21世纪可替代脊椎动物进行生态毒性测试的方法：过去二十年的发展和现状综述

替代脊椎动物进行化学物质和污染物危害评估的方法已成为越来越重要的需求。现在首先要考虑的是当启动一个脊椎动物生态毒性测试,必须确保不必要的脊椎动物生物的使用尽可能最小化。对于一些监管目的,脊椎动物的使用对环境风险评估(ERA)已经被禁止,而在其他情况下生物测试的数量已经大大减少了,或者测试程序严格精简了。然而,想要获得能够完全替代脊椎动物提供环境危害数据的方法仍有很长的路要走。动物替代品的发展不仅仅是基于道德的考虑,也可以降低执行脊椎动物生态毒性测试的成本以及在某些情况下能够提供更好的信息旨在改进环境风险评估。本文集中综述了在过去的几十年里生态毒性评估替代方法所发生的重大的进展。
精选自Adam Lillicrap, Scott Belanger, Natalie Burden, David Du Pasquier, Michelle R. Embry, Marlies Halder, Mark A. Lampi, Lucy Lee, Teresa Norberg-King, Barnett A. Rattner, Kristin Schirmer, Paul Thomas. Alternative approaches to vertebrate ecotoxicity tests in the 21st century: a review of developments over the last two decades and current status. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 35, Issue 11, pages 2637–2646, November 2016. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3603
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3603/full
     

单个药品及其混合物对Aliivibrio fischeri的毒性研究：单一化合物的实验结果，并对其行为机理和对水生生物潜在急性效应进行思考

在这个较广泛的关于单个和多组分混合药物活性化合物影响研究的第一部分,作者使用了Microtox^?测试系统详细分析了10种广泛使用的人用和兽用药活性化合物对生物荧光细菌Aliivibrio fischeri的影响。实验结果表明大多数受试化合物具有中度毒性。对比实验得到的50%抑制浓度和定量构效关系模型预测的结果表明,大多数受试药物活性化合物与极性麻醉型化合物对A. fischeri的行为类似(似乎只有抗生素金霉素有特定的作用机制)。将实验结果与其他不属预定目标的生物急性毒性数据集进行比较表明,一般而言A . fischeri较其他水生物种敏感。然而,根据全球化学品统一分类和标签制度,大部分受调查的化学物质可归为水生生态系统中有害或无毒的化合物。最后,基于欧盟水体中测量的环境浓度第95百分位数和各种水生生物的急性毒性数据的比较,可以认为当受试药物活性化合物作为单一化合物进行评估的时候,不存在水生生物风险。
精选自Valeria Di Nica, Sara Villa, Antonio Finizio. Toxicity of individual pharmaceuticals and their mixtures to Aliivibrio fischeri: experimental results for single compounds and considerations of their mechanisms of action and potential acute effects on aquatic organisms. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 36, Issue 3, pages 807–814, July 2017. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3568
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/etc.3568/full
     

腐殖酸可降低纳米银的水生生物毒性

本文作者主要研究了腐殖酸对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包覆的纳米银颗粒(polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs)毒性的影响,受试生物涵盖了水生系统不同的营养级别,包括藻类(Raphidocelis subcapitata)、水蚤类(Chydorus sphaericus)以及淡水鱼类(Danio rerio)。结果显示,腐殖酸可降低AgNPs对本研究中所有水生生物的毒性,并具有明显的剂量效应关系。原因为：1）腐殖酸使AgNPs表面带有更多负电荷,这阻碍了AgNPs与藻细胞的接触,使毒性降低;2）腐殖酸抑制了AgNPs中Ag⁺的溶出,而本研究显示自由Ag⁺的毒性高于团聚的纳米银颗粒。
精选自Zhuang Wang, Joris T.K. Quik, Lan Song, Evert-Jan Van Den Brandhof, Marja Wouterse and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Humic substances alleviate the aquatic toxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles to organisms of different trophic levels. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 6, pages 1239–1245, June 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2936
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2936/full
     

腐殖酸可降低纳米银的水生生物毒性

本文作者主要研究了腐殖酸对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包覆的纳米银颗粒(polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs)毒性的影响，受试生物涵盖了水生系统不同的营养级别，包括藻类(Raphidocelis subcapitata)、水蚤类(Chydorus sphaericus)以及淡水鱼类(Danio rerio)。结果显示，腐殖酸可降低AgNPs对本研究中所有水生生物的毒性，并具有明显的剂量效应关系。原因为：1）腐殖酸使AgNPs表面带有更多负电荷，这阻碍了AgNPs与藻细胞的接触，使毒性降低；2）腐殖酸抑制了AgNPs中Ag⁺的溶出，而本研究显示自由Ag⁺的毒性高于团聚的纳米银颗粒。
精选自Zhuang Wang, Joris T.K. Quik, Lan Song, Evert-Jan Van Den Brandhof, Marja Wouterse and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Humic substances alleviate the aquatic toxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles to organisms of different trophic levels. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 6, pages 1239–1245, June 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2936
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2936/full
     

腐殖酸可降低纳米银的水生生物毒性

本文作者主要研究了腐殖酸对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包覆的纳米银颗粒(polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs)毒性的影响,受试生物涵盖了水生系统不同的营养级别,包括藻类(Raphidocelis subcapitata)、水蚤类(Chydorus sphaericus)以及淡水鱼类(Danio rerio)。结果显示,腐殖酸可降低AgNPs对本研究中所有水生生物的毒性,并具有明显的剂量效应关系。原因为：1）腐殖酸使AgNPs表面带有更多负电荷,这阻碍了AgNPs与藻细胞的接触,使毒性降低;2）腐殖酸抑制了AgNPs中Ag⁺的溶出,而本研究显示自由Ag⁺的毒性高于团聚的纳米银颗粒。
精选自Zhuang Wang, Joris T.K. Quik, Lan Song, Evert-Jan Van Den Brandhof, Marja Wouterse and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Humic substances alleviate the aquatic toxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles to organisms of different trophic levels. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 6, pages 1239–1245, June 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2936
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2936/full
     

依据(代)生物体对化学品的反应预测对生态系统服务功能的影响

保护生态系统服务功能越来越多地被作为风险评估的目标,但是目前生态风险评估的终点和评估生态系统服务功能受到的潜在影响之间有很大的差距。作者提出了一个框架,将常用的生态毒理学终点与对种群和群落的影响以及生态系统的服务功能联系起来。这个框架建立在机制效应模型的长足进步上,这些模型旨在跨越多种生物组织,并解释各种生物相互作用和反馈。为了说明这一点,作者引入了2个研究案例,它们采用了已完善和已验证的机制效应模型：鱼种群的inSTREAM个体模型和AQUATOX生态系统模型。他们还展示了动态能量平衡理论可以为解释组织级毒性提供一种通用货币。他们认为,一个基于机制模型的框架,可以预测化学品暴露对生态系统服务的影响,再结合经济估值,可以为环境管理提供一种有用的方法。作者强调了使用这个框架的潜在好处以及未来工作中需要解决的挑战。
精选自Forbes, V. E., Salice, C. J., Birnir, B., Bruins, R. J.F., Calow, P., Ducrot, V., Galic, N., Garber, K., Harvey, B. C., Jager, H., Kanarek, A., Pastorok, R., Railsback, S. F., Rebarber, R. and Thorbek, P. (2017), A framework for predicting impacts on ecosystem services from (sub)organismal responses to chemicals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 36: 845–859. doi: 10.1002/etc.3720
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3720/full
     

基于自然环境中优选药物的毒性和生态毒理风险研究

在如今超过1 500种在用原料药中,环境中发现几率明确和对环境影响明确的原料药所占比例很小。由于很难监管所有在用原料药,众多先前的研究提议将原料药按照受关注程度排序,从而可以将研究资源集中于那些最受瞩目的药物。然而这些研究都存在局限性,本文从之前优先性方法的实践经验出发,提出了一种更为全面的原料药排序方法。该方法基于对水生生物、土壤生物、鸟类、野生哺乳动物和人类的风险,综合考虑了食物链顶端存在的生态毒理学研究终点和由这些治疗性药物作用机制带来的非顶端效果。对于在英国社区以及医院设置中使用的146种活性药物的分析可以更为详细地说明该方法的运用。根据这一方法,我们将16种化合物列为优先考虑的药物。这些药物包括了抗生素、抗抑郁药、抗炎药、抗糖尿病药、抗肥胖药、雌激素类化合物以及相关的代谢产物。我们建议这种优先性方法在将来可以更广泛地应用于世界上不同的地区。
精选自Jiahua Guo, Chris J. Sinclair, Katherine Selby, Alistair B.A. Boxall. Toxicological and ecotoxicological risk based prioritisation of pharmaceuticals in the natural environment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 35, Issue 7, pages 1550–1559, July 2016. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3319
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3319/full
     

“生物有效性测量”与“全沉积物毒性识别评估(TIE)”联用有效识别出沉积物中主要致毒污染物

沉积物中污染物种类繁多,准确判断其中产生生物毒性的主要来源是个难点,本文作者先采用TIE法初步判断出主要致毒污染物为有机物和重金属(毒性描述阶段(相I)),传统的毒性单位分析结果显示Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn主要致毒重金属,而为氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氟虫腈为主要致毒有机物中(毒性鉴定阶段(相II))。采用4步分级提取法和Tenax提取法分析了重金属和有机物的生物有效性。生物有效性毒性单位分析更加准确地锁定了毒性主要贡献重金属为Zn、Ni和Pb,毒性主要贡献有机物为氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯和氟虫腈。沉积物的稀释降低了重金属的毒性并使其毒性贡献鉴定变得复杂,生物有效性测量可以有效地提高TIE结果的准确性。
精选自Xiaoyi Yi, Huizhen Li, Ping Ma and Jing You. Identifying the causes of sediment-associated toxicity in urban waterways in South China: Incorporating bioavailabillity-based measurements into whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 8, pages 1744–1750, August 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2970
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2970/full     

水环境中镍毒性的机制研究：有害结局路径(AOP)分析

目前对镍(Ni)生态风险评估和水质法规采用了基于机制的预测工具,如生物配体模型(BLMs)。然而,尽管有许多具体细致的研究,Ni对水生生物毒性的精确机制仍然难以确定。对Ni行为机制的不确定性导致了大家在一些管理设置中应用像BLM这样的工具时,有所顾虑。为了解决这一认知差距,作者使用了有害结局路径(AOP)分析,也是第一个用于金属的AOP分析,来确定Ni毒性的多种潜在机制以及它们与淡水水生生物的相互作用。在金属的分子起始事件(molecular initiating events)在分类群中可能存在的前提下,在许多不同种水生和陆生生物数据的基础上,考虑建立一种潜在的行为机制。通过分析,作者识别了Ni可能对水生生物产生毒性的5个潜在的分子起始事件：Ca²⁺体内平衡的破坏,Mg²⁺体内平衡的破坏,Fe²⁺/³⁺体内平衡的破坏,活性氧类物质引起的氧化损伤,以及呼吸上皮细胞的过敏反应。在生物组织的器官水平,这5个潜在的分子起始事件会分解成3个可能的途径：支持外骨骼、外壳和骨骼生长的Ca²⁺减少;呼吸受损;细胞毒性和肿瘤形成。在整个生物体的水平,器官水平的反应将可能导致生长、繁殖的降低和/或能量代谢的改变,并且在每个通路之间有几个潜在的反馈回路。总体来说,目前的AOP分析可指导Ni的毒性机制研究,并为其他金属开发AOPs提供了有效的参考。
精选自Brix, K. V., Schlekat, C. E. and Garman, E. R. (2017), The mechanisms of nickel toxicity in aquatic environments: An adverse outcome pathway analysis. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 36: 1128–1137. doi: 10.1002/etc.3706
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/etc.3706/full
     

“生物有效性测量”与“全沉积物毒性识别评估(TIE)”联用有效识别出沉积物中主要致毒污染物

沉积物中污染物种类繁多,准确判断其中产生生物毒性的主要来源是个难点,本文作者先采用TIE法初步判断出主要致毒污染物为有机物和重金属(毒性描述阶段(相I)),传统的毒性单位分析结果显示Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn主要致毒重金属,而为氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氟虫腈为主要致毒有机物中(毒性鉴定阶段(相II))。采用4步分级提取法和Tenax提取法分析了重金属和有机物的生物有效性。生物有效性毒性单位分析更加准确地锁定了毒性主要贡献重金属为Zn、Ni和Pb,毒性主要贡献有机物为氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯和氟虫腈。沉积物的稀释降低了重金属的毒性并使其毒性贡献鉴定变得复杂,生物有效性测量可以有效地提高TIE结果的准确性。
精选自Xiaoyi Yi, Huizhen Li, Ping Ma and Jing You. Identifying the causes of sediment-associated toxicity in urban waterways in South China: Incorporating bioavailabillity-based measurements into whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 8, pages 1744–1750, August 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2970
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2970/full     

Humanarzneimittel im aquatischen Ökosystem

Goal

In the Brandenburg State Office for the Environment an approach to assess the potential risk of drug residues in aquatic ecosystems has been developed based on an investigation of the consumption amounts in 1999 to identify or to exclude a potential environmental risk of important human drugs and further to define priority substances for monitoring programs in Brandenburg in the future.

Method

This assessment approach tested with 60 drug agents is based on an exposure estimation considering the main path for the entry human—waste water—sewage plant—surface water, on a substance specific analysis of effects and on an analysis of the environmental fate as compartment distribution, bioaccumulation and persistence.

Results

In Brandenburg surface waters the drug agent concentration for eight of the considered substances is supposed to be greater than 1 μg/l and for at least 13 of the considered substanoes the PNEC in aquatic ecosystems is assumed to be lower than 1 μg/l. A potential risk for the environment can be seen for the antibiotics Ciprofloxacin-HCl and Clarithromycin, the disinfectants Benzalkonium Chloride, Cocospropylendiaminguaniacetat, Glucoprotamine, Laurylpropylenediamine and Polyvidone-iodine, the sexual hormon Ethinylestradiol, the antidiabetic Metformin-HCl, the antiepileptic Carbamazepine and the lipid regulator Clofibrinic acid on the basis of effects because their PEC:PNEC-relation is about 1 or higher. For further 19 drug agents an environmental risk is to be assumed because of their environmental behaviour without support by ecotoxicological data at present.

Conclusion

Although there is only a small base of valid ecotoxicological data, this risk assessment shows that adverse effects in the aquatic environment by some drug agents cannot be excluded. However, it should be noted that this first assessment gives only a crude orientation. Appropriate test data are necessary to refine the assessment in future.     

Antibiotika als Umweltkontaminanten — Effekte auf Bodenbakterien

Goal and scope

Among the human and veterinary pharmaceuticals, antibiotics form an important group. Recent research addressed the environmental ‘side effects’ of antibiotics. Evidence for environmental effects of antibiotics has for example been found for the respiratory activity of soil microorganisms. In the present contribution, results of studies on the ecotoxicology of antibiotics that are based on the utilization of carbon substrates in so-called Biolog plates are summarized.

Methods, Results and Conclusions

The method of pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) takes centre stage. PICT is based on the changes in community composition of environmental communities brought about by a toxicant, which lead to an overall increase in community tolerance to this toxicant. The suitability of such an increase in community tolerance as ecotoxicological endpoint had been the subject of several experiments. It was shown that effect testing of antibiotics requires supplementation of the communities with nutrients, and that the PICT method reveals antibiotic effects with a high specificity. In an application of PICT, effects of three classes of antibacterial compounds were investigated. Dose-response relationships were obtained for all substances, and effect concentrations were partly in the range of expected environmental concentrations. The possible risks of antibiotic use for an increase in the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment are also touched upon, including the extent of natural resistance.

Outlook

Due to its specificity, the PICT method has shown to be a suitable ecotoxicological assay. Due to possible effects of tetracyclines on the structure of the soil microbial community, it is advised to use veterinary antibiotics with caution. The risks of an increase in the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in the environment should be investigated in more detail.     

Culturomics and metagenomics: In understanding of environmental resistome

State of the art of culturomics and metagenomics to study resistome was presented. The combination of culturomics and metagenomics approaches was proposed. The research directions of antibiotic resistance study has been suggested. Pharmaceutical residues, mainly antibiotics, have been called “emerging contaminants” in the environment because of their increasing frequency of detection in aquatic and terrestrial systems and their sublethal ecological effects. Most of them are undiscovered. Both human and veterinary pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics, are introduced into the environment via many different routes, including discharges from municipal wastewater treatment plants and land application of animal manure and biosolids to fertilize croplands. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the widespread problem of antibiotic resistance, modern and scientific approaches have been developed to gain knowledge of the entire antibiotic-resistant microbiota of various ecosystems, which is called the resistome. In this review, two omics methods, i.e. culturomics, a new approach, and metagenomics, used to study antibiotic resistance in environmental samples, are described. Moreover, we discuss how both omics methods have become core scientific tools to characterize microbiomes or resistomes, study natural communities and discover new microbes and new antibiotic resistance genes from environments. The combination of the method for get better outcome of both culturomics and metagenomics will significantly advance our understanding of the role of microbes and their specific properties in the environment.     

Pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic environment in China: locally screening and environmental risk assessment

An environmental risk assessment was performed for pharmaceutical compounds present in the aquatic environment of China. Predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of the compounds were calculated according to European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) guidelines. Available ecotoxicological data compromised by applying a very conservative assessment factor (AF) were employed to calculate the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). The screening principle and the risk assessment were based on risk quotient (RQ), which derived from the PEC and related PNEC values. PEC results indicated that all the compounds except sulfadimethoxine and levocarnitine, should carry out phase II risk assessment in EMEA guideline. RQ values suggested that more than 36 pharmaceuticals may be imposed health threats to the aquatic environment; especially the antibiotic therapeutic class including amoxicillin, sulfasalazine, trimethoprim, oxytetracycline and erythromycin showed high RQ values. These substances with high RQ value (RQ≥1) were regarded as top-priority pharmaceuticals for control in the aquatic environment of China. However, the antibiotic substances which had low risk quotient (RQ <1), should be reassessed by its potentially induced resistance under low concentration in future.     

转基因作物对鱼类的生态毒理效应研究综述

转基因作物潜在的健康和环境风险一直以来颇受争议,转基因作物加工成动物饲料后可能会诱导动物产生免疫应激反应,影响动物的生长发育、繁殖等。鱼类是水生脊椎动物的代表,已广泛应用于水环境的监测,但目前转基因作物对鱼类的饲用安全性研究还相对较少。文章基于转基因作物作为鱼饲料原料对鱼类生态毒理学效应的研究现状,综述了转基因作物对鱼的生长表现、生理生化、脏器功能及发育、组织病理以及行为活动等方面的生态毒理学效应,分析了当前研究中存在的问题,并对今后的研究趋势进行了探讨。     

微塑料污染的水生生态毒性与载体作用

近年来微塑料的水生生态环境污染与生态毒害问题引起了科学界的广泛关注。在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,本文对水生态环境中微塑料的来源、形成与分布展开分析;对微塑料污染的生态毒性研究进展给予评述;并深入探讨了微塑料在生态系统中扮演的多重载体角色。鉴于微塑料污染的严峻现实,我国应尽快开展有关微塑料环境污染和生态毒理方面的系统研究,并辅以政策引导和经济支持。     

微塑料污染的水生生态毒性与载体作用

近年来,微塑料的水生生态环境污染与生态毒害问题引起了科学界的广泛关注。在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,本文对水生态环境中微塑料的来源、形成与分布展开分析;对微塑料污染的生态毒性研究进展给予评述;并深入探讨了微塑料在生态系统中扮演的多重载体角色。鉴于微塑料污染的严峻现实,我国应尽快开展有关微塑料环境污染和生态毒理方面的系统研究,并辅以政策引导和经济支持。     

纳米零价铁在环境中的毒性研究进展

纳米零价铁(nZVI)作为一种高效的环境修复材料,被广泛应用在土壤和地下水的修复等环境领域。但研究发现,大量进入环境中的nZVI可能会对生物体和生态系统产生严重危害,如和nZVI接触后,会造成小鼠器官受到损伤,杨树幼苗生长减缓,大肠杆菌等微生物的细胞膜破裂等不利作用出现。此外,nZVI还会改变环境中的氧化还原电位和溶解氧等指标,而且毒性效应容易受到外界条件的干扰。虽然目前对nZVI的致毒机制还不完全明确,但学者们提出了多种可能的假设,主流的观点是铁离子的释放、氧化损伤和基因损伤等。本文综述了国内外对nZVI毒性的最新研究成果,以期为nZVI的使用和毒性研究提供参考。