海水养殖贝类弧菌病流行暴发及其环境影响因素研究进展

海水贝类养殖作为各国水产养殖业中的重要组成部分,经常遭受严重的病害影响。贝类弧菌病作为影响最严重的细菌性疾病,制约着贝类养殖业的发展。本文综述了国内外海水养殖贝类弧菌病病原种类及其流行暴发,分析了副溶血弧菌（Vibrio parahaemolyticus）、溶藻弧菌（Vibrio alginolyticus）和创伤弧菌（Vibrio vulnificus）等主要病原弧菌的耐药性状况,并着重介绍了与弧菌病发生相关的关键环境因子及其影响,同时对贝类弧菌病的研究方向进行探讨和展望,以期为今后贝类养殖业的发展提供参考。     

贝类跨区养殖生态风险综述

近几十年来我国贝类跨区养殖的发展带来了丰厚的经济和社会收益,但却很少有人去关注这一行为所具有的生态风险,系统研究更是处于空白状态。本文试图通过梳理有关我国贝类跨区养殖所造成的生态风险,并提出一些政策建议。研究结果表明跨区贝类会携带寄生虫、原核生物、细菌和病毒,并对当地生态系统的基因多样性与完整性等造成潜在影响。政府以及相关行业协会应当综合评估经济、社会和生态影响并督促养殖企业防控贝类逃逸以及实施良好管理规范。     

贝类典型寄生虫病害

体内寄生的原生动物是海水养殖贝类最严重的病原生物之一，在国外已进行了比较系统的研究。本文比较详细地介绍了典型贝类体内寄生的原生动物病害，包括血细胞虫病、微细胞病、槌虫病、单孢子虫病、帕金虫病，对其分类的地位、形态结构、生活史、流行情况、危害机理等进行了论述，为我国贝类病害的研究和防治提供参考。     

贝类病原性寄生虫种类

海水贝类养殖业的迅猛发展以及养殖品种的异地养殖越来越普遍，导致了贝类病原性寄生虫全球范围内的广泛传播，而寄生虫是贝类最大的病原生物。本文比较系统地列举了导致牡蛎、贻贝、蛤类、扇贝、鲍鱼病害的寄生虫各类及体内寄生原生动物分类地位，为我国贝类病害的研究提供基础资料。     

辽宁黄海沿岸水域增养殖贝类病害发生机理和防治对策

辽宁黄海水域增养殖贝类的大面积死亡，严重制约了这一产业的可持续发展，本文根据国内外的最新研究成果，探讨了这一海域增养殖贝类病害发生与全球气候异常、养殖环境质量降低、超养殖容量、养殖贝类遗传质量降低、生物学性状差异等的关系。     

桑沟湾贝类养殖海域石油烃污染状况及其对贝类质量安全的影响

2008年1～11月在桑沟湾贝类养殖海域分别采集表层海水、表层沉积物和养殖贝类样品,进行了石油烃含量分析.依据石油烃含量检测结果,分析了桑沟湾贝类养殖海域海水和沉积物中石油烃含量的分布和变化趋势以及贝类体内石油烃含量水平和种间差异,并对3种介质中石油烃的污染状况进行了评价,最后探讨了贝类体内积累的石油烃及对贝类质量安全...     

海洋贝类类立克次体的感染

类立克次体的感染可以引起海洋贝类病害的发生,并且有时会导致贝类的大规模死亡,成为在世界范围内影响海洋贝类养殖业发展的重要制约因素.本文首先从海洋贝类类立克次体的分类地位、宿主种类及地理分布、海洋贝类类立克次体及其包涵体的生物学特征、致病性、传播途径、检测与防治方法等方面进行了系统的阐述.文章提出对海洋贝类类立克次体进行研究的必要性,分析了研究的重点及难点,展望了此研究领域的发展趋势.     

化工废水对养殖贝类的影响

2001年12月,浙江省台州市南滩涂养殖贝类发生大面积死亡,根据对贝类养殖区周围的环境状况、污染源、水质、底质调查结果,结合生态毒理试验结果,综合分析化工废水排放对养殖贝类的影响.结果表明,位于养殖区上游化工区排放的污水对养殖贝类有较大毒性效应,已明显影响到贝类养殖区的海水水质和底质.在不利的气象、水文条件下(降水量少,盛行偏北风,小潮汛),造成排放的污水不能有效的稀释、扩散,造成贝类养殖区的海水水质和底质严重污染,从而导致位于下游的养殖贝类大面积死亡.     

海产贝类帕金虫病害的研究进展

比较系统地介绍了国外贝类帕金虫病害的研究进展，包括帕金虫的分类地位、形态结构、生活史、检测方法、病理学、病害发生生态机理、防治技术与对策等。我国目前海产贝类病害越来越重，并且在发病贝类体内也检测到了帕金虫的存在。因此，系统阐述国外贝类帕金虫病害的研究进展，对我国海产贝类病害的研究，具有现实意义。     

非规模畜禽养殖污染防治政策建议

我国非规模畜禽养殖量大、面广,存在污染治理设施配套不足、环境监管难度大等问题,使得非规模畜禽养殖对环境造成的污染日趋突出。本文通过资料查阅和现场调研,在对我国非规模畜禽养殖量及污染防治现状全面分析的基础上,总结出我国非规模畜禽养殖污染防治中存在的突出问题,针对性地提出防治非规模畜禽养殖污染的政策与建议,以期为非规模畜禽养殖环境管理提供参考。     

大鹏澳海域麻痹性贝类毒素时空动态变化特征

为了掌握广东大鹏澳海域产麻痹性贝毒（paralytic shellfish poisoning,PSP）藻类的分布状况和贝类染毒情况,于2013年8月至2014年10月在广东大鹏澳海域的牡蛎养殖区、牡蛎养殖外区及湾口海域逐月采集水样以及牡蛎样品进行分析。调查结果显示,大鹏澳海域的牡蛎养殖外区和湾口存在塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarensis）,链状亚历山大藻（A. catenella）和链状裸甲藻（Gymnodinium catenatum）三种PSP产毒藻,但密度较低,时间分布不连续,牡蛎养殖区未发现产PSP毒素藻类。在季节分布上,产毒藻呈现冬季检出率低,春秋季高的特点。在大鹏澳牡蛎样品中共检测出8种PSP成分,分别是GTX1、GTX4、GTX5、dcGTX2、dcGTX3、NEO、C1和C2,贝类中PSP的检出率冬季最高,达66.7%,秋季、夏季次之,春季最低。PSP产毒藻和贝类染毒在时间上不完全同步,贝类染毒率最高的时间晚于PSP产毒藻最高密度出现时间。     

南海海域重要养殖水域牡蛎体中的腹泻性贝类毒素

对2006年和2007年南海海域23个重要养殖水域牡蛎体中腹泻性贝类毒素(DSP)进行了调查,结果表明:甲子港、唐家湾、镇海湾、安埔港、防城港、八所港和榆林港等7个水域牡蛎体DSP毒性呈阳性结果,占调查水域的30.4%,其DSP值均为0.05MU/g.2006年牡蛎体DSP检出率为8.7%(n=23),2007年为21.7%(n=23).调查期间,牡蛎体DSP检出值0.05MU/g已达到了FDA(美国食品药物管理局)、日本、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、朝鲜等6个国家食用贝类标准警戒限量水平,和超出了我国<无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质的限量>规定贝类DSP不得检出标准,表明了近期南海海域某些养殖水域的牡蛎已经受到了DSP毒化的威胁.     

我国近海有毒微藻及其毒素的分布危害和风险评估

近年我国海域有害赤潮频发,赤潮优势种的变化显著,最近7a记录了51种引发赤潮的优势赤潮生物,其中由有毒微藻引发的赤潮增加。有毒微藻在我国海域广泛分布,至少3个株产麻痹性贝毒的亚历山大藻,5种能产生腹泻性贝毒软海绵酸毒素和鳍藻毒素、以及扇贝毒素的鳍藻在我国沿海都有分布;产生虾夷扇贝毒素的三种甲藻在北黄海常年存在。我国多种贝类中已发现麻痹性贝毒、软海绵酸毒素和鳍藻毒素、扇贝毒素、虾夷扇贝毒素和环亚胺毒素等多种微藻毒素。本文较系统的归纳综述了我国有害赤潮、优势种的变化趋势和分布特点,产生的藻毒素结构;我国双壳贝类等海洋生物中存在的微藻毒素的种类结构;首次利用风险商值法研究评估了我国贝类的健康风险。结果表明,只有春季来自福建的2个样品具有食用风险;但大连海区的贝类样品、评估值全都接近安全限值,可能表明具有某种区域性风险;在春末夏初,大窑湾的贻贝风险最大,其次是扇贝,牡蛎的风险最小;不同的贝器官,富集藻毒素的能力差别大,消化腺中的藻毒素含量远高于其它器官,不同的食用方式可能会导致不同的中毒风险。总体上,我国沿海常见种双壳贝类的麻痹性贝毒和虾夷扇贝毒素食用风险低。     

The presence of Genogroup II Norovirus in Retail Shellfish from Seven Coastal Cities in China

Noroviruses (NoVs) are commonly occurring pathogens that cause gastroenteritis. Outbreaks of viral diseases have often been ascribed to the consumption of contaminated shellfish. Our objective was to evaluate the presence and contamination levels of NoV in shellfish sold at seafood markets in China. We tested 840 shellfish samples (Crassostrea gigas, Mytilus edulis, Azumapecten farreri, SinoNoVacula constricta, Scapharca subcrenata, Ruditapes philippinarum) that were collected from seven cities around the Yellow and Bohai Seas in China between December 2009 and November 2011. We used real-time RT-PCR to detect NoV in purified concentrates from the stomach and digestive diverticula of these shellfish. NoV was detected in 19.35 % (N = 155), 16.67 % (N = 114), 5.70 % (N = 158), 8.82 % (N = 136), 13.74 % (N = 131), and 16.44 % (N = 146) of oyster, mussel, scallop, razor clam, ark shell, and clam samples, respectively. The average detection rate was 13.33 % (112/840). Nucleotide sequencing of the NoV RT-PCR products demonstrated that all strains belonged to NoV genotype GII.12, except two that belonged to GI.3. More than 10² copies of the NoV genome were detected in 69 of 112 positive shellfish samples. Our results suggest that ~13 % of shellfish harbor NoV, and GII.12 NoV is the primary strain in shellfish purchased at markets in seven coastal cities in China.     

Prevalence and Molecular Genotyping of Noroviruses in Market Oysters,Mussels, and Cockles in Bangkok,Thailand

Noroviruses are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis associated with bivalve shellfish consumption. This study aimed to detect and characterize noroviruses in three bivalve shellfish species: oysters (Saccostrea forskali), cockles (Anadara nodifera), and mussels (Perna viridis). The virus concentration procedure (adsorption-twice elution-extraction) and a molecular method were employed to identify noroviruses in shellfish. RT-nested PCR was able to detect known norovirus GII.4 of 8.8 × 10^?2 genome copies/g of digestive tissues from oyster and cockle concentrates, whereas in mussel concentrates, the positive result was seen at 8.8 × 10² copies/g of digestive tissues. From August 2011 to July 2012, a total of 300 shellfish samples, including each of 100 samples from oysters, cockles, and mussels were collected and tested for noroviruses. Norovirus RNA was detected in 12.3 % of shellfish samples. Of the noroviruses, 7.7 % were of the genogroup (G) I, 2.6 % GII, and 2.0 % were mixed GI and GII. The detection rate of norovirus GI was 2.1 times higher than GII. With regards to the different shellfish species, 17 % of the oyster samples were positive, while 14.0 and 6.0 % were positive for noroviruses found in mussels and cockles, respectively. Norovirus contamination in the shellfish occurred throughout the year with the highest peak in September. Seventeen norovirus-positive PCR products were characterized upon a partial sequence analysis of the capsid gene. Based on phylogenetic analysis, five different genotypes of norovirus GI (GI.2, GI.3, GI.4, GI.5, and GI.9) and four different genotypes of GII (GII.1, GII.2, GII.3, and GII.4) were identified. These findings indicate the prevalence and distribution of noroviruses in three shellfish species. The high prevalence of noroviruses in oysters contributes to the optimization of monitoring plans to improve the preventive strategies of acute gastroenteritis.     

Norovirus and Other Human Enteric Viruses in Moroccan Shellfish

The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of human enteric viruses in shellfish collected along the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Coast of Morocco. A total of 77 samples were collected from areas potentially contaminated by human sewage. Noroviruses were detected in 30 % of samples, with an equal representation of GI and GII strains, but were much more frequently found in cockles or clams than in oysters. The method used, including extraction efficiency controls, allowed the quantification of virus concentration. As in previous reports, results showed levels of contamination between 100 and 1,000 copies/g of digestive tissues. Sapoviruses were detected in 13 % of samples mainly in oyster and clam samples. Hepatitis A virus was detected in two samples, with concentrations around 100 RNA copies/g of digestive tissues. Only two samples were contaminated with enterovirus and none with norovirus GIV or Aichi virus. This study highlights the interest of studying shellfish samples from different countries and different production areas. A better knowledge of shellfish contamination helps us to understand virus levels in shellfish and to improve shellfish safety, thus protecting consumers.     

海洋赤潮毒素对鱼类的毒害

介绍了上前产生鱼毒素（ｉｃｈｔｈｙｏｔｏｘｉｎ）的主要海洋藻类,现有的研究结果表明：鱼毒素主要包括：麻痹性贝毒（ＰＳＰ）、短裸甲藻毒素（ＢＴＸ）、溶血性毒素（ｈｅｍｏｌｙｔｉｃ ｔｏｘｉｎ）、细胞性毒素（ｃｙｔｏｔｏｘｉｎ）和氨等。１９９７年底在南海东部海域及１９９８年春在珠江口和香港海域爆发的大规模赤潮即为能产生鱼毒素的球状棕囊藻（Ｐｈａｅｏｃｙｓｔｉｓｃｆ．ｇｌｏｂｏｓａ）和米氏裸甲藻（Ｇｙｍ