春天在哪里?

春天是什么？春天是一种感觉，是一种意象，是韵律，是节奏，是爱情。春是天之骄子，是大自然的宏儿，是人们的希望，是万物的期待。是那种似真似幻，如诗如画，既远又近，似虚又实，似是而非，似无还有，似有还无，忽焉在后，观之在眼，藏之在心，看得见，摸不着的感觉；是一首诗，一首乍读明白晓畅，再读辞简意丰，越读越深奥的诗。     

壳聚糖在水处理中的应用

甲壳素原料来源丰富，制备方法简单，性能优异，甲壳素，壳聚糖及其衍生物用途极其广泛，例如，在水处理，环境保护，化学工业，纺织工业，食品，饲料，造纸，医药，金属提取和回收以及农业肥料等方面，均显示了广阔应用的前景。     

关于创办再生资源交易市场的探讨

“市场”是商品交易的空间载体，这是一个广泛运用的概念，在计划经济体制下，尽管存在着市场及商品货币交换关系，但实际上只是实现计划对物资分配的手段，市场机制、市场操作规则遭到排斥，交易主体不是商品所有者，也不是商品经营者，市场对资源配置不起作用，在社会主义市场经济体制下，市场确是社会存在、发展的细胞核，经济再生过程中的正常运转、资源配置，国民收入的分配与再分配，人民生活的提高，无不通过市场来实现，市场是一种经济，在计划经济时期再生资源行业受国家特行政策的保护，按计划收购、调拨，狡家经营，不少企业，曾经有过辉煌，曾经是各级供销社系统的经济支柱产业、盈利大户，但进入市场经济以后，这个行业受到了极大的冲击和考验，走过了不少坎坷之路，付出了巨大的代价，不少企业在经历了迷茫之后，开始清醒，他们选择了创办再生资源交易市场的方向，把创办市场作为定位之举，作为再生资源行业实现二次创业的突破口，走上了一条由单纯经营向经营、管理转变的道路，使企业逐步走出困境，焕发生机和活力，笔者就创办再生资源交易市场问题谈三点粗浅认识，仅供参考。     

基于政府-公众-企业协同的生态经营管理是欠发达地区可持续发展的关键

生态建设的生态效益转换的经济效益的转换速度，转换数量，转换成本，转换难易等直接影响生态建设的活力，效率和可持续发展，将生态效益转换的经济效益生态经营在其中起到关键作用，本文开创性探讨生态经营起因，内涵，功能，内容，技术，方法，手段等，为培育欠发达地区生态经营意识，能力，增强可持续发展能力指明了方向。     

鬼斧神工红石峡

红石峡位于陕西榆林城北3公里的红石崖上。榆溪河自内蒙蜿蜒入陕，水势湍急，穿峡直达城西。公元1472年，明成化八年，副都御史余子俊巡抚延绥，驻榆林，凿石为渠，引水由西而南，与无定河合流，定名“榆溪河”。渠成，夕阳东照，红石映日，分外耀眼，故名为“红石峡”。峡东西对峙，峭拔宏伟，故又称“雄石峡”。峡分南北两段，南段又东西两壁对峙，雄伟壮观，秀美旖旎，为塞北难得的一处游览胜境。早年，此峡两壁中分，上部天然湖泊，下部瀑布飞流直下。明代就此建坝，截榆溪河北来之水西流，穿西壁石窟而下，水石相击，如狮孔雷鸣，浪翻…     

竹

永泰，去过的人都说，山青水绿，风景宜人，这是由于青云山而闻名遐迩，迳走中华。但，我要说，除了青云山这个国家著名风景名胜区和4A级旅游区以及“无李不成乡，有乡必有李”享誉“中国李乡”外，最美的还算是大樟的竹。车进永泰地界，沿大樟溪两岸，放眼之处，绿竹袅袅娜娜，一簇簇，一丛丛，一片片苍翠欲滴，绿得炫目耀眼，绿得神奇发亮。让你想起“朱德的扁担”里所说的井岗山竹，想起郑板桥画的竹，还有那流传甚广的“门对千竿竹，家藏万卷书”，以及“宁可食无肉，不可居无竹”这些对竹的赞美来。     

合成法蒽醌废硫酸的治理

采用气液分离型非挥发性溶液浓缩装置（ＷＣＧ型浓缩法）回收合成法蒽醌生产过程中的废硫酸，可将３０％的稀硫酸浓缩至５２％的浓度，回用于化肥生产，经济效益，环境效益显著，并具有低温，常压，无酸雾产生；操作温度低，热损失少，节能降耗，劳动强度低，劳动力少，结构紧凑，占地面积小等优点，经过生产实践证明，该法可行，效果良好。     

北极冰化学元素含量及其分布

报道了北极冰主要化学元素的浓度分布及其变化，在测定的３１种成分中，高于仪器检测限的１０种元素Ｂ，Ｍｇ，Ｖ，Ａｓ，Ｒｂ，ＳＤｒ，Ｃａ，Ｋ，Ｓ，Ｎａ的硬度被用来统计分析。结果表明，同一地区，元素浓度相对稳定，不同地区浓度有较大差异。元素浓度与纬度关系的相关分析显示，随纬度增加，各元素显降低。     

阿尔泰诺尔特地区晚古生代的沉积环境和古地理分析

诺尔特地区位于新疆阿尔泰东北部，地理位置属富蕴县，该地区主体构造为北东向，出露地层为前震旦系富蕴群，震旦系哈巴河群，泥盆系忙代恰组和石炭系红山嘴组，其中后两者占主导地位，泥盆系为一套类复理石建造，主要岩性有粉砂岩，细砂岩，钙质粉砂岩和少量火山岩；石炭系红山嘴组可以分为三个段，一段为粉砂岩，粉砂质泥岩，细砂岩与粉砂岩交替的韵律沉积岩，岩屑砂岩等，二段为粉砂质泥岩，粉砂岩，钙质粉砂岩和生物屑灰岩，三段火山物质大量出现，下部为火山碎屑 和陆源碎屑的混合沉积，上部以凝灰岩为主，顶部出现火山砾岩，根据岩性特征和沉积构造分析，泥盆系的沉积环境为浅海－半深海，以大陆斜坡为主，石炭系的沉积环境为浅海陆棚，滨岸和开阔台地，其中又包括一些小环境，通过沉积环境的分析，可以得出三种沉积相模式。     

论人口、资源、环境经济学

创建人口，资源，环境经济学的必要性；人口，资源，环境经济学的学科性质，地位与特点；人口，资源，环境经济学的研究对象，人口，资源，环境经济学的主要内容与任务；人口，资源，环境经济学的研究方法。     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of used lubricating oil on two mangroves Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina

An outdoor experiment was set up to investigate the effects of used lubricating oil(5 L/m~2)on Aegiceras corniculatum Blanco. and Avicennia marina(Forsk)Vierh.,two salt-excreting mangroves.A.marina was more sensitive to used lubricating oil than A. corniculatum and canopy-oiling resulted in more direct physical damage and stronger lethal effects than base-oiling.When treated with canopy-oiling,half of A.corniculatum plants survived for the whole treatment time(90 d);but,for A.marina,high mortality (83%)resulted from canopy-oiling within 3 weeks and no plants survived for 80 d.Base-oiling had no lethal effects on A.corniculatum plants even at the termination of this experiment,but 83% of A.marina plants died 80 d after treatment.Forty days after canopy- oiling,93% ofA.corniculatum leaves fell and no live leaves remained on A.marina plants.By the end of the experiment,base-oiling treatment resulted in about 45% ofA.corniculatum leaves falling,while all A.marina leaves and buds were burned to die.Lubricating oil resulted in physiological damage to A.corniculatum leaves,including decreases in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents,nitrate reductase,peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities,and increases in malonaldehyde contents.For both species,oil pollution significantly reduced leaf,root,and total biomass,but did not significantly affect stem biomass.Oil pollution resulted in damage to the xylem vessels of fine roots but not to those of mediate roots.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Degradation mechanism of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in supercritical water oxidation

The 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene(TNT)is a potential carcinogens and TNT contaminated wastewater,which could not be effectively disposed with conventional treatments.The supercritical water oxidation(SCWO)to treat TNT contaminated wastewater was studied in this article.The TNT concentration in wastewater was measured by high-performance liquid chromatograph(HPLC)and the degraded intermediates were analyzed using GC-MS.The results showed that SCWO could degrade TNT efficiently in the presence of oxygen.The reaction temperature,pressure,residence time and oxygen excess were the main contributing factors in the process.The decomposition of TNT was accelerated as the temperature or residence time increased.At 550℃,24 MPa,120 s and oxygen excess 300%,TNT removal rate could exceed 99.9%.Partial oxidation occured in SCWO without oxygen.It was concluded that supercritical water was a good solvent and had excellent oxidation capability in the existence of oxygen.The main intermediates of TNT during SCWO included toluene,1,3,5-trinitrobenzene,nitrophenol,naphthalene,fluorenone,dibutyl phthalate,alkanes and several dimers based on the intermediate analysis.Some side reactions,such as coupled reaction,hydrolysis reaction and isomerization reaction may take place simultaneously when TNT was oxidized by SCWO.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Air quality nearby road traffic tunnel portals： BTEX monitoring

A monitoring campaign of BTEX （benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o- m- and p-xylene） was carried out nearby two tunnel portals in the urban area of Naples with the aim to verify air quality in this kind of urban sites. Sampling was carried out using the active adsorption technique. Sampling time was 1 h. Ambient temperature and traffic flow measurements were carried out during each sampling operation. The results indicate that average benzene concentrations at both sites exceed the limit value of 10 μg/Nm^3 established by the European Community （EC） （Dir. 2000/69）. Concentration levels of other BTEX are relatively high as well. A correlation between BTEX concentration and two wheeler vehicle flow was observed.     

Alga-lysing bioreactor and the dominant bacteria strain

Alga-lysing bacteria have been paid much attention to in recent years. In this study, the alga-lysing strain P05 which was isolated from an immobilizing biosystem was immobilized by coke and elastic filler, forming two biological reactors. The removal efficiencies of algae, NH3-N and organic matter using the two reactors were studied. The results showed that strain P05 was an ideal algal-lysing bacteria strain because it was easy to be immobilized by coke and elastic filler which are of cheap, low biodegradability and the simple immobilization procedure. After 7 d filming, the biological film could be formed and the reactors were used to treat the eutrophic water. These two reactors were of stability and high effect with low cost and easy operation. The optimal hydraulic retention time (HRT) of each reactor was 4 h. The algae removal rates were 80.38% and 82.1% (in term of Chl-a) of coke reactor and filler reactor, respectively. And that of NH3-N were 52.3% and 52.7%. The removal rates of CODMn were 39.03% and 39.64%. The strain P05 was identified as Bacillus sp. by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene, BLAST analysis, and comparison with sequences in the GenBank nucleotide database.     

Isolation and algae-lysing characteristics of the algicidal bacterium B5

Water blooms have become a worldwide environmental problem.Recently,algicidal bacteria have attracted wide attention as possible agents for inhibiting algal water blooms.In this study,one strain of algicidal bacterium B5 was isolated from activated sludge.On the basis of analysis of its physiological characteristics and 16S rDNA gene sequence,it was identified as Bacillusfusiformis.Its algae- lysing characteristics on Microcystis aeruginosa,Chlorella and Scenedesmus were tested.The results showed that:(1)the algicidal bacterium B5 is a Gram-negative bacterium.The 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence homology of strain B5 with 2 strains of B.fusiformis reached 99.86%,so B5 was identified as B.fusiformis;(2)the algal-lysing effects of the algicidal bacterium B5 on M.aeruginosa, Chlorella and Scenedesmus were pronounced.The initial bacterial and algal cell densities strongly influence the removal rates of chlorophyll-α.The greater the initial bacterial cell density,the faster the degradation of chlorophyll-α.The greater the initial algal cell density,the slower the degradation of chlorophyll-α.When the bacterial cell density was 3.6 x l07 cells/ml,nearly 90% of chlorophyll-αwas removed.When the chlorophyll-αconcentration was less than 550μg/L,about 70% was removed;(3)the strain B5 lysed algae by secreting metabolites and these metabolites could bear heat treatment.