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1.
The current trend in foreign aid is toward small-scale sustainable development projects in partnership with defined communities.
However, these projects are subject to the influences of self-interested human behavior, poorly defined community structures
and resources and organizational constraints that can prevent full realization of development models. Under these constraints,
attempting participatory community development models to the exclusion of other techniques may not be the most effective way
to achieve positive change. Instead, development agencies should consider adopting other proven elements of development in
combination with the spirit of community development to achieve a positive impact within the community and organizational
structures and ensure accountability for success. A small-scale attempted, sustainable development case study in Rwanda is
reviewed, as well as a new concept for larger scale development integrating ‘carbon credits’. Additionally, a development
accreditation organization is proposed to ensure additional accountability in this field. 相似文献
2.
Throughout the development sector, there is increasing recognition of links between the environment and aspects of development
such as poverty alleviation, health, income generation, and agriculture. While furnished with a diverse range of perspectives
and approaches, development practice is in need of ways to better conceptualize the interactions between the social, environmental,
and economic dimensions of sustainability so that opportunities for simultaneous improvement in human and ecological well-being
can be identified more readily. Critical systems thinking is proposed as a way for development practitioners to conceptualize
and act toward the integration of these economic, social, and environmental dimensions and, in so doing, support communities
to nurture both human and ecosystem well-being. Four desirable attributes of a critical systems thinking approach to development
are identified based on development literature, critical systems literature, and the author’s research into sustainability
in semi-rural communities in Vietnam. The four attributes are ‘a systems thinking approach;’ ‘an ethical base to action and
choices;’ ‘critical reflection permeates processes;’ and ‘appreciation of diverse views and application of diverse approaches.’
These attributes are described and then offered as the basis for further discussion of the ways in which simultaneous improvement
of human well-being and ecosystem health can become an integral part of development practice. 相似文献
3.
International projects frequently struggle with the dilemmas of community participation, whether the community in question
is the object of a development or aid intervention, or is to be persuaded to cooperate on a conservation project. This paper
discusses the challenges facing interventionists and the obstacles and opportunities that local people encounter as they come
into contact with exogenous conservation and development projects. The key issues presented can be summarized as legacy, legitimacy,
agency and communication. We argue that project planners need to understand the history of past interventions in order to
respond appropriately to local expectations. At the same time, the complexity of community leadership and representation complicates
the sometimes conflicting agendas of project developers and communities. Much depends on personal relations, individual agency,
and initiative. Finally, the physical means of communication—language, print and broadcast media, transport and telecommunications—are
important aspects to consider when assessing the limitations to community participation. Although there have been valuable
successes in international projects in Russia, as in other regions of the world, a better understanding of community participation
is needed to ensure more effective and sustainable means for engaging communities in project development and implementation.
This paper explores these questions through a locally-grounded analysis based on the academic research and practitioner experience
of the two authors in the remote home of a World Heritage site—the Kamchatka Peninsula, in the Russian Far East. 相似文献
4.
The purpose of this article is to analyze the challenges to, and opportunities for, increasing sustainable development (SD) co-benefits delivered by clean development mechanism (CDM) wind power projects in northeastern Brazil and the resulting implications for climate and energy policies. Five methodological phases were met: First, a documentary research was conducted in the main CDM database; second was a literature review, creating the analytical framework and a survey questionnaire needed to assess the SD co-benefits from the projects; third, documentary research was used to enable ex-ante analysis of the SD co-benefits proposed in the CDM Project Design Documents (PDDs); fourth, survey allowed for the analysis of SD co-benefits perceived by project entrepreneurs (ex-post analysis); and finally, a comparison between the ex-ante and ex-post analyses was completed. The results show the importance of carrying out SD co-benefit studies after the implementation of CDM projects in order to learn lessons for new mechanisms of climate governance. The lowest SD co-benefits were water management improvement in the project influence area, soil pollution prevention, health and safety improvements and technology transfer. The greatest opportunities for increasing SD co-benefits come from the environmental licensing process and the strengthening of Corporate Social Responsibility. The greatest challenges are new technology development, stakeholders’ engagement and SD co-benefit audits. We conclude that the improvement of multi-level climate and energy governance plays a key role in increasing SD co-benefits. 相似文献
5.
This article is based on an international comparative study analysing innovations in national administrative institutions.
Results of that research are presented and discussed here. Against the background of the institutionalising process of political
institutions the study focused on innovations initiated or introduced by governments or parliaments by example of policies
and politics supporting sustainable development. The countries involved in the original study were Belgium, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Three general lessons can be drawn: (1) Countries with a
long tradition of integrated environmental policy-making are more open to the concept of sustainability. (2) A (institutional)
“cure-all” solution does not seem to exist. It seems necessary to diffuse the concept of sustainability into all spheres of
politics and society. Reaching this strategic goal requires a specific policy and polity mix. (3) Strong and well-equipped
institutions result from specific policies and politics: they play a central role in promoting and intensifying sustainable
development. Successful innovations integrating SD into everyday politics and policies are only a very first step though.
Further improvements with regard to effective participation and public debate, global orientation of policies and the measurability
of achieved progress are necessary. 相似文献
6.
This study has indicated that there is close relationship between development density and environmental quality; therefore,
it is necessary to decide the form of development carefully beforehand. The form of development is shaped either by new development
or urban renewal which is a major tactic nowadays adopted by the Hong Kong Government to improve the living condition of the
citizens and the quality of the built environment. This study is limited to urban renewal and aims to find out the major urban
design considerations for sustaining the environment. Through a questionnaire survey carried out in Hong Kong, the opinions
of architects, planners, property development managers, and local citizens were sought and evaluated, and critical design
factors for enhancing environmental sustainability of urban renewal projects are highlighted. The results derived from factor
analysis indicated that certain design considerations should be incorporated for sustaining the urban environment. “Land Use
Planning”, “Quality of Life”, “Conservation & Preservation”, “Integrated Design”, “Provision of Welfare Facilities”, and “Conservation
of Existing Properties” were believed to be the significant underlying factors for achieving environmental sustainability
of local urban renewal projects.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
7.
In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development
projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting
spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped
water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were
ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above
the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success,
but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and
the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the
extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the
community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely
driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension
agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different. 相似文献
8.
The (usually not professed) truth is that we are not destroying the planet due to lack of technology, but due to lack of application
of technology. Indeed, opportunities exist for renewable energy technologies’ diffusion under the new climate change regime
as they contribute to global sustainability through GHG mitigation and, they conform to national priorities by leading to
the enhancement of local economic activity, capacities and infrastructure. The clean development mechanism (CDM), although
is considered one of the global policy tools to contribute to sustainable development and technology transfer, has recently
been criticised for its unequal distribution of projects across countries and for insufficiently being embedded in developing
countries’ national energy context. In the above framework, this article presents the ENTTRANS approach, five indicative renewable
energy technologies, and insights about a more effective application of CDM, which may be part of the international process
striving towards sustainable development. 相似文献
9.
The implementation of sustainable development may seem a simple concept when written on paper. However to carry-out long term
actions put forward by the Agenda 21 (AG21) at the local level represents one of the main challenges as municipal governments
in general do not have the capacity to effectively implement the process.
Regional environmental assessment (REA) has shown to be effective in supporting decision-making not only to correct environmental
problems due to past unsustainable social-economic developments but also help local governments to implement sustainable actions.
However this requires long-term investments of AG21 plans and projects. The allocation of regular and consistent financial
resources is one of the main ingredients for the sustainable development process. But traditional plans and projects financed
by national and/or international funds may not be sustainable in the long-term because they become dependent on external funding.
Research demonstrate that innovative economic instruments such as ecotaxes represent a feasible alternative to sponsor local
sustainability because taxes are collected permanently by the government and could be invested in continuous actions. Ecotaxes
experiences have provided important reference to structure a municipal incentive model (MIM) to sponsor AG21’s environmental
plans and projects on a long-term (permanent) basis.
However sustainable development cannot be solely through economic investments. A comprehensive municipal environmental management
scheme (MEMS) has been established to support the incentive model. The scheme seeks not only to improve local institutional
framework but also incentive continuous participation of local stakeholders at all levels of society. Participatory events
and the provision of incentives (educational and financial) are key to motivate society to protect the environment and support
actively the sustainable development process as emphasised in the RIO-92 Conference. 相似文献
10.
Environmental restoration projects are commonly touted for their ecological positives, but such projects can also provide significant socioeconomic and cultural benefits to local communities. We assessed the social dimensions of a large-scale coral reef restoration project in Maunalua Bay, O‘ahu, where >1.32 million kg of invasive marine macroalgae was removed from 11 hectares (90,000 m 2; 23 acres) of impacted coral reef in an urbanized setting. We interviewed 131 community stakeholders and analyzed both quantitative and qualitative data to assess human uses of the environment, assess perceptions of environmental health, and characterize social dimensions (+/?) associated with the invasive algae removal effort. Results indicate substantial direct economic benefits, including the creation of more than 60+ jobs, benefiting more than 250 individuals and 81 households. The project helped develop a skilled workforce in a local business dedicated to environmental restoration and increased the capacity of community organizations to address other threats to reefs and watersheds. Other major benefits include revitalization of Native Hawaiian cultural practices and traditions and the successful use of harvested invasive algae as compost by local farmers. Our results show the project heightened community awareness and a broader sense of stewardship in the area, creating enabling conditions for collective community action. Our findings show that restoration projects that explicitly incorporate efforts to build community awareness, involvement, and a shared responsibility for a site may ultimately create the long-term capacity for sustainable stewardship programs. We conclude by discussing lessons learned for engaging productively with communities in environmental restoration and stewardship, which remains a central focus in conservation worldwide. 相似文献
11.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a facility for trading `certified emission reductions (CERs) between developing and developed countries, thus saving non-renewable carbon emissions by promoting renewable energy, energy efficiency and/or carbon sequestration projects in LDC's. The purpose of the CDM is to help these latter countries meet their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol while at the same time promoting “sustainable” development in the former countries, thereby reducing the build-up of greenhouse gases (GHG). This paper examines the progress in achieving a workable CDM in time for the first commitment period (2008–2012), and the kinds of initiatives that can be pursued in the agricultural, land-use and forestry sector in tropical countries. The critical element for the success of the CDM is the participation of a broad cross-section of buyers (ultimately from developed countries) and sellers (from developing countries) of CERs. Trading is the final step, which starts with project formulation, through successful implementation and then certification. This paper lays out a market-based framework for promoting CDM transactions between private sector project developers and traders and public sector policy makers, with regulators, governed by CDM rules, overseeing the smooth running of the CDM. However, as there are numerous players; it is proposed that trial CDM projects be demonstrated with the support of National/International bodies to iron out the problems and come up with practical solutions so that carbon trading can become a reality. Most rules for the CDM were clarified at the 7th Conference of Parties (CP) in October/November of 2001 in Marrakesh. An executive Board (EB) was appointed and this EB is in charge of proposing workable ground rules to promote the CDM. These have to be submitted for approval by the 8th CP in late 2002. Three broad kinds of projects qualify for the CDM, these are: renewable energy projects that will be alternatives to fossil fuel projects; sequestration projects that offset GHG emissions; and energy efficient projects that will decrease the emissions of GHG. It is possible to have a combination of these initiatives. A fourth type covering GHG reduction is omitted. As elaborated in the text, in order to qualify for the CDM, the proposed projects may have to have additional costs when compared to the alternative(s). Two time frames have been agreed for CDM projects to qualify for the first commitment period, namely 7 years (with an option of two 7-year renewals) and 10 years. Also, for land-use, land-use change and forestry projects only afforestation/reforestation initiatives are recognized as being permissible for the first commitment period. These rules seem rather shortsighted, as forestry and/or renewable energy projects usually require more than 21 years to be fully effective. Also, the major cause of deforestation is clearing land for agriculture, not harvesting wood. Therefore, improving agricultural productivity may be the best way to reduce deforestation and its subsequent release of GHGs. These conditionalities should be re-examined when rules for the second commitment period are decided. However, various agricultural and land-use projects are discussed under the existing guidelines which could qualify as CDM projects in the first period. 相似文献
12.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the flexible instruments of the Kyoto Protocol designed to combat climate
change so as to bring advantages to developing countries and developed countries alike. Indeed, CDM projects have a two-fold
objective: to offset greenhouse gas emissions and to contribute to sustainable development in the host country. However in
many cases, the latter objective appears to be marginalized. This is at least partly due to the difficulties surrounding the
definition and the measurement of sustainability, in particular in a developing country context. To assess CDM projects’ contribution
to sustainable development in the host country, scholars and practitioners need adapted indicator sets. A set of indicators
were developed by way of an iterative Delphi approach amongst selected Vietnamese experts. The Delphi approach allowed a systematic
collection of the experts’ judgements on the sustainability indicators through a set of sequentially applied questionnaires,
interspersed with feedback from earlier responses. This exercise resulted in the selection of a set of 36 indicators, which
emphasise economic efficiency, public health and pollution issues. The exercise yielded a locally supported and context-specific
set of sustainability indicators that will allow Vietnamese decision-makers to enhance the sustainability of the approved
CDM projects. In the future this set should be continually improved through real-life application and further participation
from local stakeholders. This study is a first step in a long-term process towards developing an adapted toolkit for sustainability
assessment of CDM projects in Vietnam. 相似文献
13.
This paper presents a theoretical framework that can be used to discuss the question of how context, time and different participatory
process designs influence the results of participatory monitoring projects in terms of concrete outputs (such as sustainability
indicators) and the more intangible social outcomes (such as learning and stakeholder relations). We will discuss and compare
four different cases of participatory monitoring of provincial sustainable development in the Netherlands. The results show
sustainability issues selected by the stakeholders reflect the socio-economic and ecological structural characteristics of
their region. In a different context, stakeholders not only assign different weights to the same set of issues, but more importantly
they select a completely different set of regional aims altogether. Since these regional structural characteristics only change
slowly over time, the influence of time on stakeholder preferences is shown to be only of minor importance. However, the dissipation
of learning effects is shown to be a fundamental challenge for the cyclical nature of participatory monitoring, especially
when its goal is shared agenda building. Another important conclusion is that, in the design of participatory processes, more
attention should be devoted to providing stakeholders with the opportunity to comment on an ‘intermediate’ product. 相似文献
14.
Costa Rica is internationally recognized for its abundant biodiversity and being a leader in the promotion of education strategies for biodiversity conservation. We interviewed staff from 16 institutions developing key environmental communication, education, and participation projects for biodiversity conservation in the country. Through content analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis and Chi-square tests, we examined the characteristics of the projects carried out by these institutions and developed a typology of four categories derived from six variables: primary audience, content, project purpose, location, scale, and facility. Then, we designed a conceptual model describing the integration of conservation and economic development in the educational projects. We found two key approaches related to this integration: vision of nature protection which aims to inform audiences of ecological concepts and focuses on schoolchildren and vision of sustainability which engages adult audiences and is management-oriented. Education for community- based environmental management may serve as a good example of educational projects which integrate conservation and economic development, implementing a vision of sustainability. 相似文献
15.
Water security is an integral aspect of the socio-economic development in China. Nevertheless, water resources are under persistent
pressures because of the growing population, heavy irrigation, climate change effects and short-term policies. Traditional
management approaches narrowly focus on increasing supply and reducing demand without considering the complex interactions
and feedback loops that govern water resource behaviour. Whereas these approaches may provide quick fix solutions, they often
lead to unanticipated, sometimes catastrophic, delayed outcomes. Therefore, water management needs to take a holistic approach
that caters to the interdependent physical (e.g. water inflows, outflows) and behavioural (e.g. decision rules, perceptions)
processes in the system. Unlike reductionist approaches, System Dynamics (SD) takes a system-level view for modelling and
analysing the complex structure (cause–effect relationships, feedback loops, delays) that generates the systemic behaviour.
Simulating the SD model allows assessing long-term system-wide impacts, exploring leverage points and communicating results
to decision makers. In this paper, we follow an SD modelling approach to examine the future of water security in Yulin City.
First, we present a conceptual model for integrating water supply and demand. Based on this, we build an SD model to simulate
and analyse the dynamics of water resource over time. The model output is tested to ensure that it satisfactorily replicates
the historical behaviour of the system. The model is used to quantitatively assess the effectiveness of various supply/demand
management options. Three scenarios are designed and examined: business-as-usual, supply management, and demand management.
Results show that current management regime cannot effectively meet the future water demand. Whereas supply acquisition provides
short-term benefits, it cannot cope with the growing population. A combination of conservation measures and demand-management
instruments is regarded the most effective strategy for balancing supply and demand. 相似文献
16.
The Swedish parliament has decided that the use of mercury (Hg) in society should be phased out by the target year 2000 and
substituted with alternative, less harmful elements or compounds. This is to reduce exposure to the toxic heavy metal, levels
of which have increased two to seven times in the Swedish environment during the last century. Mercury in products and goods
in use in Sweden has been estimated at 100 tonnes Hg, which will slowly be released into the environment if no preventative
measures are taken. To avoid handing over unsolved environmental problems and connected costs to future generations, the Swedish
government commissioned the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to improve the efficiency of Hg collection and to
find a solution for terminal storage of the waste. The result is that the Swedish EPA considers deep storage in rock, accompanied
by technical measures to further reduce the risk of future Hg emissions to be the safest method. It has funded approximately
50 projects with the goal of spreading information about the Hg problem and removing Hg from society. The projects have focused
on areas where there is a great risk of Hg in products and goods entering the environment. About 6 tonnes Hg has so far been
collected in these projects – end of 1999 – and the cost of the Hg collected has varied between 70 and 1300 US$ kg –1 Hg. The projects were more cost-effective than traditional inspection by an official due to local participation, use of Hg-tracker
dogs, and employment of professional electricians in the search for Hg. The involvement of school children and the public
has resulted in an increased awareness of environmental matters, and, together with the emptying of water seals, reduced Hg
levels in municipal sewage sludge.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
17.
This paper recommends a revision of watershed development policy in India in relation to the planning of development interventions
involving agricultural intensification and rainwater harvesting following biophysical and societal impact studies carried
out on two watershed development projects in Karnataka. A need for changes in policy has arisen in response to progressive
catchments closure at the basin level and declining volumes of water flowing into village level reservoirs (known locally
as tanks). Flow reductions have occurred largely as a result of increased agricultural intensification over the past 10–15 years.
Field levelling, field bund construction, soil water conservation measures, farm ponds, the increase in areas under horticulture
and forestry and the increased abstraction and use of groundwater for irrigation are all contributing factors to reduced flows.
Planning methodologies and approaches, which may have been appropriate 20 years ago for planning water harvesting within watershed
development projects, are no longer appropriate today. New planning approaches are required which (1) take account of these
changed flow conditions and (2) are also able to take account of externalities, which occur when actions of some affect the
livelihoods of others who have no control or influence over such activities and which (3) contribute to the maintenance of
agreed minimum downstream flows for environmental and other purposes.
相似文献
18.
Sustainable development is a process that has social, cultural, economic and ecological dimensions. The necessity of improving
the quality of life of rural women in terms of socio-economic aspects in developing countries like Nigeria is the aim of this
study. The study was carried out in four villages of Tonkere district (Okeake, Abagboro, Elefon and Akiri), situated on expansive
university land at Ile-Ife and typical of rural settings in Nigeria. Data were generated from group meetings, local government
and individual interviews and surveys. In rural Nigeria, women’s essential contributions to overall environmental health,
development and economy are negatively influenced by domestic tasks such as gathering of fuel woods and biomass for cooking.
In reality, wood burning, kerosene stoves, and open fireplaces emit significant quantities of known health-damaging pollutants.
The significant emissions of health-damaging pollutants per unit activity, combined with daily use in close proximity to rural
human populations mean household biomass fuel use exposes total population to important pollutants resulting in ill-health
and premature dead. Application of solar energy collectors and hosts of solar devices is an alternative energy sources in
rural areas that could best improve women’s health, socially and economically, and positively add to ecological dimensions.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
19.
The increasing number of waterfront projects shows that the concept of waterfront development has contributed to the advancement of the Malaysian construction industry. This study seeks to assess the impacts of the implementation of waterfront development in Iskandar Malaysia eliciting the perceived relative importance of these impacts. A comprehensive literature review has been conducted to collate the potential impacts of the waterfront development. A total of 363 sets of questionnaires were distributed to the contractors and developers registered under G7 category of the Construction Industry Development Board in Malaysia. Results show that the most significant influence of the waterfront development is related to economic benefits, while environmental impacts are not considered as a priority for this category of stakeholders. In addition, this study also indicates that the implementation of the waterfront projects has generated numerous job opportunities within the developed region. Moreover, exchanging knowledge in the planning and managing of the waterfront development is imperative to the development of the waterfront projects. Nevertheless, the shortcomings of these developments, such as the negative environmental impact on natural beaches and the coastline (i.e. pollution) as well as human-related issues (i.e. excessive human settlement), should not be taken lightly. This research confirms that the reclamation of land for waterfront development is closely correlated with the destruction of these natural structures. 相似文献
20.
In industrialized countries, the idea of degrowth has emerged as a response to environmental, social, and economic crises.
Realizing environmental limits to and failures of more than half a century of continual economic growth in terms of social
progress and environmental sustainability, the degrowth paradigm calls for a downscaling of consumption and production for
social equity and ecological sustainability. The call for economic degrowth is generally considered to be delimited to rich
countries, where reduced consumption can save “ecological space” enabling people in poor countries to enjoy the benefits of
economic growth. China, as one of the economically most expanding countries in the world, has dramatically improved its living
standards, particularly along the Eastern coast, over the latest 30 years. However, China is absent from the international
debates on growth. This article discusses the implications of the Western degrowth debates for China. Given the distinctive
features of China’s development, the paper aims to enrich the degrowth debates, which have hitherto been dominated by Western
perspectives. Based upon reflections on social, environmental, and moral dimensions of economic growth, the paper argues that
limited natural resources may not continuously support universal affluence at the current level of the rich countries, a level
that China is likely to reach within a few decades. Priority for growth in China should therefore be given to the poor regions
of the country, and future growth should be beneficial to social and environmental development. 相似文献
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