用于青霉素废水处理的高效菌株的分离及特性研究

从某制药厂污水处理站的活性污泥中筛选出两株能以青霉素废水中有机物为惟一碳源和能源的高效降解菌k1和k2。通过形态及生理生化特征分析,初步鉴定2株菌为芽孢菌,其中k2为短小芽孢杆菌（bacillus pumilus）。2株菌的最适pH值分别为8和7,温度均为35℃,当废水含量50%时,菌株k1和k2对青霉素废水的COD去除率分别为79%和81%。单菌株与混合菌株对废水的降解特性试验表明,前48 h混菌对废水的去除率不及单菌株,而48 h后混合菌株去除率高于单菌株,60 h时达到最高为85%。     

寒地黑土中阿特拉津降解菌的筛选及降解特性

从长期施用阿特拉津的寒地黑土耕层(0～10 cm)取样。利用富集培养的方法,筛选到2株阿特拉津降解菌,编号Z₉和Z₄₂。Z₉以阿特拉津为惟一碳氮源生长,Z₄₂以阿特拉津为惟一氮源生长,15 d对阿特拉津的降解率分别为77.7%和65.6%。对其初步鉴定并对降解特性进行研究,结果表明,细菌Z9为微杆菌属（Microbacterium sp.）,细菌Z₄₂为节杆菌属(Arthrobacter sp.)。在室内进行降解条件优化实验,得出2株降解菌对100 mg/L阿特拉津的最佳降解条件为：温度30℃,Z₉ pH值为7,Z₄₂ pH值为8。     

稠油降解菌的筛选、鉴定与菌群构建

分别以烷烃、芳烃、胶质沥青质为唯一碳源,从稠油污染过的土壤里分离、筛选可培养的降解菌,将16株组合构建SL-16稠油降解菌群,通过室内摇瓶实验测得该菌群在最佳条件下对陈庄油田稠油降解率可达68%,其适宜的生长及降解温度为35～45℃,pH值为7.0～9.0,含盐量为4 000～14 000 mg/L,接种量为2%,稠油...     

四环素高效降解酵母菌Trichosporon mycotoxinivoransXPY-10降解特性

Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans XPY-10是一株分离自抗生素制药厂的高效四环素降解酵母菌。为了建立该菌株降解四环素的适宜条件,分别研究了碳源、有机氮源、金属离子等营养物质及初始底物浓度、接种量、pH、温度、装液量、摇床转速等理化因素对菌体生长及四环素降解效率的影响。结果表明,菌株XPY-10生长的最适碳源和氮源分别为蔗糖和蛋白胨。在含有0.05% FeSO₄的培养基中,菌株XPY-10降解四环素的适宜条件为：接种量2%,pH 8,温度34℃,装液量100 mL（250 mL 三角瓶）,摇床转速180 r/min。在此条件下,菌株XPY-10在7 d内对初始浓度为600 mg/L的四环素降解率为83.63%。本菌株对养殖废水及制药废水中四环素的污染治理有一定的应用前景。     

UASB反应器对芳香族化合物反硝化降解特性研究

以苯、联苯和萘为模型化合物,研究了上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)在反硝化连续流运行条件下对含上述污染物废水的处理效果,并以葡萄糖为补充碳源,考察了COD/NO^-₃-N(简称C/N)比对有机物反硝化降解特性的影响。研究结果表明,当进水COD浓度约为900 mg/L,苯、联苯和萘总浓度约为60 mg/L,NO^-₃-N为20～60 mg/L时,UASB反应器能够在硝酸盐还原条件下稳定去除废水中有机污染物,其中COD平均去除率可达到85%,苯、萘和联苯平均去除率分别为90%、81%和71%。3种芳香烃反硝化降解速率顺序为苯>萘>联苯。 C/N比对苯的降解影响不十分显著,在C/N为5～30范围内,苯的去除率稳定在87%～92%;萘和联苯去除率受C/N影响较大,在C/N比为15时萘和联苯的去除率均达到最大,分别为82%和77%。     

Tween-80和H2O2对Burkholderia cepacia降解油脂的影响

油脂废水是一种重要的水污染源。研究了表面活性剂和H₂O₂对洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia cepacia)降解油脂的影响。结果表明：适量的表面活性剂和H₂O₂促进油脂的降解。表面活性剂可以增强油脂在水相中的溶解度，提高油脂在水中的乳化程度从而增加其生物可利用性。当Tween-80浓度600mg/L时，油脂降解率达到91%。低浓度H₂O₂不仅能刺激微生物生长，而且使培养液中的pH值保持相对稳定，提高了微生物对油脂的降解率。H₂O₂在浓度为400mg/L时，能使油脂降解率达到90%。     

SBR降解动力学研究

采用SBR工艺处理有机废水,在已有工艺条件下对生物降解动力学进行了研究,得出生物降解反应为一级反应。研究表明,用Monod公式能较好反映出有机物的降解规律,确定了其动力学参数V_max=14.6306 d^-1,K_s=83.2993 mg/L,得出SBR降解动力学模型为V=14.6306X·S/(83.2993+S)。利用以动力学为基础的动态模拟法优化SBR工艺,实验结果表明该方法合理可行,对SBR的设计与运行有一定的指导作用,可作为SBR反应器扩大实验和设计的依据。     

低频超声协同Fe-Ni-Mn/Al2O3催化降解酸性绿B的研究

采用低频超声与Fe-Ni-Mn/Al₂O₃催化剂协同降解偶氮染料酸性绿B模拟废水,考察染料初始浓度和pH值、催化剂、饱和气体及H₂O₂等因素对酸性绿B降解效果的影响, 结果表明：催化剂Fe-Ni-Mn/Al₂O₃与低频超声存在协同效应,催化剂的最佳投加量为6 g/L;酸性条件有利于染料的超声降解,当pH=3.8时, 可取得最佳的降解效果; 酸性绿B降解率随初始浓度的增大而降低,其优化初始浓度为100 mg/L,此外,在反应体系中鼓入饱和气体也可促进酸性B的降解,且影响顺序为混合气体(air+Ar)＞氧气＞氩气;在反应过程中投加H₂O₂有利于染料降解率的提高。在优化实验条件下降解150 min,酸性绿B色度去除率达到91.4%。     

1，4-二氯苯降解菌的分离及其降解特性研究

从某污水处理曝气池的活性污泥中分离出一株能够以1,4-二氯苯为唯一碳源和能源生长的菌株DEB-1,通过形态特征和生理生化试验初步鉴定为黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium sp.）。实验结果表明,该菌株最适降解温度为32℃、最适降解pH为7.8,24 h对100 mg/L的1,4-二氯苯的降解率达94.5%。菌株DEB-1的降解谱较广,对5种氯苯类物质具有较高的降解率。并进一步研究了DEB-1的1,4-二氯苯降解酶粗酶液的性质,其最适反应温度和pH分别为30℃和8.5。对处理含氯代芳香化合物的有机废水具有一定的意义。     

双频超声辐射协同H2O2降解偶氮染料废水的研究

采用双频超声协同H₂O₂降解酸性绿20染料废水,考察超声功率密度、染料初始浓度和pH、饱和气体及H₂O₂投加量等因素对酸性绿20降解效果的影响,结果表明,在给定实验条件下,双频降解效果优于单频超声波,且降解率随超声功率密度的增大而增大。酸性条件有利于酸性绿20的降解,当染料废水初始pH=4可取得最佳的降解效果;酸性绿20的降解效率随染料初始浓度的增大而降低,其优化初始浓度为40 mg/L。在反应体系中通入空气并投加H₂O₂,可取得最佳的降解效果。在优化实验条件下, 采用双频超声协同H₂O₂降解5 h,酸性绿20的色度和TOC去除率分别为94.6%和36.3%;分析降解前后的紫外可见光谱图可知,酸性绿20并非完全被降解为CO₂和H₂O,而是生成一些小分子有机中间体。     

Hydrocarbon degradation, plant colonization and gene expression of alkane degradation genes by endophytic Enterobacter ludwigii strains

The genus Enterobacter comprises a range of beneficial plant-associated bacteria showing plant growth promotion. Enterobacter ludwigii belongs to the Enterobacter cloacae complex and has been reported to include human pathogens but also plant-associated strains with plant beneficial capacities. To assess the role of Enterobacter endophytes in hydrocarbon degradation, plant colonization, abundance and expression of CYP153 genes in different plant compartments, three plant species (Italian ryegrass, birdsfoot trefoil and alfalfa) were grown in sterile soil spiked with 1% diesel and inoculated with three endophytic E. ludwigii strains. Results showed that all strains were capable of hydrocarbon degradation and efficiently colonized the rhizosphere and plant interior. Two strains, ISI10-3 and BRI10-9, showed highest degradation rates of diesel fuel up to 68% and performed best in combination with Italian ryegrass and alfalfa. All strains expressed the CYP153 gene in all plant compartments, indicating an active role in degradation of diesel in association with plants.     

Ecorisk evaluation and treatability potential of soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbon-based fuels

We used a series of toxicity tests to monitor oil degradation in the Kuwaiti oil lakes. Three soils from different locations with a history of hydrocarbon contamination were treated in bench-scale microcosms with controlled nutrient amendments, moisture content, and temperature that had promoted mineralization of total hydrocarbon and oil and grease in a preliminary study. Two hundred days of bioremediation treatment lowered hydrocarbon concentration to below 2 and 5 mg g(-1) for soils A and B, respectively, while in soil C hydrocarbon concentration remained at 12 mg g(-1). Although 85% of the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in soil A were reduced 50d after treatment, results of the seed germination and Microtox tests suggested an initial increase in toxicity, indicating that toxic intermediary metabolites may have formed during biodegradation. Also, the significant decrease of TPHs and corresponding high toxicity levels were noted in soil B 200d after bioremediation. Clearly, toxicity values, and not just hydrocarbon concentration, are a key factor in assessing the effectiveness of bioremediation techniques. Field chemistry data showed a significant reduction in hydrocarbon levels after the biological treatment. We concluded that the toxicity assessment of the contaminated soil with a battery of toxicity bioassays could provide meaningful information regarding a characterization procedure in ecological risk assessment.     

Effects of bacterial counts and temperature on the biodegradation of bisphenol A in river water

Total 15 surface river waters were collected from thirteen different rivers to investigate a relationship of bacterial counts and temperature to the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA). Autoclaved and non-autoclaved river water samples were spiked with 0.2 mg/l BPA. The spiked samples were placed at temperatures of 4, 20, and 30 degrees C and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. BPA was degraded at all temperatures in the non-autoclaved samples. However, BPA in the autoclaved samples was not changed at all temperatures for 20 d. These results show that the primary factor of BPA degradation in river water is bacteria. Moreover, three groups [group A (> 10000 CFU/ml), group B (2000-10000 CFU/ml), and group C (< 2000 CFU/ml)], were made on the basis of bacterial counts of the samples. Half-lives for BPA degradation in groups A, B, and C were 2, 3, and 6 d at 30 degrees C and were 4, 5, and 7 d at 20 degrees C, respectively. But at 4 degrees C, the loss of BPA was about 40%, 20%, and 10% in groups A, B, and C for 20 d, respectively. Bacterial counts exerted an influence on BPA degradation in river water with temperature. Our results also show that BPA-degrading bacteria are widely distributed in river waters.     

Assessment of a process to degrade metal working fluids using Pseudomonas stutzeri CECT 930 and indigenous microbial consortia

The development of a novel biological process to treat metal working fluids (MWFs)-containing effluents at bioreactor scale was pursued in this work. The bacteria Pseudomonas stutzeri CECT 930 was investigated for the first time as an alternative agent for MWF degradation. An adequate medium design and mixing and aeration system, as well as an appropriate microorganism proved to be crucial for reaching high levels of degradation by P. stutzeri and by an indigenous consortium (about 70% and 50% of reduction in total petroleum hydrocarbon content in less than 2 wk, respectively). Additionally, as there is no information in literature trying to kinetically characterize an MWF-polluted effluent degradation process, all the experimental data were fitted to logistic and Luedeking and Piret models, that allowed to elucidate the growth-associated character of the biodegradation process.     

Towards optimal sampling schedules for integral pumping tests

Ethanol use as a gasoline additive is increasing, as are the chances of groundwater contamination caused by gasoline releases involving ethanol. To evaluate the impact of ethanol on dissolved hydrocarbon plumes, a field test was performed in which three gasoline residual sources with different ethanol fractions (E0: no ethanol, E10: 10% ethanol and E95: 95% ethanol) were emplaced below the water table. Using the numerical model BIONAPL/3D, the mass discharge rates of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, trimethylbenzenes and naphthalene were simulated and results compared to those obtained from sampling transects of multilevel samplers. It was shown that ethanol dissolved rapidly and migrated downgradient as a short slug. Mass discharge of the hydrocarbons from the E0 and E10 sources suggested similar first-order hydrocarbon decay rates, indicating that ethanol from E10 had no impact on hydrocarbon degradation. In contrast, the estimated hydrocarbon decay rates were significantly lower when the source was E95. For the E0 and E10 cases, the aquifer did not have enough oxygen to support complete mineralization of the hydrocarbon compounds to the extent suggested by the field-based mass discharge. Introducing a heterogeneous distribution of hydraulic conductivity did little to overcome this discrepancy. A better match between the numerical model and the field data was obtained assuming partial degradation of the hydrocarbons to intermediate compounds. Besides depending on the ethanol concentration, the impact of ethanol on hydrocarbon degradation appears to be highly dependent on the availability of electron acceptors.     

PLA对土壤微生物生长的影响及PLA的生物降解性

从不同土壤环境中筛选出的4类不同土壤微生物91株,分别标记为细菌、固氮菌、分解纤维素菌和放线菌。然后通过将定量的聚乳酸（PLA）分别加入对应液态培养基中,恒温（30℃）摇床培养,连续测定这4类不同的土壤微生物对PLA的降解性能以及该种聚合物对各种微生物生长的影响。结果表明,虽然在自然界中PLA的降解率比较高,但不同类型的土壤微生物对PLA的降解性能却存在明显个体差异。在测试期内,放线菌对于PLA的总降解率最高;而细菌中RB-4的日降解率最高,达到3%左右;纤维分解菌HX-8及固氮菌RG-28的日降解率能达到2.4%。PLA降解产物对于细菌及纤维分解菌的抑制性普遍较强。     

Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in tropical coastal soils II. microbial response to plant roots and contaminant

Goal, Scope and Background.  The goal of this study was to understand the interaction between plants and microorganisms during petroleum-hydrocarbon bioremediation in Pacific Islands coastal soils. Total bacteria and hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms population dynamics were examined in the rhizospheres of tropical trees and shrubs, which were evaluated for their phytoremediation potential in a greenhouse experiment. The respective and combined effects of plant roots and diesel contaminant on the microbial populations were determined in relation to diesel fuel depletion. An increase in the size of the hydrocarbon-degrading populations of microbes, elicited by rhizodeposition, is generally regarded as conducive to an enhanced degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon polutants in veaetated soil. Conclusion  The results suggest the quality of the rhizodeposition is plant-dependent and governs the type of diesel-degrader populations that will be enhanced by a given plant. Recommendations and Outlook  In the proposed phytoremediation-benefit model plant roots maintain high levels of hydrocarbon de-graders in uncontaminated soil. When the root enters a contaminated zone of soil, those hydrocarbon degraders that prefer the contaminant would switch to the contaminant as a carbon source, effectively removing the hydrocarbons. If the root exudates and the contaminant are equally attractive to the hydrocarbon degraders, the contaminant degradation would be less effective.     

Anaerobic biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in soil

Known concentrations of phenanthrene, pyrene, anthracene, fluorene and acenapthene were added to soil samples to investigate the anaerobic degradation potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Consortia-treated river sediments taken from known sites of long-term pollution were added as inoculum. Mixtures of soil, consortia, and PAH (individually or combined) were amended with nutrients and batch incubated. High-to-low degradation rates for both soil types were phenanthrene > pyrene > anthracene > fluorene > acenaphthene. Degradation rates were faster in Taida soil than in Guishan soil. Faster individual PAH degradation rates were also observed in cultures containing a mixture of PAH substrates compared to the presence of a single substrate. Optimal incubation conditions were noted as pH 8.0 and 30 degrees C. Degradation was enhanced for PAH by the addition of acetate, lactate, or pyruvate. The addition of municipal sewage or oil refinery sludge to the soil samples stimulated PAH degradation. Biodegradation was also measured under three anaerobic conditions; results show the high-to-low order of biodegradation rates to be sulfate-reducing conditions > methanogenic conditions > nitrate-reducing conditions. The results show that sulfate-reducing bacteria, methanogen, and eubacteria are involved in the PAH degradation; sulfate-reducing bacteria constitute a major component of the PAH-adapted consortia.     

He-Ne激光诱变选育高效石油烃降解菌的研究

采用He-Ne激光器对绿针假单胞菌(Pseudomonas chlororaphis)进行激光诱变育种。在激光照射功率10 mW,时间10 min条件下,筛选到一株遗传性状稳定的高效石油烃降解菌PS 2。摇瓶实验发现当培养液中初始柴油含量为0.2%～0.5%(V/V)、温度为30℃左右、pH值为7～8的条件下,突变菌PS 2对石油烃的降解效果最好。在最适生长条件下,突变菌PS 2在120 h内将培养液中的石油烃完全降解且不存在延滞期,比出发菌株少用24 h。结果表明,He-Ne激光诱变育种技术是获得高效石油烃降解菌的有效途径之一。     

Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in tropical coastal soils II. microbial response to plant roots and contaminant

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to understand the interaction between plants and microorganisms during petroleum-hydrocarbon bioremediation in Pacific Islands coastal soils. Total bacteria and hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms population dyanamics were examined in the rhizospheres of tropical trees and shrubs, which were evaluated for their phytoremediation potential in a greenhouse experiment. The respective and combined effects of plant roots and diesel contaminant on the microbial populations were determined in relation to diesel fuel depletion. An increase in the grading populations size of the hydrocarbon-degrading populations of microbes, elicited by rhizodeposition, is generally regarded as conducive to an enhanced degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants in vegetated soil. METHODS: The soil was a coastal sandy loam (pH 7.8) which was artificially contaminated with 10 g of No. 2 diesel fuel/kg soil or left uncontaminated. The pots were irrigated with fertilizer and 1% NaCl. The enumerations were carried out in the contaminated and uncontaminated rhizospheres of three trees, kiawe (Prosopis pallida), milo (Thespesia populnea), and kou (Cordia subcordata) and three shrubs, beach naupaka (Scaevola sericea), false sandalwood (Myoporum sandwicense), and oleander (Nerium oleander). Unplanted control soils were included in the experiment. Total bacteria and phenanthrene-degrading bacteria were enumerated on plates. Diesel- and pristane-degrading microorganisms were enumerated by the most-probable-number technique in tissue-culture plates. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: All four types of microorganisms responded to the rhizosphere of the 6 plants in uncontaminated soil and to the diesel contaminant in unplanted soil. In contaminated rhizospheres, no effect of the plant on the hydrocarbon-degrader numbers was visible. Total bacteria responded more to the plant roots than to the contaminant. The phenanthrene-degrading bacteria and pristane-degrading microorganisms were more influenced by the contaminant than by the plants. The diesel-degrading microorganisms were equally stimulated by the plants and the contaminant. The numbers of hydrocarbon degraders were similar in the contaminated rhizospheres of the three effective plants (kiawe, kou, and milo) and in those of the three ineffective shrubs. CONCLUSION: The results suggest the quality of the rhizodeposition is plant-dependent and governs the type of diesel-degrader populations that will be enhanced by a given plant. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: In the proposed phytoremediation-benefit model plant roots maintain high levels of hydrocaron degraders in uncontaminated soil. When the root enters a contaminated zone of soil, those hydrocarbon degraders that prefer the contaminant would switch to the contaminant as a carbon source, effectively removing the hydrocarbons. If the root exudates and the contaminant are equally attractive to the hydrocarbon degraders, the contaminant degradaton would be less effective.