我国南方某铀矿井下典型工作场所气溶胶浓度分布特征调查

为了解我国铀矿井下典型工作场所内气溶胶粒子浓度及粒径分布特征,采用APS3321对我国南方某生产地下铀矿井典型场所内气溶胶粒子个数浓度和质量浓度进行了监测,得到了各监测点的PM2.5及PM10质量浓度,并分析了不同监测场所的气溶胶粒子个数浓度和质量浓度分布规律.结果表明:1)在机械通风条件下,风机房的气溶胶粒子个数浓度谱为双峰谱,南风机房与北风机房气溶胶个数浓度谱主峰在0.626μm左右出现(位于积聚模态区),次峰在4.698 μm左右出现(位于粗粒子模态区);其他监测场所的气溶胶粒子个数浓度谱为单峰谱,峰值在0.626 μm左右出现(位于积聚模态区);2)不同监测场所的气溶胶粒子个数浓度中位直径和质量浓度中位直径不同,其中气溶胶粒子个数浓度中位直径的均值主要分布在积聚模态区,质量浓度中位直径的均值分布在粗粒子模态区;3)部分监测场所的PM2.5与PM10质量浓度较大,超过了国家对大气环境的质量浓度限值.PM2.5与PM10的质量浓度比值代表了PM2.5占PM10的比例,在所监测的场所中,采场、风机房、物探站和坑口的PM2.5与PM10的质量浓度均值比小于50％,其中风机房的比值最小,约为4.8％;中段运输巷道、独头巷道和中段信号房的PM2.5与PM10的质量浓度均值比大于50％,其中独头巷道的比值最大,高达78.2％.     

燃放烟花爆竹对北京城区气溶胶细粒子的影响

为了研究燃放烟花爆竹对空气中气溶胶细粒子污染的影响,采用TEOM于2003年1月31日-2月25日对PM2.5和PM10质量浓度和化学成分进行了研究,分析了春节期间北京城区气溶胶细粒子的污染特征.结果显示: 燃放烟花爆竹会导致空气中PM2.5在短时间内上升到很高的水平,最大小时平均质量浓度达549 μg/m3,平均每小时质量浓度增加100 μg/m3左右.并且随着PM2.5质量浓度的上升,PM2.5在PM10中的比例也明显上升,两者质量浓度小时平均值的比值最大可达0.9.稳定天气条件下,燃放高峰期过后随着粒径在2.5～10 μm之间的较粗粒子的沉降(约需3～4 h),PM10的质量浓度下降,但PM2.5/PM10的比值仍持续偏高.燃放烟花爆竹导致PM2.5中以燃烧为代表的元素(S、P、As)、部分金属元素(Al、Fe、Ti、Se、K)、可溶性离子成分以及OC的升高.这些成分与烟花爆竹的金属粉末、无机盐类,以及复杂的S、P化合物等主要成分吻合.     

气溶胶在全混通风小室中浓度衰减的试验研究

研究了通风小室内不同粒径气溶胶颗粒(0.3 ～ 0.5 μm、0.5～1μm、1～2μm以及2～5 μm)的沉积率在6种典型室内换气次数(6.51h-1、7.81 h-1、9.11 h-1、10.42 h-1、11.72 h-1以及13.02 h-1)下的变化情况.采用安装Laskin喷嘴的QRJ-1型气溶胶发生器产生气溶胶颗粒,使用BCJ - 1D型激光尘埃粒子计数器测量室内一点的气溶胶颗粒浓度变化.结果表明,在上述6种换气次数下,气溶胶浓度的衰减均与时间近似呈对数关系.相同换气次数下,气溶胶颗粒的沉积率随着粒径的增加而增加;对于同一粒径颗粒,气溶胶的沉积率随着换气次数的增加而增加.换气次数在9.11 h-1以下时,增加换气次数对颗粒沉积率的影响显著;换气次数在9.11 h-1以上时,增加换气次数对颗粒沉积率的影响较小.在较小的换气次数下,颗粒沉积率的增加快于换气次数的增加;而在较大的换气次数下,增加换气次效时,颗粒沉积率的增加速度与换气次数基本一致,而颗粒被排风带走的比例较稳定.     

北京市区秋季气溶胶粒子浓度与特性参数的观测研究

对2010年10月和11月北京市区粒径小于2.5μm(PM2.5)和2.5~10μm之间(PM2.5-10)的气溶胶粒子质量浓度进行了观测和分析,同时研究了同期的Angstrom指数和散射系数等气溶胶特性参数的变化。结果表明,不同粒径颗粒物的质量浓度与气溶胶特性参数的逐时日变化明显。PM2.5质量浓度在凌晨5时至6时取得最小值,夜间20时至21时取得最大值;PM2.5-10质量浓度则在9时至10时和20时至21时出现双峰。气溶胶Angstrom指数在下午明显高于上午,最大值出现在16时左右;散射系数高峰出现在17时至18时。2010年10月7—9日出现了显著的灰霾天气,灰霾天气下PM2.5和PM2.5-10质量浓度均有明显增加。细粒子增多是导致PM2.5增加和Angstrom指数增大的主要原因。另外,灰霾天气期间散射系数迅速增大,非灰霾天(10月11日)的散射系数只有灰霾天(10月8日)的1.27%。     

2种铀矿井下常用口罩对气溶胶粒子的过滤特性研究

为探究铀矿井下常用的2种口罩对气溶胶粒子的过滤特性,在我国南方某铀矿山,利用APS3321型空气动力学粒径谱仪对井下工作人员常用纱布口罩和KN95型口罩的过滤特性进行了研究.井下气溶胶监测数据显示,该铀矿井下典型作业场所PM10的质量浓度介于0.069～ 9.800 mg/m3,个数浓度介于173.918 ～2 561.600个/cm3;PM2.5的质量浓度介于0.039～0.479 mg/m3之间,个数浓度介于173.100～2 556.382个/cm3之间.口罩过滤特性试验结果表明:1)KN95型口罩和纱布口罩对PM10的平均过滤效率分别为95％和76％,对PM2.5的平均过滤效率分别为93％和61％,可见KN95型口罩过滤效率明显高于纱布口罩;2)在0.5～3.5 μm粒径范围内,2种口罩对颗粒物的过滤效率均随粒径增大而增大,在3.5～ 10μm粒径范围内,2种口罩对不同粒径颗粒物的过滤效率均接近100％;3)无论从质量浓度还是个数浓度来看,经口罩过滤后的气溶胶粒子大多数分布在2.5μm粒径范围内,表明PM2.5是主要的气溶胶污染物.     

矩形风管局部构件与直管段气溶胶粒子沉降速度比较分析

气溶胶是影响室内空气质量的重要因素之一,室外的气溶胶粒子通过风管系统进入室内,严重危害人们的健康.本文用滑石粉模拟气溶胶粒子,对矩形风管系统(材料为镀锌钢板)的直管段、渐缩段和风阀等3个位置,测定了气溶胶粒子在不同风速和粒径下的表面沉降速度,分析了它们之间的关系.结果表明,风管断面的沉降速度随风速和粒径的增加而增加;同一风管断面上底面的沉降速度最大,侧壁面次之,顶面最小;渐缩段底面、侧壁面和顶面的沉降速度均比直管段大,风阀断面的沉降速度明显高于直管段.研究表明,风管系统底面及局部构件是积尘的主要部位,也是风管系统清洗的重点.     

滤料对微细粒子过滤性能实验研究

滤料是捕集微细粒子的最有效材料,其性能直接影响着除尘效果。本文研究了不同风速下不同克重、不同透气度的涤纶针刺滤料和PTFE水刺滤料的分级计数效率、PM_(2.5)计重效率性能。结果表明,过滤效率随克重的增大而增大,随过滤风速的增大而减小;如过滤直径为2.5μm的粒子,1.5 m/min风速下涤纶针刺毡的克重从500 g/m~2增加到600 g/m~2时效率从69.97%增加到81.84%;风速从1.5 m/min增加到3.0 m/min时,500 g/m~2涤纶针刺毡的效率从69.97%减小到44.69%。     

大叶女贞叶面结构对滞留颗粒物粒径的影响

为分析叶面微结构对滞留颗粒物粒径的影响,以分布较广的常绿植物——大叶女贞为研究对象,用激光粒度分析仪(湿法)测定叶面尘的粒径分布,用扫描电子显微镜和原子力显微镜观察叶面微结构;并用图像处理软件(图像法)分析叶面颗粒物的粒径特征,探讨不同测定方法对叶面颗粒物粒径分布的可能影响.结果表明,大叶女贞叶面滞留颗粒物粒径呈双峰分布,湿法测定的颗粒物粒径范围为0.4～ 52.6μm,粒径峰值为18.9 μm、36.2 μm,粒径均值为8.8 μm;图像法测定的颗粒物粒径范围为0.4～27.8 μm,粒径峰值为17.5μm、27.8μm,粒径均值为7.2μm.叶表面分布有大量的突起和凹陷,凹陷直径介于0.6～ 30 μm,直径小于2.5μm和10 μm的凹陷约占到总量的50％和80％.可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)主要滞留在叶表的凹陷结构中,有少量粒径大于10 μm的颗粒物滞留在突起之上.PM2.5和PM10的体积分数仅占滞尘总量的17.9％和50.4％(湿法)、16.8％和45.9％(图像法),但数量多于大粒径颗粒物,这与小粒径的颗粒在个数上占优势、但大粒径的颗粒则对叶面滞留颗粒物的质量(或体积)贡献较大有关.叶背面颗粒物附着密度较正面小,PM2.5等颗粒物多分布在气孔周围,有少量颗粒物沉积在气孔上,从而堵塞气孔.     

飞行时间-二次离子质谱技术在大气气溶胶研究中的应用进展

在简述飞行时间-二次离子质谱技术(TOF-SIMS)的基本原理、技术特点和优势的基础上,阐述了近年来TOF-SIMS应用于气溶胶表面化学表征、气溶胶粒子化学组成深度剖析、气溶胶表面化学反应、气溶胶粒子表面毒性,以及气溶胶污染源排放特征与污染源识别等方面的研究进展,并对TOF-SIMS技术在大气气溶胶研究中的应用前景进行了展望.     

空气净化器去除颗粒污染物的试验性能研究

便携式空气净化设备已经广泛应用于建筑物颗粒污染物的去除,然而大部分空气净化器名义过滤效率很高,实际净化效果却不太理想,针对造成二者差异的主要原因进行了试验研究,为空气净化器的优化提供理论依据。建立了一个标准实验室,利用推荐的香烟尘作为测试气溶胶对市场上存在的5种主流空气净化器的单通净化效率及实际房间的净化效率进行试验比较,并利用Lighthouse 2016激光粒子计数器及Dustrak 8530气溶胶采样仪分别对空气净化器净化悬浮粒子的计数效率(粒径≥0.3μm)及计重效率(PM_(2.5))进行了测量。通过理论分析发现,空气净化器的安装气密性及室内气流组织形式是影响空气净化器净化效果的2个主要因素。结果表明,过滤器安装气密性对粒径≥0.3μm颗粒物及PM_(2.5)净化效果的影响程度分别超过了8%和2%,室内气流组织形式对粒径≥0.3μm颗粒物及PM_(2.5)净化效果的影响程度约为30%和20%,二者对小颗粒物净化效果的影响程度均超过了大颗粒物。研究表明,室内气流组织形式对空气净化器净化效果的影响程度要高于安装气密性。     

Trends in occupational hygiene in Finland

The aim of this work is to evaluate and describe the current status of, and prospects for, the future of occupational hygiene in Finland. The main sources of information include a seminar held in the annual meeting of Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society and interviews with different stakeholders. Nanotechnology and other new materials, changing work environments, circular economy including green jobs, new medical methods and advances of construction methods were recognized as future challenges. Future work opportunities for occupational hygiene experts included exposure assessments in indoor air surveys, private consulting and entrepreneurship in general, international activities and product safety issues. Unclear topics needing more attention in the future were thought to be in new exposures, sensitive persons, combined effects, skin exposures and applicability of personal protective equipment. Occupational hygiene should broaden its view; occupational hygienists should have to cooperate with other specialists and grasp new challenges.     

Gender differences in DUI offenders in treatment in Texas

OBJECTIVE: This is a study of 8,464 adult women and 21,155 adult males who entered substance abuse treatment in Texas between 2000 and 2005. Participants were either on probation for driving under the influence (DUI), were referred to treatment by DUI probation, or had been arrested for DUI in the past year. METHODS: The female and male clients were compared on demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, DSM-IV diagnoses, and levels of impairment. T tests and chi square tests were used to determine significance and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of completing treatment and being abstinent at follow-up. RESULTS: The proportion of females who were sent to treatment as a result of DUI increased from 27% in 2000 to 32% in 2005. Females were significantly more likely than males to be White (73% vs. 56%), to have used substances a shorter period of time (17 vs. 19 years), to be seeking custody to regain their children (11% vs. 2%), to meet the DSM criteria for drug dependence (32% vs. 23%), to have injected drugs (31% vs. 23%), to have used substances daily (42% vs. 40%), to have a depressive disorder (16% vs. 7%) or bipolar disorder (12% vs. 5%), and to be have been in treatment before (60% vs. 49%). In contrast, males were more likely to be alcohol dependent (49% vs. 44%). Females were less likely to complete treatment (67% vs. 72%) and reported significantly more days of problems on the 6 domains of the ASI at both admission and at 60-day follow-up. Furthermore, at follow-up, they were more likely to be living with someone who abused alcohol or used drugs (9% vs.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although females comprised only 29% of the DUI treatment admissions, they were more impaired and experienced more problems than their male counterparts. The findings indicate that additional resources, including treatment for co-occurring mental health problems and living in sober households, may be keys to helping these women achieve abstinence and prevent additional DUI episodes.     

我国非煤矿山安全生产的差距

从我国非煤矿山安全生产立法、安全生产管理体制、监察执法、群众监督、宣传教育、科研、矿山企业等方面与国外矿业进行了对比分析，分析了我国非煤矿山存在的问题以及与国外的差距，最后分析了产生问题与差距的原因。     

Trends in occupational injuries and fatality in Turkey

Introduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend of occupational injuries in Turkey using epidemiologic criteria such as incidence mortality and fatality/all injuries recorded – rates. Materials and methods. Safety and health data were obtained from the Annual Statistic Books of the Social Insurance Institution (1988–2006) and Social Security Institution (2007–2011) of Turkey. Results. The results from the official data showed that although total employment is increasing the number of occupational injuries and incidence and mortality rates are decreasing. The results also demonstrate that occupational fatality/all injuries recorded – rate is increasing. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate per 1000 injuries increased to 25.5 in 2011 from 8.6 in 1988. Each work day an average of five people died because of occupational injuries. Discussion and conclusions. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate (the number of fatal cases per 1000 occupational injuries) is an important indicator of the injury rate for a country. Systems of occupational injury and illness surveillance constitute a critical resource for the management and reduction of occupational injuries and illness.     

Trends in chemical hazards in Japan

In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H₂S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].     

我国林区直升机吊桶灭火应用分析

直升机吊桶灭火是一项成熟有效的航空森林消防技术,是国外林业发达国家的重要森林消防手段。我国经过多年的探索和实践,已经在多数重点林区推广应用并取得成效。分析了直升机吊桶灭火的特点、机型和设备,对吊桶灭火的方法进行了探讨。     

Violence in the workplaces in Finland

The aim of this study was to describe violence in Finnish workplaces by comparing it with leisure-time violence. The data were derived from 13,762 interviews made from a representative sample of the Finnish population in 1988. The subjects were asked to report all the violent incidents they had encountered during the previous 12 months. There were 394 victims of violence in workplaces, that is, 40.6 victims per 1,000 workers. The rate of occupational violence was almost identical for males (40.6) and females (40.5). The most hazardous occupations were prison guard, police officer, and mental health nurse. The main reasons for violence at work were related to refusal of an authority's order to go away or to the relationship between doctor or nurse and patient. A typical assailant was an unaccompanied man who was under the influence of alcohol.     

Risk Assessment in the Working Environment in Estonia

The first step to chart hazards in the working environment in Estonia (labour force: 0.65 million) was taken by the National Board of Health Protection in the beginning of 1996.

The existing chemical, physical, and biological agents in the working environment were investigated with the help of local health inspectors in all counties. An identification of hazards and workers at risk was carried out. The results of the analysis showed that 16% of Estonian industrial workers are exposed to different hazards: 20,000 persons are exposed to noise, 11,000 are working in the conditions of vibration, 10,000 are affected by unsatisfactory microclimate, 6,000 complain about long-lasting work in a compulsory posture, the overexertion of eyes is suffered by 5,500 persons, and physical overload by 3,500 workers. In the group of chemical hazards the greatest numbers of workers are exposed to organic dust (6,500) and welding aerosols (5,400), followed by petroleum products (2,700), and oil-shale dust (4,300). The measurements of working conditions showed that an average of 30.3% of the results are above the standards. Proposals for the improvement of the situation in occupational safety and health are presented.     

我国化学品安全技术说明书(SDS)的管理现状研究

从分析我国化学品安全技术说明书的监管现状出发,研究对比了我国和国外在SDS覆盖化学品的范围、审核监督制度以及信息保密机制等管理技术方面的不同做法;指出我国对化学品安全技术说明书的监管在这三方面存在缺陷和不足;提出加强和完善化学品安全技术说明书的监管是提高我国化学品安全监管水平的重要手段;认为借鉴欧盟、美国和加拿大等国家的先进做法拓宽需要编制SDS的化学品范围、建立化学品安全技术说明书第三方检测制度、加强监督、完善信息保密机制将对促进我国的化学品安全监管水平具有重要意义。