我国饮用水中嗅味问题及其研究进展

综述了我国饮用水中的嗅味问题及其国内外研究进展,着重讨论了我国面临的饮用水中嗅味问题的现状、水中嗅味来源及饮用水中嗅味的定性定量分析技术、致嗅物质组成特性、典型致嗅物质的去除技术及工艺.旨在阐明除了土嗅素(geosmin)和2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)等微生物代谢产物外,硫醇硫醚类厌氧分解产物也是我国饮用水中重要的致嗅物质.硫醇硫醚类致嗅物质于2006年首次在东莞饮用水中发现,后被证明也是2007年太湖饮用水危机中的主要致嗅物质.Geosmin和2-MIB的吸附效果好于氧化,而硫醇硫醚类致嗅物质易于被氧化去除,不易被吸附去除.需要尽快开展我国饮用水中致嗅物质组成特性及典型致嗅物质去除技术和工艺的研究,形成应对不同水源、不同季节、不同致嗅物质嗅味的饮用水处理工艺.     

粘土吸附水中氟离子的研究

研究了粘土和明矾去除饮用水中氟离子的机理,探讨了pH值、溶液温度、氟离子浓度和吸附时间对粘土吸附饮用水中氟离子的影响.结果表明,粘土对饮用水中氟离子具有较好的吸附效果,是较为理想的饮水除氟材料.     

突发水污染应急处置技术方案动态生成模型及决策支持软件系统

突发水污染应急响应过程最为关键的需求是"应急处置",决策者需要快速准确地选择适宜的应急处置技术,制定应急处置技术方案.技术预案编制过程中只能依据典型污染情景提出应急处置工程实施操作路线,不可能穷尽所有可能情景,因此,有必要依据具体污染情景或工况动态生成处置技术方案.本研究将应急处置技术预案(方案)拆分为"案例-技术-材料"3个模块,系统地提出"相似历史案例筛选、应急处置技术筛选、应急处置材料筛选"三步筛选模式及决策模型,开发软件平台用于智能生成应急处置技术预案或方案.以2011年浙江建德新安江苯酚污染事件为案例进行验证分析,快速生成了基于吸附技术与混凝技术的处置方案.结果表明,该三步筛选框架、模型群组及决策支持系统具有较强的实用性和可行性,极大地提高了水污染应急处置技术筛选的效率和科学性,可为响应者实施突发水污染应急处置工程提供强有力的决策支持,在方法学上丰富了响应阶段的应急管理工具.     

富营养化水体中致嗅物质的产生及其去除工艺

提出生物法去除水中的异臭异味物质是一种效率高而费用低廉的有效措施,并对致嗅物质的去除机理进行了探讨。     

化工园区社会化环境应急处置队伍能力建设探索研究

本文论述了社会化环境应急处置队伍在突发环境事件应急处置过程中发挥的积极作用、队伍能力建设需要的各种公共资源、应急资源和技术平台支撑。分别从"事前预防、应急准备、应急处置、事后管理"等四个方面介绍了队伍能力建设的框架内容和要求,并着重介绍了应急准备和应急处置两个关键过程中的工作和具体要求,为高效、科学处置突发环境事件,推进社会化环境应急处置队伍建设规范化提供了有益的思路和参考。     

探讨生活饮用水中氨氮的污染问题

氨氮污染是我国饮用地表水中普遍存在的.本文对饮用水中三氮循环转化及其对人体健康可能产生的影响进行了探讨,对目前去除氨氢的最好方法是生物预处理技术.     

城市供水中藻类去除技术的研究进展

日趋严重的水体富营养化已成为全球性的环境问题,藻类及其副产物给传统净水工艺带来了诸多不利影响,增加了水处理难度。本文对饮用水中藻类各种去除技术进行了具体的论述,并系统分析各技术去除效果、局限性,展望了藻类去除技术发展前景。指出目前控制饮用水中藻类污染必须将水源污染综合治理、强化预氧化工艺、优化常规工艺结合起来。     

关于环保部门在饮用水备用水源污染事件应急处置中责任与作用的讨论

水是生命之源,是不可替代的自然资源。在经济发展和人类生活中发挥着重要的作用,获得充足、洁净的饮用水是城乡居民最基本的生活需要。社会对水的第一需求就是保障饮用水的安全供给。近来年,各地饮用水源环境污染事件频繁爆发。本文就2014年5月上旬笔者所在的长江下游北岸某市自来水出现异味,怀疑水源水质受到污染案例进行剖析,相关部门在水源污染应急处置事件中的责任进行探讨,同时环保部门如何在水源污染事件应急处置过程中如何发挥积极的作用提出对策和建议。     

豫鄂两省合作处置跨界突发水环境事件

近年来,我国跨界突发水环境事件频繁发生,严重影响人民群众生产生活和乍态环境安全,由于涉及不同的行政区域和利益主体,给应急处置工作造成了很大的难度.探索建立跨界突发水环境事件应急联动长效机制,是各级政府和环保等相关部门面临的一个重大课题.豫鄂两省唐河襄樊市双沟镇饮用水源水质超标事件的处置,为我们提供了成功的实践经验.     

高锰酸钾与粉末活性炭联用解决水厂致嗅物污染问题研究

饮用水中的嗅味问题一直是大众关注的焦点,会直接影响人们的生活质量,通常会产生土霉味的土臭素和二甲基异莰醇,常规工艺对其去除能力有限。本文以根本性去除水中异嗅味为目标,尝试采用高锰酸钾和粉末活性炭联用手段,有效解决原水致嗅物超标问题,是值得一用的解决饮用水嗅味问题的应急处理方案。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.