新疆绿洲生态环境与经济发展的协调关系分析

建立新疆绿洲生态环境质量综合评价指标体系和经济发展水平综合评价指标体系,利用熵值法分别测度2000年-2010年新疆绿洲生态环境质量综合水平和经济发展综合水平,在此基础上利用协调模型,测度两者的协调度和协调发展度,进而分析两者的协调关系。分析结果显示:新疆绿洲生态环境质量综合水平缓慢下降,经济发展综合水平不断上升;两者的协调关系从中级协调-优质协调-中级协调,协调发展度表明两者的协调处于相对低层次的协调。     

区域可持续发展评价方法与实例研究

１评价指标体系的建立依据科学性、可操作性、相关性、简明性原则，综合采用频率统计法、理论分析法和专家咨询法，并考虑所研究区域———青岛市崂山区的自然环境和社会经济发展状况，建立了区域可持续发展评价指标体系，见表１。２评价指标权重的确定通过专家咨询，采用群组层次分析法，求出各评价指标的权重，见表１。表１区域可持续发展评价指标体系与权重３　评价方法的选取３－１　无量纲化处理模型采用直线型模糊隶属函数，对评价指标值进行无量化处理。根据统计指标的性质及表现不同，主要有下列３种类型：（１）正指标类，其模糊隶…     

晋冀鲁豫接壤区“经济─环境”系统协调状态研究

本文用协调度中的发展协调度方法对晋冀鲁豫接壤区区域“经济──环境”系统的协调状态及调控进行了研究。在经济快速增长（GNP＞8％）的前提下，用2个权重相等的子系统，即生态环境质量综合评价值Sp和发展经济的投资环境综合评价值Tp所组成的协调度综合评价值Zp的计算值判断了该区域的“经济──环境”系统的协调状态为基本不协调状态，即随着经济的快速增长，生态环境有所恶化。从2个子系统的单项指标分析了生态环境有所恶化的原因并用环境经济学中的环境管理规划的基本原理从可持续发展的角度讨论了环境和经济发展的调控对策。     

基于变异系数-综合指数法的乌鲁木齐城市脆弱性评价

从生态环境、经济和社会脆弱性三个方面,筛选新疆乌鲁木齐城市2006—2015年近十年的34个具体评价指标建立了城市脆弱性评价指标体系,通过对指标数据进行标准化处理后,以变异系数法确定各指标的权重,并运用综合指数法对乌鲁木齐城市脆弱性进行了综合评价。结果表明:伴随着经济的快速发展,乌鲁木齐城市综合脆弱性逐渐降低,但长时间处于中等偏高状态;虽然经济、社会和生态环境的综合脆弱性指数都呈下降趋势,但生态环境与经济和社会发展不协调,以牺牲环境为代价从而获得经济发展的粗放型经济发展模式仍然存在。据此有针对性地提出了有利于乌鲁木齐城市未来发展的经济、社会与生态环境相协调的经济增长模式。     

层次分析法在工业污水处理厂收水体制选择中的应用

该文基于适应于工业污水处理厂(工业废水量≥50%)的收水体制,利用层次分析法(AHP)建立4层14指标2方案的综合评价体系,并通过构造判断矩阵及一致性检验得到各指标的权重值。在此基础上,利用专家打分法建立指标评价标准和量化方法,并选择采用合流制和分流制收水体制的工业污水处理厂各8家,分别建立来水复杂程度、处理效果和投资费用之间的相关函数,从而为通过来水复杂程度选择收水体制提供理论依据和实践指导。     

应用模糊评判法划分湘水环境功能

根据水域功能区划分的指标要求，选择ＣＯＤ＿（Ｍｎ）等１３个项目作为划分参数，通过确定隶属函数、建立模糊关系矩阵、计算权重建立归一化权重和综合评判等步骤，划分出湖南境内湘江干流１１个区段的功能性。使用此法划分水环境功能，可以通过模糊函数来体现实际监测值与各个污染级别间的亲疏关系，使结果量值化，减少人为的主观随意性。     

水利水电建设工程生态环境质量定量评价体系研究

依据国家有关法律和法规 ,根据水利水电建设项目工程的特点 ,提出了一个综合反映水利水电建设工程生态环境质量定量评价体系 ,它从一系列指标的客观实测值或估算值与该指标在生态环境中的主观环境质量评价等级两者间建立评价体系 ,并根据拟建水库的生态环境效应判别并运用特尔菲法确定各指标的权重。     

晋冀鲁豫接壤区“经济——环境”系统协调状态研究

本文用协调中的发展协调度方法对晋冀鲁豫接壤区区域“经济－环境”系统的协调状态及调控进行了研究。在经济快速增长的前提下，用２个权重相等的子系统，即生态环境质量综合评价值Ｓｐ和发展经济的投资环境综合评价值Ｔｐ所组成的协调度综合评价值Ｚｐ的计算值判断了该区域的“经济－环境”系统的协调状态为基本不协调状态，即随着经济的快速增长，生态环境有所恶化。从２个子系统的单英指标分析了生态环境有所恶化的原因并用环境经     

基于修正熵权法的油气管道土壤腐蚀分级量化评价方法研究

针对油气管道土壤腐蚀核心影响因素权重系数的求解存在单因素指标的不确定性,导致权值结果出现偏差,造成综合评估结果不准确这一问题,提出主客观结合的赋权方法,建立了可靠的油气管道土壤腐蚀核心影响因素权重分级量化评价模型。利用粗糙集和熵权法确定主权重和主权重值,并采用无量纲化同级变换和层次分析(AHP)法来修正模糊单因素条件属性的权重值,可得到合理的油气管道土壤腐蚀分级量化评价结果。通过与实际数据比较表明,结合AHP法修正特定区间下不定单因素指标的权重值,可以提高单因素指标权重值的精确度,获得可靠的油气管道土壤腐蚀综合评价结果。     

综合权重-静态水量区域水质评价方法研究

建立了水质与静态水量、动态水资源量、社会经济和生态环境相结合的区域水环境质量综合权重评价新方法,即用动态水量权重、社会经济权重和生态环境权重之和作为综合权重,根据各个监测断面水质和该断面所代表的用综合权重加权后的静态量,以某类别水质的各监测断面代表的加权后的静态量之和占评价区域各类断面代表的加权后的静态水量总量分比来表...     

Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The nitrogen (N) distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (TMCW) and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (MMCW) in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model. The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/(m2·a), and total inorganic N (TIN) was the main body (0.640 gN/(m2·a)). The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m2, respectively. In plant subsystem, the N was mainly stored in root and litter. Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively. The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/(m2·a) and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/(m2·a), the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/(m2·a), and the soil (0-15cm) N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/(m2·a), respectively. The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N, and the status might induce the degradation of C. angustifolia wetland.     

喀斯特石漠化生态恢复中的生物多样性研究进展

喀斯特生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,生态恢复是喀斯特石漠化治理的核心任务,研究石漠化生态恢复机理、优化生态系统功能、提升生态系统服务和实现喀斯特生态环境可持续发展是当前石漠化治理的重要议题.通过对遗传、物种、生态系统和景观四个层次生物多样性退化与恢复的关注,生物多样性作为重要的生态系统特征及表征指标,在石漠化生...     

锌冶炼-氯碱复合污染区昆虫中的重金属

采集葫芦岛草地中14种昆虫（植食性、杂食性、肉食性）及蚯蚓,测定生物体内汞、镉、铅含量,研究生物体内重金属污染情况.植食性昆虫汞、镉、铅平均含量分别为0.168、 9.19、 12.58 mg·kg^-1;杂食性昆虫汞、镉、铅平均含量分别为0.375、 24.43、 17.71 mg·kg^-1;肉食性昆虫汞、镉、铅平均含量0.928、 29.78、 18.39 mg·kg^-1;蚯蚓平均汞含量为1.923 mg·kg^-1,葫芦岛生物体内重金属污染严重.不同种类昆虫对重金属的富集能力差异较大,蜗牛、蜻蜓对汞的富集能力较高;蜘蛛对镉、铅的富集能力较高.昆虫体内重金属含量顺序为汞<铅<镉.汞、镉、铅含量由低到高的顺序均为植食性昆虫<杂食性昆虫<肉食性肉昆虫,杂食性昆虫与肉食性昆虫平均镉、铅含量之间较为接近.昆虫体内镉、铅含量之间极显著相关,而汞与镉、汞与铅含量之间的相关性较差.表明昆虫体内镉铅具有同一来源,而汞的来源较为复杂.     

胶态泡沫在饱和介质迁移特性及对PCE冲洗效果

利用表面活性剂胶态微泡沫冲洗技术来提高四氯乙烯（PCE）在地下水的溶解性和流动性,提高污染物迁移通量,强化去除效果.主要工艺参数和影响因素对泡沫稳定性的影响,结果表明4000r/min的搅拌转数即可产生稳定的胶态微泡沫,泡沫稳定性随表面活性剂浓度增大有小幅度提高,PCE对泡沫稳定性有不利影响;胶态微泡沫在含水层的迁移规律表明,泡沫前端迁移时不断破裂并气液分离,形成气体在上部,液体在下部,后续泡沫稳定向前推流的迁移模式,泡沫在含水层中受到地下水的静水压力,与在土壤迁移相比其体系压力更大,泡沫破裂更严重、迁移速率更慢;和液体冲洗相比,泡沫冲洗对PCE增溶增流效果明显,介质粒径为0.1~0.25mm、0.25~0.5mm和0.5~1mm时,PCE去除率分别达到83.7%、90.8%和98.2%,介质粒径越大,去除效果越明显.     

Integrating mitigation and adaptation into climate and development policy: three research questions

The potential for developing synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation has become a recent focus of both climate research and policy. Presumably the interest in synergies springs from the appeal of creating win–win situations by implementing a single climate policy option. However, institutional complexity, insufficient opportunities and uncertainty surrounding their efficiency and effectiveness present major challenges to the widespread development of synergies. There are also increasing calls for research to define the optimal mix of mitigation and adaptation. These calls are based on the misguided assumption that there is one single optimal mix of adaptation and mitigation options for all possible scenarios of climate and socio-economic change, notwithstanding uncertainty and irrespective of the diversity of values and preferences in society. In the face of current uncertainty, research is needed to provide guidance on how to develop a socially and economically justifiable mix of mitigation, adaptation and development policy, as well as on which elements would be part of such a mix. Moreover, research is needed to establish the conditions under which the process of mainstreaming can be most effective. Rather than actually developing and implementing specific mitigation and adaptation options, the objective of climate policy should be to facilitate such development and implementation as part of sectoral policies. Finally, analysis needs to focus on the optimal use and expected effectiveness of financial instruments, taking into account the mutual effects between these instruments on the one hand, and national and international sectoral investments and official development assistance on the other.     

挥发性有机物泄漏检测与修复技术经验研究

近年来挥发性有机物的泄漏检测及有效修复越来越受环保重视,介绍了挥发性有机物泄漏检测与修复技术,详细分析了检测过程中的实施经验,结合实际经验对现存现场检测中排放源遗漏、挂牌、检测及复测、泄漏检测介质的选择、人员、泄漏量统计及控制标准等问题进行了探讨.提出了对该项技术今后的展望,化工类企业可通过泄漏和逸散排放的检测以及相关管理体制的建立有效查找泄漏并及时修复.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

基于激光雷达的北京市气溶胶光学参数季节特征

利用米散射激光雷达ALS300系统在北京城区开展了为期近1年的观测,观测时间为2009年6月~2010年5月份.先将观测数据划分为春(3~5月份)、夏(6~8月份)、秋(9~11月份)、冬(12~2月份)四个季节,再对数据进行质量控制.研究了气溶胶后向散射系数、消光系数以及气溶胶光学厚度AOT和大气边界层的日均值变化特征,以及这些要素的季节和全年特征统计值.结果表明,气溶胶消光系数和后向散射系数的日平均变化形态趋于相同,数量上消光系数是后向散射系数的约10倍.它们的季节平均值廓线形态结构也并没有呈现出明显的季节性结构特征差异,2个系数最大递减均发生在1km高度范围内.在0.15~3.0km高度范围做垂直平均,夏季的后向散射系数和消光系数有最大平均值(分别为31.2Mm^-1·sr^-1和517.0Mm^-1),说明夏季有较强对流.冬季后向散射系数和消光系数最低.对于冬、春2个季节,700m高度是2个量大小分化的高度.700m高度以上,春季的后向散射系数和消光系数均大于冬季.AOT和大气边界层高度的日均值波动特性明显,日均值最大振幅出现在春季.月平均来说,在春季,气溶胶层高度和边界层高度最高(分别为3450m和970m),冬季最低(分别为2970m和712m).春、夏季节AOT波动变化大,而在秋季和冬季变化比较平缓.春夏秋冬4个季节的平均气溶胶光学厚度分别是0.689、0.699、0.571和0.647.     

厌氧氨氧化过程中COD及pH与基质浓度之间的关系

分析了上向流厌氧氨氧化生物滤池中氮素化合物浓度、COD和pH变化规律以及ANAMMOX活性和生物量的分布规律,利用数理统计的方法研究了厌氧氨氧化过程中COD和pH与氮素基质浓度之间的关系.结果表明,溶解氧和氮负荷的共同作用使得ANAMMOX活性和生物量的分布沿滤层深度呈"山脊"状不均匀分布;异养反硝化的存在和H+的消耗使得厌氧氨氧化过程中COD和pH分别呈降低和升高趋势;100 mg/L以下的有机物浓度对厌氧氨氧化菌的影响不大,且COD和pH与基质NH4+-N浓度之间呈良好的线性相关关系.本试验中COD-NH4+-N和pH-NH4+-N拟合直线的斜率分别为1.113 8±0.052 2和-0.111 3±0.001 2,置信度为95%,平均相关系数R2分别为0.982 3和0.985 0.     

ATR-FTIR and XPS study on the structure of complexes formed upon the adsorption of simple organic acids on aluminum hydroxide

Information on the binding of organic ligands to metal （hydr）oxide surfaces is useful for understanding the adsorption behaviour of natural organic matter on metal （hydr）oxide. In this study, benzoate and salicylate were employed as the model organic ligands and aluminum hydroxide as the metal hydroxide. The attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared （ATR-FTIR） spectra revealed that the ligands benzoate and salicylate do coordinate directly with the surface of hydrous aluminum hydroxide, thereby forming innersphere surface complexes. It is concluded that when the initial pH is acidic or neutral, monodentate and bridging complexes are to be formed between benzoate and aluminum hydroxide while bridging complexes predominate when the initial pH is alkalic. Monodentate and bridging complexes can be formed at pH 5 while precipitate and bridging complexes are formed at pH 7 when salicylate anions are adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide. The X-ray photoelectron （XP） spectra demonstrated the variation of C 1 s binding energy in the salicyate and phenolic groups before and after adsorption. It implied that the benzoate ligands are adsorbed through the complexation between carboxylate moieties and the aluminum hydroxide surface, while both carboxylate group and phenolic group are involved in the complexation reaction when salicylate is adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide. The information offered by the XPS confirmed the findings obtained with ATR-FTIR.