基于LiDAR、SRTM DEM的祁连山黑河流域十一冰川2000-2012年物质平衡估算

以祁连山黑河流域十一冰川为例,利用机载三维激光扫描数据（Light Detection And Ranging, LiDAR）和SRTM DEM数据,在LiDAR点云数据预处理、高程数据配准、校正、误差评估的基础上,建立基于大地测量法的冰川物质平衡计算流程。表明：2000-2012年十一冰川冰面高程变化为-7.47±0.92βm,变化率为-0.62±0.08 m·a^-1,估算十一冰川的年均物质平衡为 -0.53±0.07βm w.e.,累积物质平衡为-6.35±0.78βm w.e.,折合水当量约为（330.4±40.8）×10^4βm³;与其他典型监测冰川物质平衡进行对比和分析,论证了估算结果的可靠性;LiDAR数据具有非常高的精度和空间分辨率,目前关于其在冰川物质平衡研究中的应用很少,论文尝试将其应用于冰川物质平衡变化研究中,具有广阔的发展前景。     

贵州植被生产力时空变化分析:以威宁县为例

为了研究贵州高原植被生产力分布特点及其与地形变化的关系,该文使用MODIS下的MOD17A3H、MCD12Q1数据,辅助以DEM数据和GF1数据,利用移动平均趋势分析、线性回归分析、栅格统计分析等方法对威宁县2007-2015年间的植被生产力时空变化及其与海拔、地形起伏度的关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)2007-2015年之间,威宁县9年植被净第一性生产力(NPP)均值为607.04g/(m~2·a)(以C计),年增长率8.69 g/(m~2·a)(以C计)。(2)NPP均值林区大于草原,草原大于农业区;农业区域生产力总体上呈现增加趋势,林区NPP变化不大;(3)NPP分布与海拔无相关性或相关性不明确;地形起伏度与NPP相关性显著(sig=0.015),呈正相关,提示地形起伏大的区域NPP值越高。     

典型温冰川区湖泊的稳定同位素空间分布特征

2014年8月对拉市海表层及不同深度湖水进行采样,分析拉市海湖水的氢氧稳定同位素的空间变化及其影响因素,探讨典型温冰川区域湖泊的水文补给特征.结果表明,拉市海表层湖水的δ~(18)O、δD值分别在-12.98‰~8.16‰和-99.42‰~-73.78‰之间波动,平均值分别为-9.75‰和-82.23‰;表层湖水的δ~(18)O及过量氘表现出相反的空间变化特征,有河水注入的区域δ~(18)O值较低而过量氘值较高;垂直方向上过量氘随深度变化较小,表明湖水在垂直方向上混合较充分,不同深度层上过量氘表现出自东向西先增大后减小的变化趋势,这可能与入湖河流的分布、湖泊所处的地理位置及自然条件等密切相关;同位素对比研究发现,拉市海的主要补给源为大气降水及河水,冰雪融水可能间接补给拉市海;对拉市海与青藏高原地区典型湖泊和非冰川区湖泊的氧同位素组成对比发现,冰川区湖泊中稳定同位素表现出明显的高程效应(拉市海除外),δ~(18)O随海拔升高而降低.非冰川区湖泊蒸发效应较为明显,同位素值明显偏正.     

松嫩平原北部土地利用变化的地形梯度特征分析

地形地貌是影响土地利用结构变化与空间格局分布的重要自然要素,不同地形梯度下的土地利用变化格局是自然条件与经济社会条件相互作用的体现。以松嫩平原北部典型区域——黑龙江省嫩江县为研究区,综合利用遥感和地理信息系统技术,通过DEM提取高程、坡度和坡向地形因子,并结合地形位指数和分布指数,分析研究区土地利用变化地形梯度特征。研究结果表明:1)1984—2011近30年间,研究区土地利用变化主要集中在高程313～397 m,坡度5～15°的半阳坡地区,并随着高程的增加、坡度的增大而减缓,阳坡大于阴坡;2)1984—2011年,研究区土地利用变化地形梯度特征明显,在不同梯度等级,土地利用类型之间的转换不同。该研究成果可以为土地利用结构的优化及合理布局提供科学依据。     

甘孜—玉树断裂北西段附近的构造地貌特征研究

基于Arc GIS10.1,以SRTM3为使用数据,对甘孜—玉树断裂带北西段及其周边地区从地形形态和水系特征两个方面行分析,归纳了该区的地貌特征以及地貌形态与断裂之间的关系。分析结果表明:1.甘孜—玉树断裂带北西段及其周边地区的坡度范围在0°~80°之间,并且与断裂的几何分布有相关性;2.该区地形起伏度在0~1579m之间,以山地地形为主;3.通过对比分析研究区最大高程图、平均高程图及最小高程图,发现研究区地形呈台阶状并且高的台地边界不断退缩,水系面积不断扩大;4.研究区域内山体上部有多级夷平面发育,主要夷平面在5000m左右,地形起伏度大,呈高山峡谷或者高山盆地的地貌样式间隔排列;5.水系密度分为5级,范围在0~0.4km/km2之间,与断裂走向大致相当。另外,多条切过断裂的分支河流,一致性地左旋错动,并且水系密度最高值区域与区域断裂的展布格架基本吻合,断裂对水系展布的控制占主导作用。     

近50a来中国阿尔泰山冰川变化——基于中国第二次冰川编目成果

利用"中国冰川资源及其变化调查"项目最新冰川编目成果和中国第一次冰川编目结果,对中国阿尔泰山冰川近50 a变化进行分析。结果表明,1960至2009年期间,中国阿尔泰山地区冰川普遍退缩,冰川数量、面积与冰储量分别减少116条、104.61 km²和6.19 km³。与中国其他山系冰川变化相比,阿尔泰山冰川面积年平均减少率最大,是冰川退缩最强烈的地区。阿尔泰山冰川在各个朝向均呈退缩趋势,其中朝北向冰川条数与面积减少大于其他朝向,朝西向冰川变化最小。2 400~2 600 m、2 600~2 800 m和3 000~3 200 m三个海拔区间冰川条数和面积均呈减少趋势,其中2 600~2 800 m冰川退缩最为显著。冰川变化呈现出区域差异性,布尔津河流域冰川数量和面积减少最多,但在其他流域冰川条数减少与面积减少并没有保持一致性,小冰川大规模退缩(或消失)是导致阿尔泰山地区冰川变化区域差异的主要原因。阿尔泰山地区冰川退缩与气候变化关系密切。对研究区4个气象台站5-9月平均气温和10-4月降水变化分析表明,自1960年代以来,阿尔泰山地区5-9月平均气温显著上升,气温上升导致的冰川消融在一定程度上抵消了固态降水增加对冰川的补给。     

喜马拉雅山中段北坡对流层中上部大气降水化学的高程分布特征

1997年夏季在希夏邦马峰北坡达索普冰川区(28°33′N,85°44′E)海拔5800m～7000m区间对4次降雪过程进行了系统的采样工作,目的是认识全球偏远地区对流层中上部大气成分的高程分布特征.达索普冰川区夏季4次降水中,局地大陆性气团降水SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺之间存在显著的正相关性,而海洋性气团降水4种离子之间的相关性变化较大,说明在夏季低尘埃阶段大气中各种离子的主导来源处在短期的(如数天)变化中.这种离子主导来源的变化同时也影响了降水中离子的高程分布特征.总体上达索普冰川区夏季降水中NO₃^-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺浓度随海拔的升高呈减小趋势,SO₄^2-浓度则为增大趋势.     

基于RS和GIS的赤水河流域植被覆盖度与各地形因子的相关强度研究

以赤水河流域为研究区域,综合运用遥感和GIS技术,用TM遥感影像反演植被覆盖度,用数字高程模型(DEM)提取地形因子并进行子流域的划分与构建;首先借助空间叠加分析,研究了区内植被覆盖度分别随高程、坡度及坡向变化的规律;然后从数理统计的角度分析区内不同植被覆盖度与地形等级因子的相关性,并就相关强度进行排序。研究表明:1、在赤水河流域,中度以上植被覆盖度与坡度、高程与之间,并不是单一的正比关系,其随坡度和高程的增加而先增加后减小,存在着临界坡度区间和临界高程区间。2、不同植被覆盖度下各地形因子的影响程度明显不同。对各级植被覆盖,坡度和坡向对其的影响都明显高于高程;中度植被覆盖受坡向影响较为显著,但随着植被覆盖度的增高坡度的影响越来越显著。该研究对喀斯特区域生态环境的评价和改良具有重要参考价值,同时也为喀斯特地区的植被保护和石漠化防治提供决策依据。     

风电场局部复杂地形风资源工程实例分析

为了提高项目效益或减少项目损失,基于流场在不同地形影响下的表现,针对两个实际工程项目,采用不同模型对比分析了局部复杂地形下的风资源计算结果。结果表明:对于局部复杂地形,受不同地形的加速、屏障效应等影响,风流流场中不同位置流速不再与地形高程正相关,资源分析需综合考虑地形、测风塔、场址机位位置等因素;为了更为精确地建立流场计算模型、分析风资源情况并计算场区发电量,可通过改变模型计算区域大小、补充测风资料、完善地形图等方式进行优化。     

念青唐古拉山西段小冰期以来冰川变化

小冰期是指15世纪到20世纪早期之间一系列相对寒冷的气候波动阶段,研究小冰期以来的冰川规模变化,对于了解百年尺度上冰川变化及其气候指示意义具有重要意义。利用Google Earth和Arc GIS10.3研究了念青唐古拉山西段的现代冰川和小冰期冰川,统计了冰川的基本信息和小冰期以来的变化情况,分析了面积、高程、坡度和坡向因素对冰川变化的影响,探讨了平衡线高度变化的气候指示意义。结果表明:念青唐古拉山西段共发育现代冰川847条,总面积约689.71 km~2,共识别出小冰期冰川306条,总面积约746.12 km~2。小冰期以来冰川面积减少约31%,平衡线高度平均上升约58 m,冰川的面积、坡度和高程对冰川面积变化的解释率为71%,平衡线高度变化与印度季风关系密切。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.