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies improved as increasing pulse peak voltage, pulse frequency, electrode number and residence time, while they are reduced with an increasing initial concentration. By adding water vapor, SO2 oxidation efficiency is improved remarkably, while NO oxidation efficiency is decreased slightly. In our experiments, the simultaneous NO, SO2, and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies reached to 40%, 98% and 55% with the initial concentrations 479 mg/m3, 1040 mg/m3, and 15.0 ug/m3, respectively.     

活性焦负载MnO2对气态Hg0的吸附脱除研究

研究了活性焦(AC)及负载MnO2的活性焦(MnO2/AC)对气态Hg0的吸附脱除,发现负载MnO2到AC明显提高了其对Hg0的吸附脱除能力.考察了MnO2负载量、温度、Hg0浓度和烟气成分等对MnO2/AC吸附脱除Hg0的影响.结果表明,MnO2/AC对Hg0的吸附脱除能力随MnO2负载量的增加而增强;在120～200℃的温度范围内,随着温度升高,MnO2/AC对Hg0的吸附脱除能力增强;O2和HCl对MnO2/AC吸附脱除Hg0具有促进作用,而SO2和H2O具有抑制作用.SEM-EDX和逐级化学提取结果证实,MnO2将Hg0催化氧化为HgO并吸附在AC上,这是MnO2/AC具有较高的吸附脱除Hg0能力的原因.     

MnOx/a-Al2O3催化氧化燃煤烟气中Hg0的试验研究

在模拟烟气中研究了MnOx/a-Al2O3催化剂对烟气零价汞(Hg0)的催化氧化效果,以及反应条件对Hg0氧化率的影响.结果表明,300℃时催化剂的活性最大,模拟烟气含有20mL/m3 HCl时Hg0的氧化率达到91%.在8000~32000h-1空速范围内,Hg0氧化率保持在90%以上;空速提高到96000h-1时,氧化率开始下降,并与空速成反比.烟气中的SO2与HCl竞争催化剂上的活性位,对催化氧化反应有一定抑制,500mL/m3 SO2使零价汞的氧化率下降约20%.此外,还对MnOx催化氧化零价汞的反应机制进行了探讨.     

FeCl3改性钢渣脱除燃煤烟气中Hg0的研究

以钢铁厂废弃钢渣为原料,以丙酮溶液为分散剂制备FeCl₃改性材料,在固定床吸附评价装置上考察了钢渣在FeCl₃改性前后对模拟烟气中Hg脱除效果的影响,并结合吸附试验与微观表征对改性催化剂的脱汞性能进行分析.结果表明:氯是FeCl₃改性钢渣吸附剂的主要活性组分,FeCl₃的掺入使钢渣的比表面积由1.06 m2/g提高到1.32 m2/g,进而提高吸附剂的汞吸附容量,经FeCl₃改性后废弃钢渣对汞的脱除效率比未改性前提升了3.2倍.SO₂的存在降低了FeCl₃改性钢渣材料的脱汞性能,持续通入的SO₂与吸附剂接触占据了部分孔道和表面活性位点,使得对单质汞的吸附效率下降,200℃时含有SO₂时的FeCl₃改性钢渣吸附剂吸附量比未通入SO₂气体的改性材料降低了75.57%;在含有HCl气体的烟气体系中,FeCl₃改性钢渣材料对汞的脱除效率从3432.70 ng/g升至10341.10 ng/g,并且随着反应温度的升高零价汞向氧化态汞转化的效率增加.研究显示,SO₂的存在降低了FeCl₃改性钢渣吸附剂的脱汞性能,而HCl气体有效地促进了FeCl₃改性钢渣吸附剂对零价汞（Hg0）的脱除.      

粉煤灰在热处理过程中汞的逸出规律

文章研究了粉煤灰在热处理过程中汞的逸出规律,通过改变焙烧温度、焙烧时间和通气流量等条件,利用安大略水法,对逸出的零价汞(Hg0)和二价汞(Hg2+)以及总汞的含量进行了测定。结果表明:在加热温度达到400℃时,飞灰中的可挥发汞已基本完全释放,逸出量大约为0.2μg/g。当加热温度升高到600~1 000℃之间时,零价汞含量明显降低,而二价汞含量明显升高,可以观察到较为明显的零价汞氧化为二价汞的现象。汞的逸出量与氧化程度主要与加热温度有关,而加热时间与通气量的影响相对较小。在1 000℃,加热时间30 min,通气量0.5 L/min的条件下,可挥发汞将完全逸出并有部分零价汞被氧化。结合上述研究结果,在对粉煤灰进行加热处理时,需要对其中汞的二次释放现象加以重视并采取相应的控制措施。     

FeCl3改性MOFs在低温下对Hg0的吸附性能

为提高吸附剂对Hg0（零价汞）的吸附效率,利用MOFs（金属有机框架）材料发达的孔隙结构和高比表面积（1 997.010 0 m2/g）,采用FeCl₃溶液浸渍改性,制备了吸附剂FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）用于脱除Hg0.在小型固定床反应器上考察了浸渍浓度、反应温度、氧含量等对Hg0去除的影响.结果表明:FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）在进口ρ（Hg0）为2×10-3 mg/L,c（FeCl₃）为0.2 mol/L,反应温度60℃,气体流速400 mL/min,φ（O₂）为1%的条件下,吸附穿透时间长达62 h,相应的吸附容量为14.27 mg/g.在此基础上,进一步利用BET（比表面积测试）、SEM（扫描电镜）-EDX（能量色散X射线光谱）、XRD（X射线衍射）、XPS（X射线光电子能谱）等常用表征手段研究了改性前后吸附剂的物理化学特性,证明了吸附剂FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）吸附零价汞是物理吸附与化学吸附共同作用的结果,含氯官能团在吸附Hg0过程中也发挥了相当大的作用,并且氧气可促进其吸附效果.最后,分析了其吸附机理.研究显示,该种吸附剂在低温条件下具有较为优良的脱汞性能,应用前景良好.      

酸-碘改性壳聚糖-膨润土脱除单质汞特性及机理分析

为探明烟气中酸性气体(SO2,NO,HCl)和H2O对酸-碘改性壳聚糖-膨润土吸附剂脱除单质汞(Hg0)的影响和脱除机理,在小型固定床试验台架上开展了Hg0脱除的实验研究.结果表明:由于SO2与Hg0在吸附剂表面活性位上存在竞争吸附,SO2抑制吸附剂对Hg0的脱除.H2O和较高浓度(1000μg/m3)的NO对脱汞具有明显地促进作用.由于低温下HCl与Hg0较高的反应能垒,HCl对脱汞没有影响.与单一烟气成分影响相比,在SO2、NO、HCl和H2O的联合作用下,吸附剂的长时间脱汞性能得到大幅提高.机理分析表明壳聚糖首先被酸中的H+质子化,之后再吸附酸与KI反应生成的I2,进而有效地吸附Hg0.量子化学计算表明壳聚糖在酸性条件下对I2具有良好的吸附特性,改性壳聚糖吸附剂对Hg0具有较好的吸附能力,其吸附能约为127kJ/mol.     

红枫湖水体中活性汞和溶解气态汞的分布特征及其控制因素

基于二次金汞齐结合冷原子荧光测定法对红枫湖活性汞(RHg)和溶解气态汞(DGM)的时空分布特征及其控制因素进行了研究. 红枫湖溶解气态汞含量(ρ(DGM))为0.024～0.110 ng/L,随着水深的增加ρ(DGM)降低,且夏季高,冬季低,这种分布特征表明光在原子态汞的形成中起着重要的作用. 红枫湖ρ(DGM)除受光强影响外,还受到春季后五大量生长的藻类影响,但与溶解性有机碳含量(ρ(DOC))及温度的相关性不大. 活性汞含量(ρ(RHg))为0.14～2.70 ng/L,其主要受Hg2+的光致还原过程,Hg2+的甲基化过程以及人为源的释放等因素的控制.      

Influence of chlorine on methane oxidation

Experiments on CH4/Cl2/O2/N2 oxidation were conducted in an atmospheric pressure flow reactor to understand the influence of chlorine on hydrocarbon oxidation in hazardous waste incineration. The reaction temperature varied from 973 to 1273 K and the chlorine to hydrogen mole ratio (Cl/H) of the inlet mixture varied from 0 to 0.44. The species produced in the reaction were measured online with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). It was found that the destruction and removal e ciency of CH4 increased with Cl/H mole ratio. Increasing Cl/H favored COCl2 and CO formation and inhibited the CO oxidation process. As Cl/H approached 0.44, the concentrations of CH2Cl2 and CH3Cl first increased, and then declined. Reaction temperature greatly a ected the reaction system. Increasing temperatures raised the destruction removal e ciency of CH4 and decreased the concentrations of CH3Cl and CH2Cl2. With a certain ratio of Cl/H, the concentrations of CO and COCl2 first increased and then declined. The CO and COCl2 concentration peak was observed around 1100 K and 1023 K, respectively. When the reaction temperature exceeded 1273 K, carbon in CH4 was mostly converted to CO2. It could be concluded that the presence of chlorine enhanced the destruction of CH4, but resulted in the more toxic incomplete combustion products emission such as COCl2 when the reaction temperature was not high enough.     

Nutrient concentration variations during Oenanthe javanica growth and decay in the ecological floating bed system

The ecological floating bed system is a natural alternative to technical methods of wastewater treatment and involves complex processes induced by plants or microorganisms in the wastewater. This study aimed to identify nutrient concentration variations during Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC growth and decay in the ecological floating bed system. Results showed that the third-order polynomial equation was suitable to describe pollutant concentration changes, showing that the effect of O. javanica ecological floating bed system on polluted water could be divided into the purification phase and decay phase. During the purification phase, nutrient concentrations rapidly decreased because O. javanica influenced water microbial communities and water physical parameters (i.e., dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature), and had a direct uptake of nutrients. However, during the decay phase, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the plant tissues decreased, and these lost nutrients ultimately transferred to water and led to water quality deterioration. Results also showed that the uptake and storage of O. javanica in nutrients were temporary and the plant served only as media of the nutrients removed from the water. Under these circumstances, harvesting was an appropriate intervention to improve the treatment efficiency of O. javanica ecological floating bed system.     

纳米氧化物对斑马鱼胚胎孵化率的影响

为评价纳米氧化物的水生态毒理效应,以模式生物斑马鱼胚胎为研究对象,观察了纳米ZnO、纳米TiO2、纳米Fe2O3、纳米Fe3O4和纳米SiO2对其96h孵化率的影响.结果表明,纳米氧化物毒性与其成分有很大关系.纳米ZnO对斑马鱼胚胎孵化抑制作用明显,毒性较大,且其毒性与浓度之间存在一定的剂量-效应关系;在低浓度时,纳米ZnO抑制胚胎孵化的效应较等浓度Zn2+强,说明纳米ZnO特殊理化性质发挥了一定作用.纳米Fe2O3在低浓度下不影响胚胎孵化率,而在高浓度下抑制胚胎孵化.纳米TiO2、纳米Fe3O4、和纳米SiO2对斑马鱼胚胎96h孵化率没有明显影响.     

Release characteristics of mercury in chemical looping combustion of bituminous coal

This study evaluated the release characteristics of mercury from bituminous coal in chemical looping combustion (CLC) using Australian iron ore as the oxygen carrier in a fixed bed reactor. The effects of several parameters, such as temperature in the fuel reactor (FR) and air reactor (AR), gasification medium in the FR, and reaction atmosphere in the AR, on mercury release characteristics, were investigated. The mercury speciation and release amount in the FR and AR under different conditions were further explored. The results indicate that most of the mercury in coal was released in the FR, while the rest of it was released in the AR. Hg⁰ was found to be the major species in the released mercury. The results also indicate that a higher temperature in the FR led to an increase in the total mercury release amount and a decrease in Hg⁰ proportion. However, a higher temperature in the AR resulted in a decrease in the total mercury release amount and Hg⁰ proportion. The increase in the H₂O/CO₂ ratio of gasification mediums in the FR was beneficial for the increase in the total mercury release amount and Hg⁰ proportion. A higher O₂ concentration in reaction atmosphere in AR had a negligible effect on the total mercury release amount, but a positive effect on Hg⁰ oxidization.