山西电力环保目标管理的经验与可持续发展探讨

环保目标责任制实质上是建立一种以企业法人为对象的激励机制，以推动企业人在抓好安全，文明生产的同时，切实做好环保工作，此项制度可行以来，山西电力环保工作取得了可喜的成绩，实现了经济，环境，社会三个效益的统一，做到了“增产，减污，增效”，本文拟就山西省电力局环保目标责任制实行的背景签订的内容与过程，执行效果给予了论述，并对今后如何继续推行环保目标责任制，走可持续发展道路进行了探讨。     

综合利用己二胺焦油开发系列精细化工产品

由己二腈加氢生产尼龙６６中间己二胺的过程中，副产大量重组分焦油，可用于制备环氧树脂固化剂，印染助剂，造纸助剂，原油处理剂，絮凝剂，沥青胶改进剂，沥青乳化剂，阻垢剂，表面活性剂及胶粘剂等多种精细化工产品，本文对有关产品的制备及性能进行了阐述。     

粉煤灰复合吸附剂的研制及其在工业废水除氟中的应用

氟是人体必需的微量元素之一，饮用适宜的氟含量浓度为0．5-1．0mgJL，当长期饮用氟含量高于1mg／L的水，会引起氟斑牙，甚至氟骨病。在工业上，含氟矿石开采，金属冶炼，铝加工，玻璃，电子电镀，化肥，农药等行业排放的废水中常常含有高浓度的氟化物，若不降低氟的含量就排放出来，就会造成环境污染，使本地区地下水的含氟量增大，影响饮水质量。     

“水泥—黏土—粉煤灰—生石灰”固化浆液性能试验

松散岩体固化已成为一种提高岩体强度，改善巷道支护条件的重要手段，已应用的固化注浆材料各有特点，如单一水泥浆液的优点是结石体强度高、透水性低，材料来源广、价廉，但其可注性及稳定性较差，凝结时间长，而且凝结时间难以控制等，限制了它的适用范围，而在水泥浆中加入添加剂，则可以改善水泥浆的性能，水泥一粉煤灰浆液可以提高水泥浆的可注性，提高浆液固结的早期强度，增强浆液的稳定性，减少水泥消耗，降低成本。     

我国应用树脂吸附法处理有机废水的进展

介绍了我国近十年来应用树脂吸附法处理有机废水的研究成果和应用实例，处理结果表明，吸附树脂具有吸附效果好，脱附再生容易，性能稳定，适用范围宽，实用性好等特点，该法可用于处理含酚，苯胺，有机酸，硝基物，农药，染料中间体等废水，是一种处理有机废水的有效方法。     

我国袋式除尘器的技术进步

近十年来，我国袋式除尘产业获得迅速发展，技术不断进步，现分述如下：1袋式除尘器结构形式的改进袋式除尘器从小型单室结构发展到大型多室结构，过滤面积从几平米发展到几万平米，规模越来越大，耗钢量越来越多。因此，优化箱体结构，降低耗钢量已成为袋式除尘器技术进步的一个重要方面。1．1采用滤袋框架整体安装的单元组合形式，开发多种结构紧凑轻巧的袋式除尘器新产品。如KB型快装振打玻纤扁袋除尘器，利用玻纤织物抗拉伸，耐高温，易清灰的特点，将其来回搞折绷紧缝合在框架上，通过框架振打，实现清灰，耗钢量仅为15kg／m’，是我…     

“八五”科研与技术改造主要业绩及“九五”工作计划与设想

1前言“八五”是电力环保所发展的重要阶段，是转换科研机制的关键时期，科研工作由原有的以指令性计划为主向市场为导向的体制过渡，在部科技司和环保办的支持下，全所科技人员面向电厂、面向市场，以环保和节能为中心，广泛开展科研和技术开发，共完成（或正在完成）部重点课题20项，包括大气、灰水与废水治理、脱硫、除尘、仪器仪表和综合利用等方面，其中水电厂污染规律及污染源研究4项，环保治理及新技术开发5项，仪器开发2项，脱硫技术3项，行业标准3项，节能技术2项，数据库1项，解决了电厂环保很多急需解决的技术问题。“八五”期间…     

南京市垃圾分类收集的实践与探索

实践孕育理论，理论又指导实践。南京市垃圾分类收集工作，历经实践—探索—再实践—再探索的发展过程，成功与失败相伴，经验与教训并存，正从实践中逐步探索出一条垃圾分类收集的路子。 一、垃圾分类收集的力度在于网络化 垃圾分类收集是个系统工程。在其运作过程中，必须构成一个“纵向到底，横向到边”的分类回收网络，覆盖全社会。否则，就达不到预期效果。因此，我们在试点中紧扣网络化，着力把握上下贯通、左右衔接、内外结合三个环节。 上下贯遇。起初，我们满以为发发通知，开开会，布置一番，垃圾分类收集工作就自然推开了。事实并非如此。城区47个街道，其中14个街道的垃圾分类收集处于“停摆”状态。究其原因，主要是组织领导体系不健全，环节不畅，产生“梗阻”现象。对此，我们本着“抓头头，头头抓”的原则，在深入调研的基础上，及时出台了市、区、街必须成立垃圾分类收集管理领导小组及其办公室的通知，明确要求按级负责、分层管理、务求落实，确保“一个声音喊到底”、“一件事情办到底”，真正做到“上下一条心，运作一股劲”，政令通，步调齐。     

用氮肥厂的废氧化锌脱硫剂生产七水硫酸锌

介绍利用氮肥厂的废氧化锌脱硫剂生产七水硫酸锌的方法，该方法具有工艺简单，操作方便，产品质量好的特点，并可减少环境污染，变废为宝，具有较好的经济效益。     

利用碱渣和煤矸石制新型水泥的研究

以氨碱渣，煤矸石为原料，研究生产新型水泥，采用正交试验，确定“氨碱渣－煤矸石－复合矿化剂”体系的最佳配料，并在此基础上进行了立窑低温煅烧水泥试验，对产品的化学成分及矿物组成进行了测试研究，结果表明，利用碱渣，煤矸石生产新型水泥是可行的，水泥的强度可达到３２５标号，本技术具有较好的环境效益和经济效益。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Historical Weathering Based on Chemical Analyses of Two Spodosols in Southern Sweden

Chemical weathering losses were calculated for two conifer stands in relation to ongoing studies on liming effects and ash amendments on chemical status, soil solution chemistry and soil genesis. Weathering losses were based on elemental depletion trends in soil profiles since deglaciation and exposure to the weathering environment. Gradients in total geochemical composition were assumed to reflect alteration over time. Study sites were Horröd and Hasslöv in southern Sweden. Both Horröd and Hasslöv sites are located on sandy loamy Weichselian till at an altitude of 85 and 190 m a.s.l., respectively. Aliquots from volume determined samples from a number of soil levels were fused with lithium metaborate, dissolved in HNO₃, and analysed by ICP – AES. Results indicated highest cumulative weathering losses at Hasslöv. The weathering losses for the elements are in the following order:Si > Al > K > Na > Ca > MgTotal annual losses for Ca+Mg+K+Na, expressed in mmol_c m^-2 yr^-1, amounted to c. 28 and 58 at Horröd and Hasslöv, respectively. Variations between study sites could not be explained by differences in bulk density, geochemistry or mineralogy. The accumulated weathering losses since deglaciation were larger in the uppermost 15 cm than in deeper B horizons for most elements studied.     

Transformations of nitrogen at the interface between the topsoil and an impervious clay subsoil

Much work has been done on gaseous emissions and leaching of nitrogenous compounds from whole soil profiles and also from soil surface measurements which are assumed to be mainly due to topsoil activity. In soils with an impervious clay subsoil, the boundary between the topsoil and subsoil may provide an interface for microbial activity, including N transformations. In this study, we investigated movement and transformations of two reactive N species (nitrate and urea) at the subsoil interface using a series of replicate, intact soil blocks, under two contrasting watering regimes. We measured fluxes in both liquid and gaseous phases and demonstrated that nitrate reaching the subsoil interface does not necessarily leach into water systems, but may denitrify immediately and could, therefore, add to atmospheric pollution through N₂O production. On the other hand, ammonium reaching the subsoil interface either directly, or after mineralization, appears to be more mobile than expected and has the potential to pollute watercourses.     

The Spatial and Temporal Variation of Measured Urban PM10 and PM2.5 in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area

We have studied particulate matter (PM) concentrations,PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, measured in an urban air qualitymonitoring network in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area during1997–1999. The data includes PM₁₀ concentrationsmeasured at five locations (two urban traffic, one suburbantraffic, one urban background and one regional backgroundsite) and PM_2.5 concentrations measured at twolocations (urban traffic and urban background sites). Theconcentrations of PM₁₀ show a clear diurnal variation,as well as a spatial variation within the area. Bycontrast, both the spatial and temporal variation of thePM_2.5 concentrations was moderate. We have analysedthe evolution of urban PM concentrations in terms of therelevant meteorological parameters in the course of oneselected peak pollution episode during 21–31 March, 1998.The meteorological variables considered included wind speedand direction, ambient temperature, precipitation, relativehumidity, atmospheric pressure at the ground level,atmospheric stability and mixing height. The elevated PMconcentrations during the 1998 March episode were clearlyrelated to conditions of high atmospheric pressure,relatively low ambient temperatures and low wind speeds inpredominantly stable atmospheric conditions. The resultsprovide indirect evidence indicating that the PM₁₀concentrations originate mainly from local vehiculartraffic (direct emissions and resuspension), while thePM_2.5 concentrations are mostly of regionally andlong-range transported origin.     

Methane generation from corncobs treated with xylanolytic consortia

Consortia were developed for the treatment of corncobs for use as a feedstock in a biogas fermentor. The treatment of corncobs with xylanolytic consortia enhanced the production of methane and biogas. All five consortia developed produced the maximum biogas and methane at a 6% loading rate and 20 days hydraulic retention time (HRT). The maximum biogas yield of 0.59m³/kg volatile solids (VS) with a methane content of 62% was produced with the KK-10 consortium. This was apparently due to a maximum hemicellulose degradation of 88%.     

Recovery of Acidified Lakes: Lessons From Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

Over 7,000 lakes around Sudbury, Ontario, Canada were acidified by S deposition associated with emissions from the Sudbury metal smelters and more distant S sources. Air pollution controls have led to widespread changes in damaged Sudbury lakes, including increased pH and decreased concentrations of SO₄, metals and base cations. While chemical improvements have often been substantial, many lakes are still acidified, although water quality recovery is continuing. Biological recovery has been observed in some lakes among various groups of organisms including fish, zooplankton, phytoplankton and zoobenthos. Generally, however, biological recovery is still at an early stage. Lakes around Sudbury are also showing that the recovery of acid-damaged lakes is closely linked to the effects of other major environmental stressors such as climate change, base cation depletion and UV-B irradiance. Future studies of the recovery of acid-damaged lakes around Sudbury, and in other regions, will need to consider the interactions of these and other stressors.     

Preparation and Biodegradation of Starch/Polycaprolactone Films

Starch granules were modified with trisodium trimetaphosphate (TSTP) and characterized by P³¹-NMR, FTIR and DSC. Seventy-micron films were prepared from modified starch and polycaprolactone blends by solvent casting technique. Three different types of films—PCL (100% polycaprolactone), MOD-ST/PCL (50% modified starch and 50% polycaprolactone blend) and NONMOD-ST/PCL (50% nonmodified starch and 50% polycaprolactone blends)—were prepared, and their thermal, mechanical, and morphologic properties were investigated to show the increased performance of PCL with the addition of starch and also the effect of modification. It was observed that with the addition of starch the Young's modulus of polycaprolactone was increased and became less ductile, whereas tensile strength and elongation at break values decreased. Biodegradation of these films was inspected under different aerobic environments with the presence of Pseudomonas putida, activated sludge, and compost. It was observed that whereas P. putida had almost no effect on degradation during 90 days, with the presence of activated sludge, considerable deformation of films was observed even in the first 7 days of degradation. In a compost environment, degradation was even faster, and all polymer films were broken into pieces within first 7 days of degradation and no film remained after 15 days.