去除致嗅物质的不同填料曝气生物滤池的启动特性与去除效果比较

搭建了填料分别为生物陶粒(CPs)和颗粒活性炭(GAC)的2个曝气生物滤池(BAF)反应器,通过考察土嗅素和2-甲基异崁醇(2-MIB)这2种致嗅物质的去除效果和稳定周期,研究不同填料BAF的启动与挂膜特性。结果表明,在相同进水条件下,2种填料BAF去除溶解性总有机碳(DOC)的效率无明显差异,均在24 d时达到稳定,且DOC去除率均基本稳定在70%以上。2种填料BAF去除土嗅素和2-MIB所需的启动时间有较大差异,CPs-BAF启动时间分别为30和26 d,而GAC-BAF启动时间分别为62和43 d。GAC-BAF和CPs-BAF对土嗅素的去除率分别稳定在约95%和69%,前者的去除率和稳定性明显高于后者;GAC-BAF和CPs-BAF对2-MIB的去除率分别稳定在约75%和73%,两者相差不大,但前者的稳定性强于后者。     

不同类型生物滞留介质对雨水径流中多环芳烃的去除效果

生物滞留设施是目前城市雨水控制利用中应用最广泛的措施之一,其中填料类型对雨水径流净化效果具有重要影响.通过实验室模拟实验,研究了不同类型填料生物滞留设施对雨水径流中多环芳烃(PAHs)的去除效果,并以炉渣为例研究了填料内部累积的PAHs降解特征.结果表明,不同类型填料对PAHs的去除效果从高到低依次为:炉渣砂土陶粒沸石,填料类型对PAHs的净化效果具有一定选择性;PAHs不同组分在不同填料中净化效果也不同,4种填料对2环PAHs净化效率均较高,约为70%,对56环的净化效率也均在50%以上,对4环PAHs的净化效率较低,约为40%.因此,生物滞留设施中填料类型对PAHs净化效果具有重要影响,实际工程中应根据PAHs的净化需求选择合适的填料.     

生物滴滤塔处理低浓度苯乙烯有机废气填料的选择及运行功效

由于苯乙烯本身所具有的毒性及恶臭气味,成了近几年受人们格外关注的污染物质。采用培养驯化的污泥菌种对1~#陶粒、2~#陶粒、塑料小球和沸石4种填料进行生物挂膜,通过比较1~#陶粒体积去除负荷和相对去除负荷,筛选出能优越的1~#陶粒作为滤塔填料处理处理苯乙烯废气,结果表明在进气量Q=0．6m~3/h,循环喷液量L =90L/min,进气负荷小于180g/(m~3·h),去除负荷可达到163g/(m~3·h),苯乙烯处理效率达到90%以上。     

基于不同填料的人工湿地环境经济价值核算及可持续性评价

为科学评价人工湿地的环境经济价值及可持续发展潜力,以3种典型的人工湿地(填料分别为砾石、沸石和陶粒)为研究对象,采用能值分析的方法,在人工湿地概念化设计的基础上分别核算3种人工湿地系统的环境经济价值,评价其可持续性。结果表明,3种人工湿地的环境经济价值相差不大,砾石1.30×10~(18) sej·a~(-1)、沸石1.20×10~(18) sej·a~(-1)和陶粒1.21×10~(18) sej·a~(-1),其中资源价值是其主要部分,分别占环境经济价值的81.54%、79.97%、80.20%;3种人工湿地的成本价值分别为砾石1.63×10~(17)sej·a~(-1)、沸石6.53×10~(16) sej·a~(-1)和陶粒7.87×10~(16) sej·a~(-1),其中建设成本价值所占比重最大,分别占成本价值的94.48%、91.27%和91.86%;3种人工湿地系统的经济效益比较接近,砾石(1.137×10~(18) sej·a~(-1))沸石(1.135×1018 sej·a~(-1))陶粒(1.131×1018sej·a~(-1)),而效益/成本比率呈现较明显差异,沸石(17.38∶1)陶粒(14.37∶1)砾石(6.98∶1);3种人工湿地系统的可持续性均较高,可持续性指数依次为沸石(209.29)陶粒(137.11)砾石(36.11)。环境经济价值中,资源价值占绝对优势,这表明中水作为一种可再生资源可以降低系统对环境的压力并发挥中水回收利用的潜力。沸石填料的人工湿地相对于其他两种类型的人工湿地具有环境经济效益最为显著、环境负载率最小和可持续发展水平高等优势,该研究可为人工湿地的填料选择及建设运行提供参考。     

球形陶粒滤池对城市尾水净化效果研究

为明确以陶粒为填料生物滤池对尾水中主要营养物处理效果,选择球形陶粒滤池对城市尾水进行净化效果研究。试验在室温条件下采用水力停留时间约2 h,曝气量为0.4 L.min-1的陶粒曝气生物滤池装置对洛阳市某污水处理厂的尾水进行深度处理。研究结果表明：球形陶粒生物滤池对尾水中NH3-N去除效果良好,去除率达76%以上;同时该装置对TN,TP和COD具有同时去除作用。进一步研究陶粒对NH3-N吸附去除特征表明,其等温线吸附符合Freundlich Model,表明陶粒对NH3-N的吸附为多层吸附,且对NH3-N的吸附在5 h基本达到饱和吸附。     

三种人工湿地填料对低浓度氨氮废水的吸附特性

以沸石、陶粒、火山岩为试验材料,分别考察了不同初始氨氮浓度、pH、共存金属阳离子、温度对填料吸附氨氮的影响,并采用了吸附等温线、动力学和热力学对吸附过程进行解析.结果表明,Langmuir方程与Freundlich方程均能较好地描述氨氮在3种填料上的等温吸附行为.3种填料对氨氮的最大吸附量分别为0.9625 mg·g-1(沸石)、0.8643 mg·g-1(火山岩)和0.6928 mg·g-1(陶粒).Freundlich方程中,1/n0.5,表明3种填料对氨氮的吸附属于优惠吸附.颗粒内扩散不是控制填料吸附NH+4的唯一控速步骤,吸附过程可能受到内扩散和表面吸附的共同影响.pH值介于6—9之间时,对氨氮有较好的去除效果.共存阳离子对氨氮的吸附具有抑制作用,具体表现为Al3+Mg2+Na+Ca2+.等温解吸试验表明,陶粒对氨氮的吸附以物理作用为主,而沸石和火山岩以离子交换为主.     

利用新型可渗透反应格栅技术对垃圾渗滤液污染地下水过程作用研究

以垃圾渗滤液污染地下水为研究对象,选择沸石、无烟煤、陶粒、活性炭、炉渣、粉煤灰、零价铁、石英砂作为填充材料,设计7种地下可渗透反应格栅（PRB）,分别为反应器1、2、3、4、5、6和7。通过连续实验模拟,对PRB技术治理污染地下水的可行性和有效性进行研究,监测反应器处理效果,分别7种反应器内流速、EC、Cl-的变化及对污染物去除效果及其影响进行分析,探索污染物去除机理。结果显示,反应器水渗流速度在80-150 cm.d-1情况下,对COD去除率为82.22%-88.88%,对Cl-去除率为-0.20%-1.68%,对色度去除率为36.38%-71.86%,表明利用新型PRB技术防控渗滤液污染地下水是可行的,但仍有些技术问题有待深入研究。     

曝气生物滤池不同填料处理河道污水的效果

曝气生物滤池处理河道污水,具有容积负荷大、处理效率高,占地面积小的特点,但除磷效果差.为了提高曝气生物滤池除磷效果和去除COD、NH3-N和Ss的能力,本文利用贝壳、珊瑚和经过盐酸处理的铝硅酸盐作为曝气生物滤池的填料来处理河道污水.试验结果表明:在pH为中性的条件下,贝壳和珊瑚填料不能去除河道污水的磷酸盐,但经过盐酸处理后的铝硅酸盐填料对河道污水磷酸盐的去除率可达到52.19%,与传统处理方法相比,去除率提高了30%以上;贝壳填料对COD、NH3-N和SS的去除率分别为52.73%、36.75%、53.04%,珊瑚填料去除率分别为57.29%、33.44%、51.03%,经过盐酸处理的铝硅酸盐填料去除率分别为49.29%、33.20%、64.94%;珊瑚填料处理COD效果最好,去除率达到57.29%,这与该填料具有较大的比表面有关;贝壳填料去除NH3-N效果最好,达到36.75%,但与珊瑚填料和铝硅酸盐填料相比,差异不大,最大极差仅3.55%;铝硅酸盐填料去除Ss的效果最好,达到64.94%,这可能与其颗粒小,比较致密有关.综合比较各种填料处理PO4-3-、COD、NH3-N和SS的能力,采用经过盐酸处理铝硅酸盐填料作为曝气生物滤池处理河道污水的填料是适宜的,其最佳水力停留时间为4 h.     

天然沸石床处理受污染景观水体的试验

采用天然沸石滤床对富营养化景观湖水进行净化试验,结果表明,天然沸石滤床能有效地净化受污染的湖水,CODCr、氨氮、总磷和浊度的去除率分别为35.8%、95.0%、66.7%和78.0%,沸石能有效地去除水中的氨氮,其作用机理包括离子交换和生物硝化两种作用。     

氨氮弱吸附滤料筛选与基于氮素资源化的沼液悬浮物过滤预处理研究

在去除沼液悬浮物(SS)的同时,最大程度地保留其氮素养分是提高沼液资源化利用价值的关键。通过静态吸附-解吸试验筛选出弱吸附氨氮的过滤介质,然后利用滤料填充柱动态过滤试验分析筛选滤料填充柱对沼液SS和氨氮浓度的影响。结果表明,在海砂(SSD)、沸石(ZLT)、石英砂(QSD)和氧化铝废渣(GRM)4种供试滤料中,QSD对溶液氨氮的吸附能力最低,脱附率接近SSD,且远小于ZLT和GRM。按2.4 L·h~(-1)流量进水,沼液经QSD滤料填充柱动态过滤处理后,SS去除率最高可达86.1%,0.5～1 mm粒径QSD填充柱对SS去除率普遍高于3～5 mm粒径QSD填充柱,两种粒径QSD填充柱对沼液氨氮的去除效果无明显区别;运行24 h时滤料填充柱自进水端开始出现堵塞现象,32 h后3～5 mm粒径QSD填充柱堵塞严重;若要达到沼液SS相同去除效果,0.5～1 mm粒径QSD填充柱较3～5 mm粒径QSD填充柱具有运行时间更持久和滤料层填充高度更小的优势;0.5～1 mm粒径QSD填充柱对SS去除率超过80%,且未显著吸附截留沼液氨氮,适合作为沼液SS过滤预处理单元且有利于后续氮回收。     

Removal of contaminants in leachate from landfill by waste steel scrap and converter slag

This study may be the first investigation to be performed into the potential benefits of recycling industrial waste in controlling contaminants in leachate. Batch reactors were used to evaluate the efficacy of waste steel scrap and converter slag to treat mixed contaminants using mimic leachate solution. The waste steel scrap was prepared through pre-treatment by an acid-washed step, which retained both zero-valent iron site and iron oxide site. Extensive trichloroethene (TCE) removal (95%) occurred by acid-washed steel scrap within 48 h. In addition, dehalogenation (Cl⁻ production) was observed to be above 7.5% of the added TCE on a molar basis for 48 h. The waste steel scrap also removed tetrachloroethylene (PCE) through the dehalogenation process although to a lesser extent than TCE. Heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) were extensively removed by both acid-washed steel scrap and converter slag through the adsorption process. Among salt ions (NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, and PO₄³⁻), PO₄³⁻ was removed by both waste steel scrap (100% within 8 h) and converter slag (100% within 20 min), whereas NO₃^- and NH₄⁺ were removed by waste steel scrap (100% within 7 days) and converter slag (up to 50% within 4 days) respectively. This work suggests that permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) with waste steel scrap and converter slag might be an effective approach to intercepting mixed contaminants in leachate from landfill.     

Waste control by waste: efficient removal of bisphenol A with steel slag,a novel activator of peroxydisulfate

Activated persulfates are efficient reagents for oxidation of organic contaminants and water treatment. Various compounds are currently used to activate persulfates, but there is a need for cheap and efficient activators. Here, we report the first use of steel slag, an industrial solid waste, as a solid activator for peroxydisulfate activation. We tested this system for bisphenol A degradation. Results indicate that about 70% of bisphenol A can be removed within 1 h. Conditions were 50 μg/L of bisphenol A, 2 g/L of peroxydisulfate, 3 g/L of steel slag and temperature of 298 K. The components and surface morphology of unused and recycled steel slag were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, whereas the main reactive oxygen species were elucidated by using radical scavengers. Findings show that both base oxides and iron oxides are responsible for peroxydisulfate activation. A redox mechanism involving liquid and solid phases is proposed. Overall, this study reveals the successful recycling of steel slag to activate persulfates for water treatment, following the principle of ‘waste control by waste.’     

Dibutyl phthalate adsorption characteristics using three common substrates in aqueous solutions

• DBP adsorption was tested using three kinds of substrates in constructed wetlands. • The DBP adsorption capacity followed the order: steel slag>gravel>shell sand. • High temperatures increased the DBP adsorption capacity in the substrates. • DOM consistently inhibited the DBP adsorption onto steel slag and gravel. In recent years, the presence and adverse impacts of phthalic acid esters in aquatic environments have gained increasing attention. This work investigated the adsorption behavior of a typical phthalic acid ester, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), onto steel slag, gravel, and shell sand (substrates commonly used in constructed wetlands). The influence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on DBP adsorption was investigated using humic acid as a proxy for DOM. The results demonstrated that the adsorption of DBP to three substrates reached equilibrium within 96 h, and the adsorption kinetics were well fitted by a pseudo-second-order model. The DBP adsorption isotherms were best fitted by the Langmuir adsorption model. The DBP adsorption capacity decreased in the order of steel slag>gravel>shell sand, with values of 656 mg/kg, 598 mg/kg, and 6.62 mg/kg at 25°C, respectively. DBP adsorbed to the surface of all substrates in a monolayer via an endothermic process. The DBP adsorption capacities of steel slag and gravel decreased as the DOM content increased. The DBP adsorption mechanisms to steel slag and gravel mainly involved the surface coordination of DBP with –OH or –COOH groups and electrostatic interactions. The results of this work suggest that steel slag and gravel may be ideal substrates for use in constructed wetlands to treat wastewater polluted with DBP.     

Microbiological reduction of hexavalent chromium by indigenous chromium-resistant bacteria in sand column experiments

Indigenous bacteria that are resistant to high concentrations of Cr(VI) were isolated from a Cr-contaminated sediment. Sand column experiments were conducted using the isolated bacteria to investigate microbial effects on Cr(VI) reduction in open systems that simulated subsurface conditions. The indigenous Cr-resistant bacteria appeared to reduce Cr(VI) in the column experiments. When 12 mg/L of Cr(VI) was injected into the columns, the removal efficiencies of Cr(VI) by the isolated bacteria were 39.1%, 62.5%, and 63.6% at 24, 48, and 72 h retention times of Cr(VI) solution, respectively. These results imply that the linear velocity of groundwater or pore water should be less than 0.63 cm/h for effective removal of Cr(VI) in subsurface conditions. In comparison, the noninoculated control column did not show a significant variation in dissolved Cr(VI) concentration. The results indicated that reduction of Cr(VI) was occurring in the column due to the activity of the indigenous bacteria.     

Stabilization of the As-contaminated soil from the metal mining areas in Korea

The stabilization efficiencies of arsenic (As) in contaminated soil were evaluated using various additives such as limestone, steel mill slag, granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), and mine sludge collected from an acid mine drainage treatment system. The soil samples were collected from the Chungyang area, where abandoned Au-Ag mines are located. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, synthetic precipitation leaching procedure, sequential extraction analysis, aqua regia digestion, cation exchange capacity, loss on ignition, and particle size distribution were conducted to assess the physical and chemical characteristics of highly arsenic-contaminated soils. The total concentrations of arsenic in the Chungyang area soil ranged up to 145 mg/kg. After the stabilization tests, the removal percentages of dissolved As(III) and As(V) were found to differ from the additives employed. Approximately 80 and 40% of the As(V) and As(III), respectively, were removed with the use of steel mill slag. The addition of limestone had a lesser effect on the removal of arsenic from solution. However, more than 99% of arsenic was removed from solution within 24 h when using GFH and mine sludge, with similar results observed when the contaminated soils were stabilized using GFH and mine sludge. These results suggested that GFH and mine sludge may play a significant role on the arsenic stabilization. Moreover, this result showed that mine sludge can be used as a suitable additive for the stabilization of arsenic.     

Stabilization of the As-contaminated soil from the metal mining areas in Korea

The stabilization efficiencies of arsenic (As) in contaminated soil were evaluated using various additives such as limestone, steel mill slag, granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), and mine sludge collected from an acid mine drainage treatment system. The soil samples were collected from the Chungyang area, where abandoned Au–Ag mines are located. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, synthetic precipitation leaching procedure, sequential extraction analysis, aqua regia digestion, cation exchange capacity, loss on ignition, and particle size distribution were conducted to assess the physical and chemical characteristics of highly arsenic-contaminated soils. The total concentrations of arsenic in the Chungyang area soil ranged up to 145 mg/kg. After the stabilization tests, the removal percentages of dissolved As(III) and As(V) were found to differ from the additives employed. Approximately 80 and 40% of the As(V) and As(III), respectively, were removed with the use of steel mill slag. The addition of limestone had a lesser effect on the removal of arsenic from solution. However, more than 99% of arsenic was removed from solution within 24 h when using GFH and mine sludge, with similar results observed when the contaminated soils were stabilized using GFH and mine sludge. These results suggested that GFH and mine sludge may play a significant role on the arsenic stabilization. Moreover, this result showed that mine sludge can be used as a suitable additive for the stabilization of arsenic.     

人工湿地磷吸附饱和基质的化学再生研究

长期处理了生活污水后的人工湿地基质对磷素的吸附会达到饱和,通过化学浸提方法,研究了2种无机酸（盐酸和硫酸）,酸和碱（盐酸和氢氧化钠溶液）对饱和吸附磷基质的释磷效果以及再生后基质吸附磷效果。结果表明：盐酸和硫酸对基质释磷的差异性不大,硫酸的释磷效果略好于盐酸,对3种基质的释磷效果几乎都大于80%;碱对砂和煤渣释磷效果好,对高炉渣释磷效果差,但经碱再生后的高炉渣、砂基质对磷素的吸收率极高,磷素初始浓度在1～50mg·L-1范围内时,吸收率在95.18%～99.04%范围内,对基质的再生能力好,而经碱再生后的煤渣基质对磷素的吸收率却很低,吸收率不超过21.14%。     

Effects of basic oxygen furnace slag and inorganic nutrients on the germination of resting cysts of two toxic dinoflagellates

Effects of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag, inorganic nutrients and H2S on the germination of resting cysts of two toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium catenella/tamarense and Gymnodinium catenatum were studied in batch cultures. The germination rate of the test species has increased by 23-25%, when the concentration of NO3--N or H2S in culture medium has increased to 2.0 ppm. At the treatment of enriched NH4+-N and PO43--p, the germination of resting cyst was increased. Nevertheless, the increased range in germination rates was less than those of NO3--N and H2S. When BOF slag in culture medium increased to 50 mg/ml (or 500 g/m2), the cyst germination rate fell to less than 5%. At higher level of concentrations germination was completely inhibited. Adding BOF slag to the culture medium reduced the concentration of inorganic salts and H2S in seawater and sediments, resulting in the inhibition of cyst germination. These findings demonstrate the potential use of BOF slag on the sediments seed bank of red tide organism because it has an ability to inhibit resting cysts germination.     

Bestimmung der resorptionsverfügbaren PCDD/PCDF aus Kieselrot

For the estimation of intestinal absorption of polychlorianted dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/F), ain-vitro model was developed in order to study PCDD/F mobilization by digestion of technogenic soils using ?Kieselrot” (red slag) as substrate and digestive juice model mixtures. Red slag samples were shaken successively with model mixtures of saliva, gastric juice, duodenal juice and bile. The solids were separated, the aqueous phase was extracted with hexane, the hexane extract analyzed for PCDD/F. Additionally, the PCDD/F-content of the red slag was determined. Extraction efficiency was tested with three different digestive juice model mixtures and also tap water for comparision. The percentage of PCDD/F transferred from the red slag sample into the digestive juice mixture was defined as absorption availability. In our experiments, a maximum absorption availability of 2 % was found.