不同铝水平下茶对铝及矿质养分的吸收与累积

土壤铝污染不仅影响作物的生长发育和产量,也对食品安全产生了潜在威胁。利用水培方法,设置0、5、10、15、20mg·L-15种铝处理水平,研究不同铝质量浓度水平下茶苗对铝及矿质养分的吸收与累积。结果表明:茶苗根、茎中铝含量均随着铝处理的质量浓度的增加而明显增加,而叶中含量影响不大。不同铝水平下各部位铝含量大小依次为根>叶>茎。从整株植物来看,随着铝处理质量浓度的增加,铝在根部的积累量增加,在茎和叶的积累量趋于下降。铝对茶苗营养元素钙、钾、镁的吸收影响不大,对磷的吸收有所促进,在一定程度上体现出茶树植物对铝的耐性。     

天津市典型污灌区冬小麦各生育期的重金属分析

通过对天津市冬小麦生长的各个阶段的各个部位及土壤中重金属含量的分析,评价了污灌区农田土壤-植被系统的污染状况,运用转运系数和富集系数表征了重金属元素在作物中迁移和积累的能力.结果表明,冬小麦田土壤质量属2级尚清洁标准,土壤中Cd污染最严重,Hg污染次之.返青期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期,同一时期冬小麦不同部位的重金属含量整体呈现自下至上递减的趋势,即根>茎>叶>果实,而同一部位冬小麦的不同时期的重金属含量各有特点.从转运系数和富集系数上看,根富集重金属的能力要大于茎、叶和果实;重金属由土壤向根迁移的过程中,迁移能力顺序为:Pb>Cd>Hg>Cr>As,Pb迁移能力最强.冬小麦果实中As,Cd,Cr,Hg,Pb和Se含量均超过《食品中污染物限量》中规定的限值,说明研究区域目前已经不宜再种植冬小麦.     

施肥对大白菜吸收电镀污染土壤中重金属的影响

采用田间试验,研究了在不同施肥条件下重金属在土壤-作物系统中迁移、积累的特性.结果表明,不同施肥处理对降低植物重金属吸收的影响能力大小依次为有机肥＞复合肥＞尿素,一般地,作物不同部位对Cr、Cu 积累量的大小顺序为根＞叶＞茎,重金属在土壤-作物系统中迁移能力大小依次为Cu＞ Ni＞Cr,3种施肥处理对降低土壤中有效态重金属含量的影响能力大小依次为有机肥＞复合肥＞尿素.     

土壤中不同老化时间的DDT对小麦根系的生物有效性

研究了水、正己烷、正己烷/丙酮ASE对土壤中不同老化时间的DDT的逐级提取量的差别及其与小麦根吸收的关系。结果表明,有机氯的水提量随老化时间增加而下降,正己烷提取量随老化时间增加而下降,正己烷/丙酮提取量随老化时间增加而上升。植物根吸收随老化时间增加而下降。根吸收与水提量没有确定关系,与正己烷提取量具正相关关系,与正己烷/丙酮提取量有负相关关系。正己烷提取量可被作为土壤有机氯DDT的有效态部分。     

复合污染条件下莴苣对Zn、Cd的吸收与富集

采集莴苣及根际土壤样品,分析Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb复合污染条件下莴苣对Zn、Cd的吸收与富集规律.结果表明:复合污染条件下,莴苣不同部位对4种重金属元素的吸收积累表现为根>叶>茎,莴苣中重金属含量为Zn>Cu>Cd>Pb,富集系数为Cd≈Zn>Cu>Pb;不同采样区莴苣对重金属的吸收积累与富集能力存在明显差异.用于描述Zn和Cd在土壤-莴苣系统中迁移的响应模型均为非线性方程,模型类型在2种元素之间以及莴苣不同部位存在一定差异,但2种元素在不同部位中的响应均可用3次曲线方程来描述.莴苣对Cd、Zn的吸收除了受到元素自身性质的影响外,还受到共存元素的影响,这种影响与共存元素的含量有关.     

河台金矿矿山土壤-植物稀土元素含量分布和迁移积聚特征

在广东省河台金矿矿山采取岩石、土壤、植物样品,并对其中的稀土元素含量采用ICP-MS法测定,研究了金矿矿山岩石、土壤、植物的根、茎、叶稀土元素含量分布和迁移积聚特征.结果表明：在金矿区稀土元素在岩石、土壤、植物样品中含量均高于背景对照区.在成矿和表生地球化学过程中金矿土壤各层的稀土元素发生迁移和分异,在表土层和心土层含量高于底土层和成土母岩;矿山土壤各剖面层轻重稀土发生分异,轻稀土富集,重稀土相对贫乏,且均有不同程度的Eu亏损和Ce的负异常.蕨类植物芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma)表现极强的积累富集稀土元素能力.稀土元素在植株体内的分布规律不同,对于芒萁而言：叶>根>茎,而马尾松(Pinas massoniana)为：根>叶>茎.金矿区植物稀土元素地球化学和生物地球化学异常反映出所在金矿特殊成矿地质背景以及生境的地球化学特点.稀土元素的生物吸收系数和生物转移系数表征出植物对稀土元素的吸收富集能力以及在各个器官的迁移状况,金矿区各植物体形成对金矿环境不同的适应机制和各自独特的稀土元素生物地球化学特征.     

小麦/花生不同间作方式对花生吸收积累Cd的影响

为明确间作小麦对花生吸收积累镉(Cd)的影响,采用温室盆栽试验,研究了PVC管阻隔、尼龙网阻隔、混作等3种种植方式下两个花生品种的积累特征.结果表明,3种间隔方式相比,缺铁土壤中尼龙网阻隔处理的白沙1016和花育20植株Cd含量均显著高于其他处理,根系部分Cd含量分别达到9.28 mg·kg-1和9.83 mg·kg-1,地上部分Cd含量分别为1.51 mg·kg-1和2.25 mg·kg-1.研究结果说明,在排除两种作物根系竞争的前提下,小麦根系分泌物可以活化土壤中的Cd,促进花生对Cd的吸收.不论土壤缺铁与否,两品种花生根系部分Cd含量顺序均为:尼龙网阻隔>PVC管阻隔>混作,品种之间差异不显著.在缺铁土壤中花生Cd的积累量顺序为:尼龙网阻隔>PVC管阻隔>混作.在两种作物混作模式下,小麦Cd积累量与花生Cd积累量呈负相关的关系,说明小麦和花生会竞争吸收土壤中的Cd.两个品种花生在缺铁混作处理中Cd的迁移率最大,分别为11.7%和12.2%.研究结果显示,在相对狭小的根系生长空间内,间作小麦会对花生吸收Cd产生较强的竞争作用,然而土壤缺铁导致小麦分泌的麦根酸类植物铁载体能够活化土壤中的Cd.可以推测,在土壤缺铁条件下,大田种植的小麦/花生间、套种体系中的花生籽粒仍然存在着一定的Cd污染风险.     

化学农药污染土壤植物修复中的环境化学问题

报道了利用植草修复受DDT，BHC和Dicofol污染的研究，讨论了化学农药污染土壤植物修复中,农药在植物中富集与在土壤中降解以及结合残留等环境化学问题。研究表明，在植物修复的过程中，通过草对农药吸收的途径而去除土壤中污染物的作用所作的贡献很小，植草的作用可能是通过草的根部向土壤释放酶和某些分泌物，从而激发土壤中微生物的活性，并加速农药生物降解作用的结果。草在不同土壤中修复能力的差异，可能与不同土壤中所存土著微生物的差异以及其活性受酶和某些分泌物所激发差异的结果。选择能使根际区产生强烈的生物降解作用的草品种，是利用草作为化学农药污染土壤修复的关键。土壤与植株中农药结合残留的形成可能是土壤中污染物消除的又一个重要因素。     

热带砖红壤生长的小白菜吸收和累积PAHs的特征

为了了解和掌握热带土壤栽培的小白菜（Brassica rapa L. Chinensis Group.）对多环芳烃（PAHs）污染物的吸收和累积规律,为热带土壤的安全利用及农产品安全生产提供科学依据,于2013 年5-9 月在海南省农垦科学院海口试验站网室内进行了小白菜盆栽试验.各处理土壤分别施加3 种单体 PAHs 的质量分数梯度为0、0.4、0.8、1.6、3.2 mg·kg^-1,撒播小白菜种子出苗后,每盆留苗6 株,自然条件,常规管理,各处理小白菜培养30 d 后收获.小白菜和土壤样品,用超声水浴萃取,层析小柱净化后,利用气相色谱-质谱法测定样品中的3 种PAHs.结果表明,小白菜根和叶中3 种PAHs 累积量随土壤施加质量分数的升高而增加,根部和叶对Phe 最大累积量分别为86.25 ng·g^-1 和37.18 ng·g^-1,而对 BaP 的最大累积量分别为20.78 ng·g^-1 和3.56 ng·g^-1;小白菜根对Phe 与Fla 的生物富集系数较大,且二者无明显差异,但对 BaP 的生物富集系数较小,且差异显著（P=0.006）;3 种PAHs 单体在各种处理土壤中的残留在 84.49%-94.03%之间,各单体之间无明显差异,各处理之间也无明显差异.说明热带土壤生长的小白菜根和叶中3 种单体 PAHs 浓度显著低于其土壤中的浓度,且根部积累3 种单体PAHs 的浓度显著高于其叶中的浓度;小白菜叶对BaP 的吸收和累积量极少;小白菜根更易吸收和累积Phe 和Fla;小白菜生长30 d 后,绝大部分PAHs 仍残留在土壤中.     

镉胁迫对线麻(CannabisSativaL.)富集及光合特性的影响

选择广泛栽培于西北地区的线麻(Cannabis Sativa L.)进行盆栽实验,研究了Cd胁迫对线麻富集和光合特性的影响.结果显示,线麻根、茎、叶中Cd最大富集量分别达到503.40、350.63、77.90 mg·kg~(-1).随着土壤Cd浓度的增加,线麻根、茎、叶的富集量逐渐增加,且表现为:根部茎部叶部.当Cd≥150 mg·kg~(-1)时,Cd从根部向地上部分的转运开始加强,且地上部分组织中主要集中在茎部.线麻株高、比叶重和生物量随Cd浓度的增加先升高后下降.当Cd浓度≥150 mg·kg~(-1)时,株高、比叶重和地下部分生物量明显低于对照(P0.05),而地上部分生物量不存在显著性差异(P0.05).当Cd浓度为50 mg·kg~(-1)时线麻叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、最大净光合速率和光饱和点达到最大值,光补偿点随Cd浓度的增加而持续增加.结果表明,线麻具有较高的Cd富集能力,可以作为潜在的Cd污染土壤修复栽培作物,但野外修复中如何提高线麻的生物量有待于进一步研究.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).