浙江省"十二五"城市声环境监测点位优化调整研究

随着城市建设步伐的加快,人口数量增多,城市基础设施的完善,建成区的扩大和功能区类型的改变,"十二五"城市声环境监测点位的调整、优化是必然趋势.本文结合浙江省"十二五"城市声环境监测点位优化布设的实际工作情况,对城市声环境监测点位优化布点原则、方法等进行了阐述.以"十一五"声环境监测点位布设现状为基础,结合功能区环境噪声的普查数据,对优化选点监测数据进行分析,选出具有空间分布适当,可以保证设备安全,方便操作,并且数据具有较好的代表性的测点.优化调整后,城市区域环境噪声有效网格覆盖面积增加了80.8%,道路交通噪声监测总路长增加了67.0%,功能区定点噪声测点数量增加了129.2%,优化调整后的监测点位更能客观反映城市区域环境噪声实际情况.     

国家环境保护"十一五"规划

根据《国民经济和社会发展"十一五"规划纲要》和《国务院关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定》(国发[2005]39号)编制本规划.本规划是国家"十一五"规划体系的重要组成部分,旨在阐明"十一五"期间国家在环境保护领域的目标、任务、投资重点和政策措施,重眯明确各级人民政府及环境保护部门的责任和任务,同时引导企业、动员社会共同参与.努力建设环境友好型社会.     

海湾环境质量评价以及环境容量研究中"本底浓度"确定的探讨

目前海洋环境容量研究中"本底浓度"选取方法不统一,采用外海现状浓度、监测值平均浓度和现状监测值最高浓度均存在不合理性,导致海洋环境容量计算结果与海洋环境质量评价结果不相符,使得海洋环境容量计算与分配缺乏科学性.通过对比国内外对海洋环境质量评价方法和标准的研究,结合海洋环境容量研究案例,对海洋环境质量的评价方法以及环境容量的"本底浓度"确定进行探讨,提出以80%～90%保证率下的观测值作为环境质量评价的结果,并同时作为海湾环境容量计算的"本底浓度"较为合理.     

乌鲁木齐市"十二五"期间生物丰度指数变化研究

研究借助计算机监督分类手段,依照《生态环境状况评价技术规范HJ 192-2015》研究了乌鲁木齐市"十二五"期间生物丰度指数(biological richness index,BRI)变化情况.结果表明,乌鲁木齐市"十二五"末建设用地、林地、草地较初期增加16.61%、6.90%、0.57%,未利用地、耕地、水域则减少1.81%、3.31%、5.24%.整体BRI加权值为20.48,较初期下降1.68,其中乌鲁木齐县最高,为27.03,新市区为最低的14.06,总体生物丰度状况略微变差.该研究可为乌鲁木齐市生态环境建设提供依据.     

我国"九五"期间环评火电项目SO2控制分析

从我国"九五"期间新建、改建、扩建的83个燃煤火电项目的环境影响评价报告书中取得相关数据,采取实证研究的办法,对这些项目的SO2控制情况进行分析.结果表明:这83个项目中有87%的计划装机容量使用含硫量小于1%的低硫煤;大于31%的计划装机容量采取了脱硫措施.从国家鼓励的增产不增污的效果来看,自1997年起,区域内实现增产不增污的项目比例较高,达到60%以上,2000年达到了100%.同时,火电厂内实现增产不增污的项目比例也逐年上升.可以看出"九五"期间提出的有关新建火电厂的SO2控制政策在环境影响评价这一阶段得到了很好的执行.提出在今后的SO2控制政策设计中要注意浓度控制和总量控制的政策协调性.      

浅谈建筑物的"绿色一体化"

首先,针对"建筑物"提出了"绿色一体化"的观点,并对其定义、提出原因进行解释;同时构造了三个模型--"绿色一体化模型"、"绿色一体化保障体系"及"绿色一体化程度评价模型".其中"绿色一体化模型"强调建筑物的绿色一体化离不开环境的支持;而"绿色一体化保障体系"以三维坐标形式较全面地概括了建筑行业现有的绿色一体化保障体系;"绿色一体化程度评价模型"采用AHP方法提供了一个评价并比较不同建筑方案的"绿色一体化程度"高低的方法.最后指出绿色一体化的几个误区.     

2009污染减排"冲刺年"的收官之举

勇于实践,全力推进,污染减排取得重要成果 自"十一五"以来,在各地各部门的共同努力下,污染减排工作取得了重大突破.2008年,全国化学需氧量和二氧化硫排放量分别比2007年下降4.42%和5.95%,分别完成"十一五"减排任务的66.1%和89.5%,实现任务完成进度赶上时间进度.今年上半年两项污染物控制指标同比分别下降2.46%和5.40%,分别完成"十一五"减排任务的73.2%和96.3%,保持了持续下降的趋势.     

解读《国家环境保护"十一五"规划》之"十一五"国家环境保护投资

《国家环境保护"十一五"规划》明确了"十一五"的目标及任务需求,要改变环境保护滞后于经济发展的被动状态,实现不欠新账、多还老账,完成污染物排放总量削减10%的约束性指标,实现社会经济环境的协调发展,就需要以加大环境保护投入为基础.投资需求与构成按照《国家环境保护"十一五"规划》确定的目标及任务需求,规划提出了实现"十一五"环境保护目标需要环境保护投资约为15300亿元,约占向期国内生产总值的1.35%."十一五"期间,是我国环境保护的关键时期,要改变环境保护滞后于经济发展的被动状态,实现不欠新账、多还老账,完成污染物排放总量削减10%的约束性指标,改善环境质量,实现社会经济环境的协调发展,就需要以加大投入为基础.     

火电行业"十三五"主要大气污染物减排潜力情景分析研究

火电行业是总量减排的重点行业,也是主要大气污染物削减量的首要贡献者,其主要大气污染物排放量的削减抵消了其他行业的排放增长,为"十二五"全国减排任务的完成做出了重大贡献.本研究在火电行业主要大气污染物排放控制现状分析的基础上,结合火电行业技术政策措施要求,对火电行业"十三五"新增排放量进行了预测,并设置基于技术可行、排放标准以及超低排放三套减排情景,测算"十三五"减排潜力,评估火电行业"十三五"减排空间,对全国及各省火电行业减排形势提出了相应的意见和建议.     

"十五"期间环境质量总体好转二氧化硫和COD排放量未完成"十五"计划

记者近日从国家环保总局召开的新闻通气会上获悉,"十五"期间,我国环境质量总体状况趋于好转,但环境污染形势依然严峻.在"十五"计划确定的各项指标中,未完成目标控制要求的主要指标是二氧化硫排放量和COD排放量.根据初步统计结果,2005年,全国二氧化硫排放量比2000年增加了27%;COD排放量仅比2000年减少了2%,未完成削减10%的控制目标.另外,二氧化硫排放总量和工业二氧化硫排放量两项指标不但没有下降,反而有所反弹.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.