山东寿光沿海湿地生态系统健康诊断

以寿光沿海湿地为例，运用二级模糊综合评判模型对湿地生态系统的健康进行了综合评价。首先从湿地生态特征、整体功能特征及外部社会环境三方面选取23项评价指标，构建了寿光沿海湿地生态系统健康的综合评价体系，整个指标体系分为单项指标、亚类指标和综合指标三个层次：然后进一步把评价指标划分为很健康、健康、亚健康、疾病4个等级，运用定量、半定量与定性相结合、定性描述等多种手法界定了等级划分标准，确定了各指标的等级隶一度，构造了隶属评判矩阵；通过专家咨询法．确定了各指标的权重，构造了权重向量；最后，运用加权平均型二级模糊综合评判模型对寿光沿海湿地生态系统健康逐级进行评价。评价结果显示，该温地系统在最大隶属程度上处于亚健康状态。     

循环经济创新评价指标体系研究

循环经济是绿色、低碳的可持续发展模式。实践充分证明,发展循环经济必须以创新为动力。循环经济创新是一项涉及面广、综合性很强的系统工程。为了科学地评价循环经济创新状况,构建一套设计合理、操作性较强的循环经济创新评价指标体系,为循环经济管理及其创新提供数据支持是十分必要的。本文根据循环经济理论,依据目前我国循环经济发展及循环经济创新情况,提出了构建循环经济创新评价指标的原则,并提出了涵盖9个一级指标、52个二级指标的评价体系。根据我国循环经济发展实际以及国家经济政策等综合考量,设置出了体现我国国情的循环经济创新评价指标体系的指标评分标准。主要用于对全社会和各地循环经济创新状况进行总体的定量判断,为循环经济发展提供依据和指导。     

节约型社会评价指标体系构建及应用研究

为了评价节约型社会建设水平,根据建设节约型社会的内涵,遵循指标体系构建的一般原则,借鉴相关研究成果,采用专家咨询法,构建了由生产成本型节约、消费适度型节约、效率提高型节约、循环利用型节约、环境保护型节约、资源储备型节约、文化制度型节约7个准则层共47个指标组成的评价指标体系,并用该指标体系对全国各省市区进行了横向比较应用研究。用因子分析法计算了各省份各准则层节约分值及综合节约分值。用聚类分析法将各省份分成3种节约类型：相对高度节约类型、相对中度节约类型、相对低度节约类型。研究结果表明,属于相对高度节约和相对中度节约类型的省份位于东部沿海地区,经济增长正向集约型转变,产业结构向高级化转变,人们的节约意识较强;属于相对低度节约类型的省份位于中西部地区,经济增长方式仍是粗放型,产业结构仍处低水平状态。最后,提出了一些政策建议。     

两型社会的综合评价研究

在熵模糊物元分析的基础上,结合模糊集合理论和欧式贴近度的概念,建立了资源节约型、环境友好型社会建设进程的综合评价模型,并以青岛市的资源节约型、环境友好型社会的建设进程监测为例进行了实证分析.该模型将资源节约型、环境友好型社会建设进程中各待评年度的资源节约和环境友好能力作为物元,在计算欧式贴近度时,采用熵值法确定权重系数.计算结果表明,该模型方法能够有效实现对青岛市2004 - 2009年度资源节约型、环境友好型社会建设进程及能力状况的识别与排序,评价结果与实际情况吻合较好,表明熵模糊物元分析方法合理、可行.     

小城镇生态环境质量评价指标体系的构建——以湖北省鄂州市杜山镇为例

近年来,中国小城镇生态环境质量恶化趋势明显,同时相应的综合评价研究也逐步深入.然而,目前对小城镇生态环境质量评价指标体系仍没有一个统一的规范,对小城镇生态环境质量评价指标体系确定的方法的研究也稍显单薄.采用频率统计法、理论与实际分析法、特尔菲专家咨询法和相关性分析法对预选指标进行层层筛选,构建了由自然资源、区域环境水平和区域社会经济水平3个层面、12个分项、29个单项评价因子组成的评价指标体系.该评价指标体系基本上涵盖了小城镇生态环境质量的主要方面,可以比较全面、客观地反映小城镇生态环境质量状况.通过生态环境质量评价检验结果表明,基于该指标体系的生态环境质量评价与实际情况相符.     

“两型社会”建设环境指标体系研究

为了表征"两型社会"建设的环境状况和趋势,需要构建"两型社会"建设环境指标体系。环境指标体系首先应该要满足科学、功能和实际的需要;再次目前大量的技术方法已经运用来发展环境指标体系。本文在对"两型社会"理念内涵进行深入研究的基础上,从环境与资源保护的视角,基于OECD推荐使用的PSR模型构建了包含13个环境主题,53个指标的"两型社会"建设环境指标体系。该指标体系可望为环境政策制定提供信息支持,亦可为综合评价计算模型的建立提供基础。     

基于生态系统理论的人才生态环境评价指标体系构建

在经济全球化的今天,人才已成为各国争夺的核心战略性资源,而人才的竞争本质上是人才生态环境的竞争。中国人才流失问题一向严重,优化中国的人才生态环境,对中国发展至关重要。本文以生态系统理论为基础,在梳理现有的人力资源生态系统指标体系基础上,建立了基于生态系统理论的人才生态环境评价指标体系初始模型。之后通过实证研究,对模型进行了优化。最终,本文确立了包含4个二级指标以及10个三级指标的人才生态环境评价指标体系。根据该体系,可以全面地反映本地区人才生态环境建设中的问题,从而为合理的解决这些问题和优化整个人才生态环境提供科学可靠的决策依据。同时,本文在研究时还引入时间系统进行评价,提出要能够识别出处在不同职业生涯发展阶段的人才的特点和需求,从而更好的建设人才生态环境,吸引并留住人才。     

草原旅游发展中旅游管理部门环境意识的调查研究

根据环境意识结构．设计了旅游管理部门环境意识调查问卷。其主要的指标体系包括：旅游环境知识水平、旅游环境态度、旅游环境评价和旅游环境行为四个方面。对指标体系各部分之间以及每一指标部分的每一题目之间的相对重要性进行权重的确定．而且对各部分的每道题目的各个选项予以赋分。基于权重和赋分．结合调查问卷的实际情况，设计了指标体系各部分评价模型和环境意识总体评价模型。以此来计算草原旅游发展中旅游管理部门环境意识水平的综合得分。经过分析得知，旅游管理部门环境意识模式是“环境知识制约型”模式。     

以物质流分析方法为基础核算我国循环经济主要指标

为更好地推动我国循环经济建设的发展，需要建立一套用于评价循环经济发展的指标体系。介绍当前国际上通用的分析资源利用的物质流分析（MFA,Material Flow Analysis）方法，以及结合我国国情建立的我国发展循环经济的几个关于资源利用的主要指标。根据这些指标，分析了我国2000-2003年直接资源投入量的变化趋势以及与其他发达国家的差异和差距；并通过对2000年和2003年中国物质流发展趋势的分析，对中国循环经济的进展进行了评估。结果表明，以上述循环经济的评价指标为基础，确立我国循环经济发展目标，制定我国循环经济战略具有重要的意义。     

区域水资源可持续利用评价的FAHP-PP模型

正确评价区域水资源可持续利用，对区域社会、经济的可持续发展以及生态环境的良性循环都具有重要意义，而区域水资源可持续利用指标体系及评价方法研究是水资源可持续利用研究的基础。借鉴现有评价指标体系的优点，并充分考虑现有评价指标体系所忽略的某些环境因素对水资源可持续利用的影响，针对区域社会-经济-环境复合系统的特点，提出了由区域水资源条件、水资源开发利用程度、区域水资源与社会协调程度、区域水资源与环境协调程度4个子系统及评价指标组成的区域水资源可持续利用评价指标体系。根据水资源系统的随机性、模糊性等特性以及系统评价的公正、客观要求，为规避评价方法的主观性与客观性影响，分别应用主观性较强的模糊层次分析法（FAHP）与客观性较强的投影寻踪模型（PP）对区域水资源可持续利用水平进行评价，并将两种方法的评价结果进行加权求和以实现优势互补，以此建立了区域水资源评价的一种新模型（FAHP PP），然后通过以上海市1998～2007年水资源可持续利用情况为例对该评价指标体系的合理性及方法的有效性进行了说明.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.