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针对西北生态脆弱区城市生活垃圾处理技术选择、处理厂选址和工程设计中存在的主观性较强、科学性和客观性不足的问题,将生命周期评价法与层次分析法相耦合,综合考虑环境影响、处置技术、地理气候与实际工程4个方面因素建立综合评价体系,并以兰州市城市生活垃圾处理现状为例,分别对9个生活垃圾处理厂进行技术适用性综合评价.结果表明:①兰州市城市生活垃圾处理厂适用性综合得分前3名分别为餐厨垃圾资源化堆肥厂(73.91分)、韩家咀村生活垃圾填埋场(72.93分)、中铺子垃圾焚烧厂(72.44分);②城市生活垃圾处理技术评价体系中,各影响因素权重排序为环境影响因素(0.347)>实际工程因素(0.309)>处置技术因素(0.228)>地理气候因素(0.116);③3种处理技术的环境影响潜值比较结果为:垃圾卫生填埋(0.3872)>垃圾焚烧(0.0330)>垃圾堆肥(0.0242). 相似文献
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《辽宁城乡环境科技》2011,(12):37-40
以城市居住小区为研究对象,同时基于城市生活垃圾管理的目标——保护环境、经济可承受与公众满意,综合了环境、经济、社会3方面指标,构建了城市居住小区生活垃圾管理的低碳指数评价体系,运用层次分析法对各项指标权重进行计算并建立了评价模型。选择武汉市绿景苑小区和博文花园小区进行了低碳指标对比评价,从而量化地描述居住小区生活垃圾低碳管理的状况,并据此提出对小区生活垃圾低碳管理模式的建议。 相似文献
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改革开放以来,中国经济发展水平不断提高,城市生活垃圾产量急剧增加。文章根据中国的实际情况,提出垃圾分类收集方案,运用层次分析法对垃圾分类收集方案进行了优化,确定出了垃圾分类收集最佳方案。即将生活垃圾分为厨房垃圾、客厅和卧室垃圾、厕所垃圾及有毒有害垃圾4类。 相似文献
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提高环境规划CAP系统智能性的集成方法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了解决环境规划的计算机辅助系统(CAP系统)应用效果差的问题,笔者提出应该采用系统集成的方法,吸收人工智能技术,尤其是专家系统技术,从而改善CAP系统的智能性.本文着重针对不同开发水平的CAP系统,介绍了几种具体的集成方法:与知识处理模块的集成;与专家系统的集成;以及与多媒体技术的集成. 相似文献
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Helena Kahiluoto Elise Ketoja Mauritz Vestberg 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2009,134(1-2):36-45
The aim of this study was to determine how the potential to rely on arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) for plant nutrition differs between a conventional and a low-input cropping system in the long term. The roles of fertilisation rate, composting of recycled plant residues and stage of the rotations in the overall impact of the cropping systems on soil quality and AM were also identified. The conventional cropping system with a non-leguminous crop rotation (barley–barley–rye–oat–potato–oat) was fertilised at either full or half the recommended rate. In the low-input cropping system, one year with barley was replaced by clover, and oat was cultivated mixed with pea. Straw and clover were returned to the soil either with or without composting. In the low-input system, biotite and rock phosphate were used to compensate for K and P in the harvested yield, while animal manure was applied at the start only. After 15 years, crop growth and nutrition, AMF colonisation and soil quality were assessed in the field, while the AM contribution to growth and nutrient uptake were determined in a bioassay in a growth chamber. AM functioning made a higher contribution to soil quality in terms of crop performance and environmental benefits in the low-input cropping system than at either fertilisation rate in the conventional system. Halving fertilisation in the conventional system prevented some costs and enhanced some of the benefits of AM in comparison with full fertilisation. However, only the low-input system with composting conclusively favoured AM in comparison with the conventional system. It resulted in the highest percentage colonisation and, in a bioassay with flax and clover, gave a relative average contribution to growth of 27% and to P uptake of 68% in comparison with 4 and 36%, respectively, for the conventional cropping system with full fertilisation. Rye yield was in the low-input system without composting similar to that in the conventional system with full fertilisation, and with composting 87% of the latter one. Incorporation of clover green manure without composting inhibited AM functioning, leading to a temporary loss of AM contribution to crop performance. This effect draws attention to the impact of the form of recycled organic matter on supporting ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling. 相似文献
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采用发光细菌急性毒性试验,配合大型蚤和斑马鱼胚胎毒性试验验证,测定有"红虫"存在的自来水以及用氯胺、二氧化氯和过氧化氢对"红虫"进行杀灭后自来水的生物毒性,判定其对人体健康可能造成的危害。结果显示:"红虫"自来水并没有检测出明显的生物毒性;氯胺在起始剂量不超过4mg/L时不仅有较好的控制效果,而且用其杀灭"红虫"后的自来水具有较低的健康风险;采用低浓度过氧化氢(0.005%)对"红虫"进行杀灭,其杀灭后自来水仍具有较强生物毒性,最终认为不宜作为自来水常规消毒剂;使用6~8mg/L的二氧化氯可有效杀灭"红虫",杀灭后自来水的生物毒性为低毒,其最终消毒副产物对人体的健康风险较低。 相似文献
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为探究土壤胶体对放射性核素锶的吸附机制,选取典型无机矿物蒙脱土和腐殖酸制备有机-无机复合胶体,并研究了其对锶的吸附性能.实验结果表明,人工复合体的腐殖酸负载量可达到2.97%,并且添加腐殖酸会改变蒙脱土的形貌.复合体对锶的吸附量达到6.86mg/g,通过对复合体吸附锶的动力学拟合发现,吸附过程更符合二级动力学模型.吸附过程在10min后到达平衡,低温时去除率更高,15℃时为72.29%.当pH值由5增加到9时,去除率的变化范围在1%~2%之间.而离子强度对吸附有明显的影响,0.1mol/L时去除率较0.001mol/L时的去除率同比下降20%~60%.同时去除率随有机物浓度的增大而提高,从0到60mg/L时去除率快速增长,60mg/L时去除率为75.36%,随后去除率增长进入平缓期. 相似文献
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随着经济的发展和人们生活水平的不断提高,废水的排放量不断增加,相应对水环境的污染也日渐严重,主要表现在污染类型的多样化和有机污染程度的加深,同时也使得水处理的难度不断加大.对于一些难于生物降解的毒性物质可使用强氧化剂将其氧化分解,降低污染程度.以芬顿试剂(Fe2+和H2O2)为主的系列高级氧化技术在水处理中得到了越来越广泛的应用,展示了较高的去除难降解有机污染物的能力. 相似文献
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Four types of floor covering have been investigated with respect to their environmental impact: linoleum, cushion vinyl, tufted carpet with a woollen pile and tufted carpet with a polyamide pile. The analysis relates to all stages in the life-cycle (from ‘cradle to grave’) and focuses on floor coverings for domestic use. The analysis is performed by means of the method for life-cycle assessment (Dutch approach). Each floor covering is assessed with regard to its environmental impact. This impact can be of various type: depletion of raw materials, cumulative energy requirement, global warming, acidification, tropospheric ozone creation, stratospheric ozone depletion, eutrophication, production of waste and human health. The inventory of environmental interventions (materials, energy requirements, waste and emissions to air, water and soil) was fairly complete. Most interventions relating to the processes that make up the life-cycle of the floor coverings in question could be quantified. A large part of the data is associated with the process energy requirement. In general these data are quite reliable. The results of the impact assessment for linoleum differs considerably from those for other types of floor coverings. Linoleum turns out to be the most environmentally favourable floor covering. It was not possible to differentiate between the environmental impact of cushion vinyl, tufted carpet with a woollen pile and tufted carpet with a polyamide pile. 相似文献