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1.
Rai S. Kookana Raymond L. Correll Rosalind B. Miller 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2005,5(1-2):45-65
Pesticide users, natural resource managers, regulators, government agencies and many others are concerned about the off-site
impact of pesticides on the environment. Systematic methods of the assessment of potential risk of pesticides to environmental
components can serve as valuable tools in decision making and policy formulation. Simple risk indicators have been developed
which cover a range of scenarios such as toxicity to organisms, health of farm workers, consumer health, and residues in harvested
produce. The authors have developed a software package named Pesticide Impact Rating Index (PIRI) that outputs an improved
pesticide risk indicator for water quality. PIRI is a standalone, user-friendly, platform-independent program. It can be used
to (i) rank pesticides in terms of their relative pollution potential to groundwater or surface water, and (ii) to compare
different land uses in a catchment or at a regional scale in terms of their relative impact on water quality. It is based
on pesticides use; the pathway through which the pesticides are released to the water resources (drift, runoff, erosion, leaching)
and the value of the water resources threatened. Each component is quantified using pesticide characteristics (including toxicity
to organisms at different trophic levels, i.e. fish, daphnia, algae, etc.), environmental and site conditions (e.g. organic
carbon content of soil, water input, slope of land, soil loss, recharge rate, depth of water table, etc.). This paper describes
two case studies of the application of PIRI in Australia. The comparison of the risk assessment by PIRI on these revealed
that PIRI correctly estimated the pollution potential of pesticides in greater than 80% of cases. A GIS version of PIRI is
described in a companion paper in this volume.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
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Based on a review of hundreds of environmental restoration program optimization reviews, this article describes management tools found in successful and efficient remediation programs. Projects that consistently struggled to achieve their objectives were observed to be missing certain, or to have inadequately used, these tools. The tools are articulated as best practices because when they are present and actively used, project shortcomings were minimal. Priority objectives for site owners and project managers include improving efficiency and effectiveness through performance management, reducing resource usage and energy consumption, ensuring protectiveness, and reducing uncertainty in management decision making. Restoring environmental resources damaged by historic waste management practices began in earnest in the late 1960s and early 1970s with the broad recognition of the problems caused by environmental discharges and spills when wastes are not managed appropriately. Under new regulations, soil and groundwater remediation projects could be, and were, conducted within a defined framework. The number and variety of restoration projects that were launched resulted in a slew of projects progressing through the stages of characterization, decision, and cleanup, and more were added to the cleanup process each year. In the 1990s, the Department of Defense noted that many cleanup efforts were projected to incur substantial operational, maintenance, and monitoring costs for decades into the future. This was correctly perceived as an opportunity to optimize those systems and programs, minimize costs, and reduce health and environmental risks. The best practices outlined in this article address management tools that were identified in optimization efforts that led to effective and efficient environmental remediation projects. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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Yuya Takuwa Tadao Matsumoto Kazuyuki Oshita Masaki Takaoka Shinsuke Morisawa Nobuo Takeda 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2009,11(4):305-311
Because landfill gas (LFG) contains an abundance of methane, the utilization of LFG as a renewable energy source is becoming
popular in many countries. LFG, however, contains various trace constituents, some of which may pose problems during utilization.
For example, siloxanes and halogenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can cause difficulties when present in the fuel of
gas engines. In addition, many VOCs and mercury have harmful effects on human health, especially on the health of workers
at landfill sites and people living near the landfills. Energy recovery from LFG is expected to make great progress in the
near future, particularly in Asia, but we found little information on the trace constituents of LFG in this region. Therefore,
we sought to characterize the trace components in LFG generated in two landfill sites in China and one site in Japan, to determine
the typical concentrations of these trace components in LFG, and to compare their concentrations among landfill sites in Asia.
We concluded that the trace components in LFG at the sites studied were mainly siloxanes generated from sewage sludge and
harmful benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene compounds from petroleum products. 相似文献
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Usha K. Vedagiri Richard H. Anderson Heather M. Loso Catherine M. Schwach 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2018,28(2):9-51
Making remediation and risk management decisions for widely‐distributed chemicals is a challenging aspect of contaminated site management. The objective of this study is to present an initial evaluation of the ubiquitous, ambient environmental distribution of poly‐ and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) within the context of environmental decision‐making at contaminated sites. PFAS are anthropogenic contaminants of emerging concern with a wide variety of consumer and industrial sources and uses that result in multiple exposure routes for humans. The combination of widespread prevalence and low screening levels introduces considerable uncertainty and potential costs in the environmental management of PFAS. PFAS are not naturally‐occurring, but are frequently detected in environmental media independent of site‐specific (i.e., point source) contamination. Information was collected on background and ambient levels of two predominant PFAS, perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate, in North America in both abiotic media (soil, sediment, surface water, and public drinking water supplies) and selected biotic media (human tissues, fish, and shellfish). The background or ambient information was compiled from multiple published sources, organized by medium and concentration ranges, and evaluated for geographical trends and, when available, also compared to health‐based screening levels. Data coverage and quality varied from wide‐ranging and well‐documented for soil, surface water, and serum data to more localized and less well‐documented for sediment and fish and shellfish tissues and some uncertainties in the data were noted. Widespread ambient soil and sediment concentrations were noted but were well below human health‐protective thresholds for direct contact exposures. Surface water, drinking water supply waters (representing a combination of groundwater and surface water), fish and shellfish tissue, and human serum levels ranged from less than to greater than available health‐based threshold values. This evaluation highlights the need for incorporating literature‐based or site‐specific background into PFAS site evaluation and decision‐making, so that source identification, risk management, and remediation goals are properly focused and to also inform general policy development for PFAS management. 相似文献
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Deficiencies in design and execution render stormwater‐runoff monitoring programs for many hazardous chemical sites inadequate for assessing the potential environmental quality and public health impacts of chemicals in the runoff. Two pervasive problems are the use of analytical methods that are inadequate for measuring certain hazardous chemicals at potentially hazardous concentrations, and the application of “criteria/standards” that are inappropriate for evaluating the environmental/public health impacts of chemicals. These concerns are most notable for carcinogens and chemicals that bioaccumulate in edible aquatic organisms, including arsenic, chromium, beryllium, mercury, dioxins, organochlorine pesticides (such as DDT), and polychlorinated biphenyls; unrecognized pollutants; and nanomaterials. In order to appropriately evaluate whether the runoff/discharge from a hazardous chemical site is a threat to human health, the analytical methods must be sufficiently sensitive in critical concentration ranges; sampling regimens need to be sufficiently rigorous to provide reliable characterization of the content of the runoff, receiving water, and, for bioaccumulatable chemicals, levels in edible organisms in receiving water. Proper sampling and analysis will then provide data to enable the appropriate criteria/standards to be applied. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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Schiopu N Jayr E Méhu J Barna L Moszkowicz P 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2007,27(10):1436-1443
According to the European Construction Products Directive (89/106/EC), construction products must satisfy specified essential requirements (ER). To comply with ER 3, on hygiene, health and environment, the construction works must be designed and built in such a way that they will not be a threat to the hygiene and health of the occupants and neighbours, nor to the environment. Standardised test methods for the release of substances that are hazardous to health and environment need to be developed at the European level. A horizontal approach is considered the best route for such test development and consists of the development of a test method applicable for different products used in a certain scenario (across the fields of different Technical Committees). The work presented here regards the emission of pollutants towards soil and water and has been carried out on monolith products, based on three types of matrices: concrete, wood and metal (zinc). The aim of the work is to study the parameters (nature of leachant, temperature, liquid-to-solid ratio) that could influence the release behaviour of substances in water. The knowledge acquired from these tests will allow the identification of some parameters needed for the development of a horizontal test. 相似文献
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Phosphorus (P) fertilizer is essential for food production and is a limiting factor in crop yields. However, the role of P in the eutrophication of surface water has long been recognised. During recent years, the input of P from agriculture to surface waters has increased and has been the focus for strategies aimed at mitigating diffuse P losses. As not all forms of P have the same availability, it is important to know the main forms of phosphorus in biowastes, and hence to develop fractionation schemes. The standards, measurements, and testing (SMT) procedure for phosphorus fractionation in freshwater sediments, developed within the framework of the Standards, Measurements, and Testing Program of the European Commission, was applied to 15 biowastes used frequently in agriculture, to obtain total P, inorganic and organic P, apatite P, and non-apatite inorganic P. The Hedley method was applied to determine the water-soluble phosphorus (WSP) in all the biowastes. In addition, the aluminium, calcium, and iron concentrations were quantified and related to the WSP. The results confirm the applicability of the SMT protocol to all kinds of waste usually applied in agriculture. The SMT protocol revealed the existence of large amounts of inorganic P and non-apatite inorganic P, the most-available forms of P for all the biowastes. The comparison of the data for total P (SMT protocol) and WSP (Huang protocol) does not show a good linear relationship between these parameters. Instead, the relationship between [aluminium+calcium+iron] and WSP is a better indication of the availability of P. 相似文献
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Arulrajah A Disfani MM Suthagaran V Imteaz M 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2011,31(12):2522-2526
The select chemical and engineering characteristics of biosolids produced at a wastewater treatment plant in Eastern Australia were investigated to assess its suitability as structural fill material in road embankments. Results of comprehensive set of geotechnical experimentation including compaction, consolidation, creep, hydraulic conductivity and shear strength tests implied that biosolids demonstrate behavior similar to highly organic clays with a higher potential for consolidation and settlement. Results of chemical study including heavy metals, dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (and derivatives) and organochlorine pesticides, indicate that biosolids samples are within the acceptable limits which allows their usage under certain guidelines. Results of tests on pathogens (bacteria, viruses or parasites) also indicated that biosolids were within the safe acceptable limits. Technical and management suggestions have been provided to minimize the possible environmental risks of using biosolids in road embankment fills. 相似文献
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Residents who lived within 50 miles of one of six major US Department of Energy nuclear waste sites were asked in 2005 and again in 2010 to rate environmental management options. Respondents expressed strong preference for continuously sampling the air and water, monitoring worker health, and providing training and equipment to local responders. They strongly supported some site restrictions, such as making sure that the federal government owns the site until no more hazards are present, keeping visitors and recreational users off the site, and requiring government officials to report information to community representatives. The public was much more equivocal about other options, such as restricting new nuclear‐related activities and requiring site managers to live near sites. The authors summarize factors that lead to these public preferences and discuss five population types encountered at these and perhaps other waste management sites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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Policy trends of e-waste management in Asia 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Agamuthu Pariatamby Dennis Victor 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2013,15(4):411-419
This paper examines the policy trends of electronic waste (e-waste) management in Asia. E-waste is a rapidly growing waste stream in the world today and is estimated to be growing at 3–5 % per annum. Fast paced obsolescence in the electronic sector has resulted in the generation of e-waste. There are concerns that e-waste generated in developed countries is ending up in developing countries especially in Asia resulting in adverse environmental and health impacts. Consequently, a number of countries in Asia are developing policy instruments to ensure the proper management of e-waste. These include e-waste regulatory frameworks, data and inventories, and infrastructure and capacity building. These trends indicate a positive development path towards sustainable e-waste management in Asia. Nevertheless, potential limiting obstacles for e-waste management in Asia may also include an over-reliance on legislation to drive e-waste management or the simplistic adoption of policies from developed countries without taking into context the local political, cultural and socio-economic waste management issues. Consequently, this paper suggest that e-waste policy development may require a more customized approach where, instead of addressing e-waste in isolation, it should be addressed as part of the national development agenda that integrates green economy assessment and strategic environmental assessment as part of national policy planning. In conclusion, policy trends of e-waste management in Asia appear promising provided there is a paradigm shift from an e-waste perception of an environment problem to a e-waste perception of a potential opportunity as sustainable national green growth strategy in Asia. 相似文献
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This study aimed to determine whether the waste management systems, that are presently applied in affluent countries are appropriate solutions for waste management in less developed regions. For this purpose, three cities (Vienna, Damascus and Dhaka) which differ greatly in their gross domestic product and waste management were compared. The criteria for evaluation were economic parameters, and indicators as to whether the goals of waste management (protection of human health and the environment, the conservation of resources) were reached. Based on case studies, it was found that for regions spending 1-10 Euro capita(-1) year(-1) for waste management, the 'waste hierarchy' of prevention, recycling and disposal is not an appropriate strategy. In such regions, the improvement of disposal systems (complete collection, upgrading to sanitary landfilling) is the most cost-effective method to reach the objectives of solid waste management. Concepts that are widely applied in developed countries such as incineration and mechanical waste treatment are not suitable methods to reach waste management goals in countries where people cannot spend more than 10 Euro per person for the collection, treatment and disposal of their waste. It is recommended that each region first determines its economic capacity for waste management and then designs its waste management system according to this capacity and the goals of waste management. 相似文献
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Previous research has established clear relationshipsbetween the chemical composition of surface waters andthe nature of their contributing catchments. Theserelationships are particularly strong when broadenvironmental gradients are considered. However, forfreshwaters at higher altitudes, some of the catchmentprocesses that mediate chemical composition are lessinfluential than those at lower altitudes. The waterchemistry of 85 upland lochs in Scotland, U.K. is examinedto assess differences in chemical composition along arelatively short altitude gradient. Principal componentsanalysis identifies the main gradients of variationwithin the dataset. A series of digital datasets is usedto characterise the catchments according to a range ofattributes including soils and landcover. Multivariatestatistical analysis is undertaken to examine the extentto which the catchment attributes can explain variationin surface water chemistry in upland systems. Theseempirical relationships may be used in the development ofregionalisation procedures, which will allow upscaling ofknowledge from individual sites to regions. 相似文献
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The high cost of landfilling and the potential uses of waste foundry sands have prompted research into their beneficial reuse. Roadways have a high potential for large volume usage of the foundry sands. A laboratory testing program was conducted on soil-foundry sand mixtures amended with cement and lime to assess their applicability as highway subbase materials. The mixtures were compacted in the laboratory at a variety of moisture contents and compactive efforts and subjected to unconfined compression, California bearing ratio, and hydraulic conductivity tests. The environmental suitability of the prepared mixtures was evaluated by analyzing the effluent collected during hydraulic conductivity tests. Finally, required subbase thicknesses were calculated using the laboratory-based strength parameters. The results of the study show that the strength of a mixture is highly dependent on the curing period, compactive energy, lime or cement presence, and water content at compaction. The resistance of foundry sand-based specimens to winter conditions is generally better than that of a typical subbase reference material. Laboratory leaching tests indicated that if these mixtures later come in contact with water that has been discharged directly to the environment (e.g., drainage through asphalt pavement), the quality of water will not be affected. 相似文献
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Jianxin Zhu Shaoguo Kang Yijun Xie Fushen Zhang 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2013,15(4):489-502
Life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out by SimaPro 7.3 to study the environmental impact of a lab-scale batch subcritical water decomposition operation for a kilogram of Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) waste treatment in this study, a proven process for the decomposition of PFOS pollutants with high concentration. This LCA focuses on not only the main environmental factors from emissions of toxic pollutants, but also the influence from technical characteristics of the iron-induced subcritical water technology including energy and substances consumption during the subcritical water decomposition treatment process. The IMPACT 2002+ environmental model was used to evaluate the 15 midpoint and 4 end-point environmental damages. It was found that the energy consumption to sustain the high temperature (350 °C) and high pressure (23 MPa) in the subcritical water process contributes 99.8 % of the damages. The total negative impact of the SCWD process for 1 kg of PFOS waste treatment to human health, ecological quality, climate change and resources amounts to 1.11 × 10?3, 8.43 × 10?5, 9.76 × 10?4, 9.05 × 10?4 Pt, respectively. And the improvement of energy efficiency and catalytic effectiveness are two important factors to reduce the environmental impact from the SCWD process for the treatment of PFOS waste. 相似文献
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Environmental technology development, like other ventures, requires decisions regarding where to invest scarce capital. The investment option that offers the greatest benefit relative to the cost should be chosen. The problem is to determine a way to analyze the project and apply a useful measure for comparison to other investment opportunities. In this article, three methods of analysis are presented: return on investment, benefit-to-cost ratio, and payback period. Formulas are developed for each of the methods, and a case study illustrates their application. 相似文献