戈壁地表风沙运动特征的野外观测研究

通过野外观测实验探讨了戈壁地表风沙运动的若干特征。结果表明:戈壁地表风沙活动层主要集中在距地表60 cm高度内;不同粒径沙粒输沙强度的垂向分布不同,以0.25~0.5mm为过渡区,0.25mm颗粒输沙强度随高度增大先增加而后按指数规律递减,0.5mm颗粒则随高度增加呈线性递减,且粒径越大,递减的梯度越小;风沙流中颗粒的粒度组成不仅受风速和颗粒起动风速影响,而且还与地表粒度组成直接相关;输沙率与风速之间关系服从指数规律,公式形式为q=α.eβ.u,其中α、β为相关系数,u为地面2m高处风速。     

紧密型栅栏对风沙流影响的实验研究

开展了紧密型栅栏阻沙的野外观测实验,探讨栅栏对风沙流粒度组成及输沙量的影响。结果表明:受栅栏影响风沙流中大粒径沙粒含量降低,小颗粒含量增加;沙粒越过栅栏继续随气流运动的能力与其粒径相关,以0.1mm~0.075mm粒径穿越能力最强,随着粒径的增大或减小这种能力逐渐减弱;粒径1mm的沙粒则很难通过栅栏;沙粒沉积主要发生在在栅栏前端,以粒径0.1mm沙粒为主,占沉积沙土总量的80%强。     

基于WRF模式的成都地区边界层污染气象特征研究

根据2013年成都地区的空气质量资料,对该地区的空气质量状况进行简要分析;并利用NCEP再分析资料,基于WRF模式对成都地区污染天气和清洁天气背景下的边界层气象特征进行模拟。结果表明:(1)成都地区冬季空气质量最差,春季和秋季次之,夏季最好。(2)WRF模式的模拟结果与实际观测结果基本一致。(3)无论是冬季还是夏季,成都地区均以偏北风为主,夏季风速明显大于冬季;随高度的增加,冬季风速逐渐增大,气流运动非常弱,夏季风速先增大后减小,气流以上升运动为主。(4)无论冬季还是夏季,西北部地面气温低,东南部地面气温高,且在成都市区附近均有一个高值中心,夏季气温高于冬季。(5)从边界层高度来看,西部明显低于东部,冬季和夏季在成都市区附近有一个高值中心,夏季显著高于冬季。     

成都市冬季一次重污染过程大气颗粒物粒径谱分布

为探究重污染天气过程中颗粒物数浓度水平和分布特征,利用电迁移粒径谱仪(SMPS)和空气动力学粒径谱仪(APS)等,对成都市2020年12月21～28日的大气颗粒物(12.2nm～20μm)数浓度谱进行观测分析。结果表明,污染期间颗粒物数浓度主要集中在积聚模态粒径段,数浓度谱呈三峰分布,主峰值出现在723nm左右,积聚模态颗粒物数浓度的增加是导致此次污染过程颗粒物数浓度快速升高的主要原因。各模态数浓度日变化特征明显,凝结核模态呈单峰分布,浓度高值出现在午间;爱根核模态与积聚模态呈双峰分布,浓度高值分别出现在午间和晚间。受站点周边交通源和生活源影响,颗粒物数浓度高值区主要分布在西北和东南风向1.0～1.5m/s风速下,相对湿度和能见度与积聚模态颗粒物数浓度相关性最为显著。因此,降低积聚模态数浓度有助于缓解颗粒物污染并提高大气能见度。     

潍坊城区大气甲烷浓度变化特征

为研究城区近地面CH_4浓度特征,于2015年在潍坊市开展了CH_4连续观测实验,分析了地面风向、风速对CH_4浓度的影响。结果表明,2015年潍坊城区CH_4浓度均值为1.411 mg/m~3,季节变化特征表现为冬季高、夏季低,月均浓度分布在0.872~1.788 mg/m~3之间;日变化呈现出单峰型形态,凌晨高、下午低;偏西和偏南风向上,地面风速越大,CH_4浓度越高,在偏东风向上,CH_4浓度随风速增大而减小。     

脉冲袋式除尘器过滤风速的确定

过滤风速的选择是设计布袋除尘器的关键。本文在对工程应用中的脉冲袋式除尘器相关参数测定后,采用数学拟合法,得出了过滤风速与烟粉尘粒径的对数成正比、与废气含尘浓度和废气温度成反比的数学关系,并建立了具体的数学模型。     

铅蓄电池厂铅污染土壤清洗剂的筛选及清洗结果研究

为探索不同清洗剂对铅蓄电池厂区内铅污染土壤的去除效果及铅在不同粒径土壤清洗过程中的行为,本研究通过设定清洗剂的浓度梯度,对土样粒径分级、设定清洗时间等方法进行研究。结果显示EDTA和EDDS对铅具有最佳去除率(B点土107.19%和96.49%);盐酸对A点土最佳铅去除率为49.57%,B点、C点土在99.03%和89.93%;柠檬酸对3点位土的铅去除率最大为39.51%;鼠李糖脂对3份土铅去除率均低于10%。EDTA和EDDS在高浓度铅的去除中表现优势;柠檬酸适合去除中低浓度铅;盐酸的使用需考虑土壤本身情况。粗沙粒和细沙粒中的铅去除率高,粉粘粒的铅去除率低;最佳清洗时长为240min。此外,土壤本身理化性质对清洗剂效果的发挥有影响,清洗剂浓度过高可能降低清洗效率。该研究可为铅污染土壤清洗技术提供科学依据。     

环冷机组TSP无组织排放溯源及影响因素分析

本文以中心虚点源法为基础,通过虚设源强与误差分析相结合的方式,对某烧结厂环冷机组面源TSP（总悬浮颗粒物）无组织排放的源强进行了反推计算,得到该面源在监测期间TSP排放量范围在12300 ～ 20790mg/s,最小总误差只有9.3％.其中16 ～30μm粒径段颗粒物占的比例最大达28％.并对这种系统误差浮动产生的原因进行了分析,发现选取较大风速条件进行模拟时可以减小系统误差.同时采用spss软件对源排放量与实际工况进行了多元线性回归分析,发现环冷机的颗粒物无组织排放与其核心生产原料混匀矿相关性最大,推测该环冷机组粉尘无组织排放量大的根本原因是机组的超负荷使用.     

一种自调节管束除雾器装置的实验研究

文章采用数值仿真结合实验的研究方式,对自调节的管束除雾器装置进行数值计算和现场实验,分析了当总烟气量变化时,自调节装置对管束除雾器所起的作用.结果表明:当总烟气量降低时,自调节装置可以自发关闭一部分管束,让其余管束除雾器在设计风速下正常工作.     

光热凝聚技术在新风空气净化装置中的应用

SINOCLEAN光热凝聚技术应用在新风系统及空气净化装置中是一种新的尝试。以具体产品为例进行实验,测试了SINOCLEAN凝聚技术对PM2.5净化效率的增强效益;研究了在不同风速时,凝聚单元所提高的效率值;通过对比SINOCLEAN凝聚单元开、关前后颗粒物的计数浓度和质量浓度,研究了SINOCLEAN凝聚现象对颗粒物作用的粒径范围。     

Short-term changes in mobile dunes at Port Alfred,South Africa

Development along the western beachfront of Port Alfred, which is situated along a sandy shoreline, increased markedly in the 1960s as the coastal town became a popular holiday resort. This development included the removal of coastal vegetation, which resulted in the destabilization of dunes and migration of sand westerly onto the road, West Beach parking lot, and lawns of the cabanas. Sand traps were constructed to collect sand blowing across the dunes over set periods, and the net sand movement along the mobile dune belt was calculated using Hunter's equation. The dunes show an easterly movement of sand at a rate of 3.5 m/yr, which is comparable with figures recorded along other areas of this coastline. Considering the wind regime and amount of sand movement along this coast, it is inappropriate to clear vegetation and develop within the dune region.     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WIND VELOCITY AND UNDERWATER IRRADIANCE IN A SHALLOW LAKE (LAKE OKEECHOBEE,FLORIDA, USA)1

ABSTRACT: Relationships between wind velocity and the vertical light attenuation coefficient (K₀) were determined at two locations in a large, shallow lake (Lake Okeechobee, Florida, USA). K₀ was significantly correlated with antecedent wind conditions, which explained as much as 90 percent of the daily variation in K₀. Sub-surface irradiance began to change within 60 to 90 minutes of the time when wind velocity exceeded or dropped below a threshold value. Maximum one hour changes in K₀ were > 50 percent, however, 20 to 30 percent changes were more common. The magnitude of change in K₀ varied spatially based on differences in sediment type. K₀ never exceeded 2.8 at a location where bottom sediments were dominated by a mixture of coarse sand and shells. In comparison, K₀ exceeded 9 during episodic wind events where the bottom sediment was comprised of fine grain mud. Underwater irradiance data can be used to determine threshold wind velocity and account for the influence sediment type has on K₀. Once a threshold velocity has been established, the frequency, rate, and duration of expected change in underwater irradiance can be evaluated. This is critical information for scientists who are studying algal productivity or other light-related phenomena.     

Dust dynamics in off-road vehicle trails: Measurements on 16 arid soil types, Nevada, USA

Soil analyses and measurements with the Portable In Situ Wind Erosion Laboratory (PI-SWERL) were conducted on 16 soil types in an area heavily affected by off-road vehicle (ORV) driving. Measurements were performed in ORV trails as well as on undisturbed terrain to investigate how ORV driving affects the vulnerability of a soil to emit PM10 (particles < 10 μm), during the driving as well as during episodes of wind erosion. Particular attention is paid to how the creation of a new trail affects those properties of the topsoil that determine its capability to emit PM10. Also, recommendations are given for adequate management of ORV-designed areas. The type of surface (sand, silt, gravel, drainage) is a key factor with respect to dust emission in an ORV trail. Trails in sand, defined in this study as the grain size fraction 63–2000 μm, show higher deflation thresholds (the critical wind condition at which wind erosion starts) than the surrounding undisturbed soil. Trails in silt (2–63 μm) and in drainages, on the other hand, have lower deflation thresholds than undisturbed soil. The increase in PM10 emission resulting from the creation of a new ORV trail is much higher for surfaces with silt than for surfaces with sand. Also, the creation of a new trail in silt decreases the supply limitation in the top layer: the capacity of the reservoir of emission-available PM10 increases. For sand the situation is reversed: the supply limitation increases, and the capacity of the PM10 reservoir decreases. Finally, ORV trails are characterized by a progressive coarsening of the top layer with time, but the speed of coarsening is much lower in trails in silt than in trails in sand or in drainages. The results of this study suggest that, to minimize emissions of PM10, new ORV fields should preferably be designed on sandy terrain rather than in silt areas or in drainages.     

Research on distribution performance of desert sand for heat storage in downcomer

In this research, desert sand is used as the sensible heat storage medium, which exchanges heat with air in the downcomer to realize heat storage and heat release. The desert sand distribution uniformity has a significant impact on the heat exchange performance and efficiency between desert sand and air for the process of convection in the downcomer. Given the superiority of sensible heat storage in convective heat transfer between desert sand and air, distributors with cylinder or conical bore solid particles and homogeneity performance testing device are designed and manufactured on the basis of convection system equipped with solid particle–air downcomer. Then, the convection experiment between solid sand and air is researched. The greater the desert sand flow rate and higher the volume density, the larger the variance of regional mass flow rate and the worse the homogeneity performance. For the cylinder bore distributor, the smaller the sand particle size is, the greater affected the sand groups can be. The sand homogeneity performance is preferable with the two particle size ranges: 0.18-0.25 mm and 0.15-0.18 mm. The total sand flow rate decreases, but the uniformity improves with the increase of the air flow velocity, and the best distribution performance is achieved at an air velocity of 0.6 m/s. However, the distribution performance declines with the air flow velocity persistently increasing because the sand groups are pushed to one pipe side close to the wall. The sand groups deflect seriously with the air flow velocity increasing.     

WIND GENERATED WAVES IN LAKE OKEECHOBEE1

ABSTRACT: The study of wind generated waves is important because waves affect sediment resuspension in lakes. Measurements of wind velocity and wave elevation were made at three different stations in Lake Okeechobee. Significant wave heights were computed using a direct count from the recorded data, and verified by the root-mean-square value approach. The correlation between wind stress and significant wave height also was analyzed. The data revealed a strong correlation. In addition to field measurements, a Boussinesq-type wind-wave model was developed to simulate wind-generated, long-propagating waves. This model included the effects of wind stress and bottom viscous dissipation. Wave elevation and velocity field were evaluated numerically. A six-day simulation using 1996 wind data was conducted. Simulated significant wave heights were found to agree reasonably well with measured values. A predictive wind-wave model provides information about wind generated waves, which is used to compute bottom shear stresses required for sediment resuspension studies.     

Green sand reclamation using a fluidized bed with an attrition nozzle

The objective of this study was to determine the technical feasibility of green sand reclamation using attrition in a gas–solid fluidized bed. Reclamation of foundry sand is becoming important as it may help solve concerns related to transportation and dumping of the used sand, and reduce production costs by recycling sand. The crucial step in green sand reclamation is the removal of small clay particles that are bound to the sand particles.For this study two different types of green sand were used and supplied by two different foundries. Tests were performed in a fluidized bed equipped with an attrition nozzle operating at pressures of either 350 or 550 kPa (50 or 80 psig). Attrition experiments for one green sand were performed on either unburned or burned (calcined) green sand, to determine the effect of prior calcination of the green sand on its reclamation potential by attrition. Calcination temperatures of over 700 °C were employed, and the results suggest that calcination facilitates the removal of clay from the green sand.Green sand was analyzed for clay and organic content, acid request, and particle size before and after attrition. Attriting calcined green sand produces the best results. Also experiments conducted at the highest attrition pressure of 550 kPa gave good results. According to the mass balance, the mass lost during the attrition process may be limited to less than 14%, and this could be considered acceptable. The volume of air required for the attrition nozzle is rather high and this may adversely affect the economics of the process.     

Simulated effects of crop rotations and residue management on wind erosion in Wuchuan,west-central Inner Mongolia,China

For decades, wind erosion has triggered dust and sand storms, buffeting Beijing and areas of northwestern China to the point of being hazardous to human health while rapidly eroding crop and livestock productivity. The EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate) field-scale simulation model was used to assess long-term effects of improved crop rotations and crop residue management practices on wind erosion in Wuchuan County in Inner Mongolia. Simulation results indicate that preserving crop stalks until land is prepared by zone tillage for the next year's crop in lieu of using them as a source of heating fuel or livestock fodder significantly reduces wind erosion by 60%. At the same time, grain and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yields were maintained or improved. Significant reductions in erosion, 35 to 46%, also resulted from delaying stalk removal until late January through late April. Yearly wind erosion was concentrated in April and May, the windiest months. Additionally, the use of alternative crop rotations resulted in differences in wind erosion, largely due to a difference in residue stature and quality and differences in biomass produced. As a result, altering current crop rotation systems by expanding corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and millet [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and reducing potato and pea (Pisum sativum L.) production significantly reduced simulated wind erosion, thus diminishing the severity of dust and sand storms in northwestern China. Saving and protecting topsoil over time will sustain land productivity and have long-term implications for improving conditions of rural poverty in the region.     

成都市温江边界层风场特征的研究

着眼于成都地区污染气象特征,利用温江2004年~2012年的地面观测资料及同期的探空资料,对该地区风场的统计特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)从风频而言,温江地面风春、夏、秋3季均以偏北风为主,冬季则以东北风为主,因此,全年的主导风为偏北风。(2)从风速而言,区域静风和小风频率较高,占全年的68.7%;近10年来,温江年和4季的平均风速均呈现出减小趋势。(3)基于修正的帕斯奎尔稳定度分级法,利用幂指数律公式拟合了风随高度的变化,发现风廓线指数比国标值偏高,并随稳定度的增加而增大。(4)风速、稳定度联合频率的大值区主要出现在风速小于3m/s、稳定度为D~E类。上述研究成果对区域大气环境规划和工程治理具有重要的参考价值。     

Distribution of lead in relation to size of airborne particulate matter in Islamabad, Pakistan

Airborne particulate matter (PM) collected from two sampling stations in Islamabad, Pakistan, was analyzed for lead content and size gradation. A high volume air sampler was used to trap particulates on glass fiber filters for 8-12 h on a daily basis. Lead was estimated using a nitric acid digestion based AAS method on 44 samples from station 1 and 61 samples from station 2. Particle size fractions were categorized as <2.5, 2.5-10, 10-100 and >100 microm. The correlation between lead concentration and particle size was investigated. The results from two stations indicated average airborne lead concentrations of 0.505 and 0.185 microg/m3. Enhanced levels of lead were measured at a maximum of 4.075 microg/m3 at station 1 and 4.000 microg/m3 at station 2. PM < 2.5 and PM > 100 were found to constitute the local atmosphere in comparable proportions. A comparison of the lead levels is made with the existing permissible levels of this element laid down by different international agencies.