久效磷对海洋微藻毒性机理的初步研究Ⅲ.超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的变化

报道了久效磷对３种海洋微藻细胞内２种清除活性氧的关键性酶———超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的影响．结果显示：１在久效磷的胁迫下，扁藻和三角褐指藻细胞的超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性均表现出下降的总变化趋势，而叉鞭金藻细胞的ＳＯＤ活性时而上升，时而下降，在整个胁迫过程中呈现出无规律性的变化．２随着久效磷胁迫时间的延长，３种微藻细胞的过氧化物酶活性均逐渐下降，表现出相同的变化规律性．这说明不同的藻种，久效磷对其细胞内酶活性的影响不尽相同．推测超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性的降低是微藻细胞内过量产生活性氧，进而引起藻细胞膜脂过氧化伤害的主要原因之一．     

久效磷对海洋微藻毒性机理的初步研究Ⅲ.超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的变化

报道了久效磷对３种海洋微藻细胞内２种清除活性氧的关键性酶－超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化酶活性的影响。结果显示：１．在久效磷的胁迫下，扁藻和三角褐指藻细胞的超化物歧化酶活性均表现出下降的总变化趋势，而叉鞭金藻细胞的ＳＯＤ活性时而上升，时而下降，在整个胁迫过程中呈现出无规律性的变化。２．随着久铲磷胁迫时间的延长，３种微藻细胞的过氧化酶活性均逐渐下降，表现出相同的变化规律性。     

有机磷农药对海洋微藻致毒性的生物学研究Ⅰ．四种海洋微藻对久效磷的耐受力与其SOD活性的相关性

本文研究了久效磷农药对扁藻、三角褐指藻、金藻和盐藻的毒性实验。结果表明，四种海洋微藻对久效磷的耐受力依次为：盐藻＞三角褐指藻＞金藻＞扁澡。对微藻细胞内过氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性的测定表明，四种海洋微藻对久效磷的耐受力与其ＳＯＤ活性具相关性，耐受力最强的盐藻其细胞内ＳＯＤ活性较高，并在久效磷的胁迫下保持相对稳定；耐受力较弱的三角褐指藻和金藻其细胞内ＳＯＤ活性随着久效磷浓度的提高逐渐下降；而耐受力弱的扁藻在久效磷胁迫下，其细胞内ＳＯＤ活性迅速下降。因此，可从ＳＯＤ活性及其变化规律上判断久效磷对海洋环境污染的程度以及海洋微藻的耐受力。     

有机磷农药对海洋微藻致毒性的生物学研究

本文研究了久效磷农药对扁藻、三角褐指藻、金藻和盐藻的毒性实验。结果表明，四种海洋微藻对久效磷的耐受力依次为：盐藻〉三角褐指藻〉金藻〉扁澡。对微藻细胞内过氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性的测定表明，四种海洋微藻对久效磷的耐受力与其ＳＯＤ活性具相关性，耐受力最强的盐藻其细胞内ＳＯＤ活性较高，并在久效磷的胁迫下保持相对稳定?耐受力较弱的三角褐指藻和金藻其细胞内ＳＯＤ活性随着久效磷浓度的提高逐渐下降；而耐受力弱     

抗氧化剂对扁藻久效磷毒害的抑制效应

利用急性毒性实验和生化分析法对扁藻细胞的久效磷毒害效应进行了研究．结果表明,久效磷胁迫下,扁藻细胞产生了过量的活性氧．活性氧引起膜脂过氧化导致扁藻的伤害．培养基中添加１５ｍ ｇ／Ｌ维生素Ｃ,能将介质中的丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量从０．０８１μｍ ｏｌ·１０^-9ｃｅｌｌｓ降到０．０５２μｍ ｏｌ·１０^-9ｃｅｌｌｓ;维生素Ｅ及谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）也能降低膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛的含量,而人为发生的活性氧能够引起ＭＤＡ含量的升高．另外,活性氧参加了久效磷对扁藻的毒害,而抗氧化剂（Ｖｃ、Ｖｅ、ＧＳＨ）均能有效地抑制这种毒害效应     

久效磷对海洋微藻毒性机理的初步研究III.超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的变化

报道了久效磷对3种海洋微藻细胞内2种清除活性氧的关键性酶--超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的影响.结果显示:1.在久效磷的胁迫下,扁藻和三角褐指藻细胞的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均表现出下降的总变化趋势,而叉鞭金藻细胞的SOD活性时而上升,时而下降,在整个胁迫过程中呈现出无规律性的变化.2.随着久效磷胁迫时间的延长,3种微藻细胞的过氧化物酶活性均逐渐下降,表现出相同的变化规律性.这说明不同的藻种,久效磷对其细胞内酶活性的影响不尽相同.推测超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的降低是微藻细胞内过量产生活性氧,进而引起藻细胞膜脂过氧化伤害的主要原因之一.     

崂山啤酒厂、海藻养殖化工厂污水对扁藻的生长效应

本文通过对扁藻细胞的个体计数和叶绿素ａ、ＣＯＤ的测定，探讨了污水对扁藻生长的影响和扁藻细胞对污水的耐受能力。结果表明：（１）≤２０％（ｖ／Ｖ）浓度组啤酒厂、海藻养殖化工厂污水对扁藻生长无明显抑制作用，≥５０％（ｖ／Ｖ）浓度组使扁藻生长高峰滞后。（２）啤酒厂、海藻养殖化工厂污水混合排放能减轻对海域的污染程度。（３）污水的排放对海区浮游植物生物量和生产力的影响可能是安全的。     

有机磷农药对海洋微藻致毒性的生物学研究：Ⅵ.对硫磷对4种海洋 …

本文报道有机磷农药－对硫磷对４种海洋微藻的毒性效应。实验结果显示：（１）对硫磷对４种海洋微藻有较高的毒性，对藻细胞的生长和分裂有严重的抑制效应。（２）４种海洋微藻对对硫磷的耐受力有一定的差异，按由大到小的顺序依次为新月菱形藻〉盐藻〉金藻〉扁藻。（３）对硫磷能够引起叶绿素ａ的降解，随着浓度的提高，藻细胞叶绿素ａ的含量呈下降趋势。     

110mAg在几种海洋生物体内的行为

本文研究了扁藻、三角褐指藻、丰年虫对１１０ｍＡｇ的浓集以及１１０ｍＡｇ在两组实验条件下（天然海水与过滤海水）进入泥蚶体内的器官通道、积累器官分布及排泄。结果表明：扁藻比三角褐指藻早到达动态平衡，且浓集能力前者高于后者一个数量级，二者的浓集系数分别为１．０９×１０＾３、４．０６×１０＾２；丰年虫的无节幼体对１１０ｍＡｇ的浓集过程离散度较大，浓集系数在１．３×１０＾２￣１．５×１０＾２之间；泥蚶各组织     

有机磷农药对海洋微藻致毒性的生物学研究 Ⅵ.对硫磷对4种海洋微藻的毒性效应

本文报道有机磷农药——对硫磷对４种海洋微藻的毒性效应。实验结果显示：（１）对硫磷对４种海洋微藻有较高的毒性，对藻细胞的生长和分裂有严重的抑制效应。（２）４种海洋微藻对对硫磷的耐受力有一定的差异，按由大到小的顺序依次为新月菱形藻＞盐藻＞金藻＞扁藻。（３）对硫磷能够引起叶绿素ａ的降解，随着浓度的提高，藻细胞叶绿素ａ的含量呈下降趋势。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.