欧洲的恶臭污染法规及测试技术进展

欧洲城市中人口密度的增加导致了严重的恶臭污染,几百年来,各种有关恶臭污染的法规相继出台。在过去的30年中,恶臭测试方法有所发展,人们不再轻信环境健康工作者的主观判断,而是将恶臭测试推向定量化的轨道。根据恶臭排放测试,扩散模式以及恶臭标准(以定量恶臭性质的影响研究为基础,确定恶臭污染的可忍受程度),荷兰率先推动了恶臭量化管理趋势。恶臭标准根据各行业的恶臭污染的具体程度制定。嗅觉计测试臭气浓度是一项可靠的技术,目前已经写入欧洲标准(EN13725:2003),将嗅觉计测试法和日本的三点式比较臭袋法进行比较,发现结果具有显著的一致性。嗅辨员的严格筛选也是促成其一致性的关键因素。     

培养基对大型溞(Daphnia magna)生长、繁殖和子代的影响

大型溞(Daphnia magna)急性活动抑制试验和繁殖试验是研究和评价新化学物质对水生生物危害性的重要手段之一。由于经济合作与发展组织(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD)测试导则推荐的Elendt M4培养基中含有的乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)可能会影响金属离子的活性,不适合用于含有金属离子样品的毒理学测试。为选出合适的替代培养基,采用Elendt M4培养基、美国材料与试验协会(American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM)推荐的ASTM培养基和国际标准化组织(International Organization for Standardization, ISO)推荐的ISO培养基进行大型溞繁殖试验,并收集繁殖试验中亲溞产下的非头胎幼溞进行重铬酸钾的急性活动抑制试验。结果表明,3种培养基对大型溞的生长、存活均无抑制作用,ASTM培养基和ISO培养基中大型溞的繁殖量分别为111±10和70±13,显著低于Elendt M4培养基的132±4 (P 0.05)。3种培养基中大型溞的繁殖量均能满足OECD 211-2012大型溞繁殖试验标准中繁殖量大于60的要求,但在ISO培养基中有死胎出现。重铬酸钾对Elendt M4培养基、ASTM培养基和ISO培养基中繁殖幼溞的24 h半数效应浓度(24 h-EC_(50))值分别为1.29、1.84和0.772 mg·L~(-1),均在OECD 202-2004大型溞急性活动抑制试验标准要求的0.6～2.1 mg·L~(-1)范围内,说明3种培养基中繁殖的大型溞均能用于大型溞急性活动抑制试验的标准测试中。综上所述,进行含有金属离子样品的毒理测试时,ASTM培养基和ISO培养基均可用于大型溞的短期驯养和急性活动抑制试验,ASTM培养基还可以用于长期驯养和繁殖试验。以上结果为大型溞毒性试验中试验培养基的选择提供理论依据。     

国际组织为邻苯二甲酸酯制定了新的全球标准

2013年6月25日来源:ASTM国际组织ASTM国际组织(ASTM International)为确定一系列被用作增塑剂,并且依据欧盟和美国的法规禁止在某些产品中使用的邻苯二甲酸酯发布了一项新的标准试验方法。ASTM的一个分析方法小组委员会开发了该试验方法(ASTMD7823),该方法使用热解吸气相色谱-质谱分析法(GC-MS)来确定一系列的邻苯二甲酸酯,包括邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二     

生物滤池处理生活垃圾恶臭

采用植物纤维性材料作为生物滤池滤料，接种人工培养的芽抱杆菌、酵母菌等14种不同的微生物。以NH3、H2S为检测指标，研究生物滤池脱除生活垃圾恶臭的可行性及其工艺，分析气体流量、进气总量和洗气装置对恶臭气体去率的影响。实验表明在维持一定恶臭气体进气浓度，气体流量Q≤48m3/h的情况下，生物滤池对恶臭气体具有较高的去除率；对滤料中微生物的分析表明，酵母菌、乳酸菌是生活垃圾脱臭的主要功能菌。     

溶剂萃取和气相色谱质谱联用测试PVC玩具中的邻苯二甲酸脂

对聚氯乙烯(PVC)中增塑剂的检测一般是参照ASTM D3421-75法.2004年,区盟和美国同时发布PVX中增塑剂的检测方法,分别为欧盟的EN 14372,2004和美国的ASTM D7083-04,我国也制定了相应的推荐性标准,如:GB/T 20388-2006.     

恶臭污染评价分级方法

恶臭污染的定量评价分级是评价恶臭污染状况的重要依据,但目前我国还没有成熟的恶臭污染分级标准.在分析了国外臭气强度标准的基础上,结合韦伯-费希纳公式,计算臭气浓度与臭气强度的对应值,以臭气强度的嗅觉感觉和丰富的实验经验为依据,将恶臭污染程度初步划分为5级,并对分级结果的科学性和合理性进行实验验证.     

高尔夫球场土壤和水中毒死蜱农药残留的测定

介绍了土壤和水样中毒死蜱农药残留的测定方法 ,并应用该方法调查了某地高尔夫球场使用毒死蜱农药后对周围土壤和地表水的污染影响。测定结果表明 ,在调查区范围内 ,地表水中毒死蜱农药的浓度小于 0 .4μg/L。参照国外有关标准 ,它低于美国健康与福利部 (MHW)制定的高尔夫球场饮用水中允许的残留值 (毒死蜱 :4μg/L )。     

畜禽养殖恶臭物质组成与测定及评估方法研究进展

随着我国畜禽养殖业的迅速发展,恶臭已成为引发周边居民投诉和纠纷的主要环境问题,严重制约了畜禽养殖业的可持续发展。因此,识别畜禽养殖恶臭来源及物质组成、总结恶臭测定技术和了解恶臭表征与评估方法,对于科学评估恶臭危害进而针对性地提出控制措施具有重要意义。系统梳理了畜禽恶臭物质的主要组成与特征,对比分析了畜禽恶臭主要测定技术的优缺点,讨论了主要的恶臭表征评估方法。畜禽恶臭中起关键作用的物质主要是挥发性脂肪酸类、含硫化合物、芳香族化合物(主要是酚类和吲哚)以及氨和挥发性胺类4类物质。畜禽恶臭的测定方法大致分为仪器分析法和嗅觉法2类,2类方法各有优劣。在分析现有恶臭成分的基础上,判别畜禽恶臭的关键物质,实现畜禽恶臭的现场连续监测是今后研究的热点。针对恶臭成分的复杂性,构建恶臭物质浓度与恶臭强度间的合理转化关系是进行恶臭评估的一种可行方法。     

膜生物反应器高度净化有机物的特性

分别采用膜生物反应器(MBR)和普通生物反应器(CSTR)对苯胺废水进行处理，结果表明MBR处理效果优于CSTR，处理水苯胺浓度接近动力学极限浓度。测定了两种反应器中微生物的最大比基质利用速率qmax分别为2．084d^-1和1．650d^-1，亲和常数Ks值分别为0．237mg／L和0．309mg／L。间歇试验证明MBR能富集培养基质亲和性高的专一性微生物。这类微生物降解速率不随基质浓度而变化，且能更彻底地降解有机物，适用于微量有机物的高度净化。     

非洲爪蟾胚胎用于发育神经毒性测试的方法

在美国材料与测试协会(ASTM)的非洲爪蟾胚胎致畸试验(FETAX)的基础上,以已知具有发育神经毒性的氯化甲基汞为模式化合物,探索一种以体征、运动神经元形态和运动行为参数为终点指标的研究发育神经毒性的方法.非洲爪蟾胚胎暴露氯化甲基汞3 d时,观察到暴露组胚胎的运动能力随暴露浓度(100—400 nmol·L-1)的增加而减弱.暴露4 d发现300 nmol·L-1和400 nmol·L-1暴露组胚胎体长和运动神经元明显短于对照组.暴露持续7 d,通过行为分析软件对蝌蚪运动行为定量,发现暴露处理的蝌蚪的游泳速率明显小于对照组.以上结果显示,非洲爪蟾胚胎可用来研究化学品的发育神经毒性,胚胎的体征、运动神经元形态和运动行为可以作为相对敏感的评价指标.     

臭气浓度标准的制定方法

本文首先介绍了天津市恶臭污染物排放标准中臭气浓度标准制定的程序、方法、步骤及有关参数确定要素。并将天津市的臭气浓度排放标准与日本、美国及我国台湾省的同类标准进行了分析比较。     

Measurement of Odor-Plume Structure in a Wind Tunnel Using a Photoionization Detector and a Tracer Gas

The patterns of stimulus available to moths flying along pheromone plumes in a 3-m-long wind tunnel were characterized using a high frequency photoionization detector in conjunction with an inert tracer gas. Four contrasting flow regimes and source conditions were produced: odor released in pulses from a vertical and horizontal array of four sources, odor released continuously from a point source, and odor released continuously from a point source into an oscillatory wake. Although the four flow regimes produced plumes of intermittent and fluctuating concentration, there were considerable differences in the structure of the signal presented to the sensor. Pulses of tracer gas released at 10 Hz retained most of their longitudinal and lateral separation. The plume growing in the disturbed flow (`oscillatory'), was broader in its lateral extent than the plume growing in an undisturbed flow (`continuous'), and the concentrations in the former were lower at each downstream position. The signal recorded in the disturbed flow had higher intermittency, but the ratio between the peak concentration and the signal mean was lower than in the continuous plume. Time scales were typically longer in the tunnel than in a field setting, but length scales and the main features of intermittency and fluctuation were similar. Moths flying along plumes of pheromone in this and similar wind tunnels typically slow their velocity and narrow the lateral excursions of their flight track as they approach a pheromone source. Which features of the plumes measured in this study account for these behavioral reactions remains to be determined.     

Standard purity and response factors of perfluorinated compounds

It has been reported that the relative response factors of isotopically labeled standards and unlabeled standards of the same perfluorinated compounds could be different. Individual (100 ng mL^?1) solutions of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry under negative-ion electrospray to detect any impurities present down to 0.5%–0.1% relative to the major component. Purity of the standards ranged from approximately 86% to ≥ 97%. Standard solutions of unlabeled and isotopically labeled materials were analyzed to compare the response factors of isotopically labeled analytes versus their nonlabeled counterparts in three different matrices at equivalent concentrations: organic solvent (methanol), serum extract, and water present individually and concurrently. Not all labeled analytes have the same response factor as their nonlabeled complement, and in at least one case the matrix in which the standard is present may cause significant suppression of response. Standard solutions of electrochemical fluorination produced PFOA and PFOS were quantified under multiple reaction monitoring mode, using calibration curves prepared from standards consisting primarily of linear standards only. The use of linear only standards may cause under-prediction of concentrations, and that the working range of these standards may be limited.     

气浮中试工艺中若干运行参数

为找出气浮(DAF)工艺的最佳运行工艺参数,对影响气浮工艺出水效果较大的预处理条件、混凝剂投量、水力负荷、水力条件、回流比、刮渣周期等运行参数做了大量的中试试验研究,发现适当的预臭氧处理可以提高UV254的去除,预加氯可以提高对浊度和藻类的去除,预加高锰酸盐可以提高对浊度、藻类、嗅味和UV254等的去除,预加粉末活性炭可以提高对有机物、色度、嗅味的去除,混凝剂投量从10 mg/L增加到50 mg/L,气浮工艺对有机物的去除率提高了30%~40%,水力负荷越高气浮出水浊度越高,回流比越大气浮出水浊度越低,气浮池过长的刮渣周期也会降低出水水质。总之,合理调整气浮池的工艺参数,可以提高气浮出水水质,降低运行成本。     

水体沉积物质量基准研究现状

沉积物质量基准是对水质基准的补充,对水质管理具有重要意义。目前国际上沉积物质量基准计算方法有十几种。对各种方法的理论基础、数据需求、适用范围等方面进行了概述之后,综合分析了各种方法的理论基础。研究结果认为,应将建立沉积物质量基准的方法分为以生物效应数据为基础的生物效应数据库法和以相平衡分配原理为依据的相平衡分配法。而根据统计方法不同,生物效应数据库法又分为单值基准、双值基准和三轴图法。同时还对美国、加拿大、荷兰、英国、澳大利亚和新西兰的沉积物质量基准研究发展和应用概况进行了分析。结合我国实际情况认为,依赖于大量生物效应数据的生物效应数据库法,目前在我国的适用范围有限,只能用于推导少数几种污染物的基准值。相平衡分配法具有可靠的理论基础而且不需要大量的生物效应数据,具有很大的发展潜力。因此,对于目前沉积物质量基准研究处于初级阶段的我国,更适合使用相平衡分配法计算污染物沉积物质量基准。     

Scavenging deep-sea amphipods: Effects of food odor on oxygen consumption and a proposed metabolic strategy

In situ respiration rates as a response to the odor of food were measured for two species of scavenging amphipods, Paralicella caperesca from 3 650 m in the western North Atlantic Ocean and Orchomene sp. B from 1 300 m in the Santa Catalina Basin off southern California (USA). In addition, complementary laboratory starvation/respiration rates for a shallow-water species, Orchomene sp. A, were determined. Initial elevated O₂ consumption rates were found for up to 8 h in all deep-sea amphipods exposed to bait odor, followed by a period of lowered respiration equivalent to rates observed in individuals not exposed to bait. Orchomene sp. A revealed a response similar to that observed in the deep-sea species. A metabolic strategy is proposed whereby scavenging amphipods efficiently utilize large episodic organic falls in the food-limited environment of the deep sea. This strategy involves (1) the ability to withstand long periods of starvation, (2) rapid response to an organic fall, (3) rapid location of the organic fall, (4) maximal rate of food consumption with maximal quantity ingested, and (5) efficient utilization of the consumed food. Each of these attributes are explored with the expected and observed mechanisms employed to achieve them.     

Bestimmung von Mineralölkohlenwasserstoffen im Boden

The infra-red (IR) and the gas Chromatographic (GC) methods for the determination of mineral oil hydrocarbons in soils were examined in collaborative trials with regard to their accuracy and reproducibility. Natural, homogenized soils and soils spiked with mineral oil were used as standards. The soil matrix was composed relatively simply. The repeatability and reproducibility values obtained were about 5 % und 23 %, respectively. In contrast, the GC method revealed a considerably higher error range, especially by using the split/splitless technique. The degradation of mineral oil hydrocarbons in soils under different temperatures was investigated by IR throughout one year. The degradation rate at room temperature was about 25 %; at lower temperatures no degradation was detected. Thus, the spiked soils may be used as calibration standards for the mineral oil analysis.     

Re-evaluation and re-classification of erionite series minerals

Governments and industries have introduced regulatory measures requiring safety controls to limit asbestos exposure of the general public and asbestos workers. Although erionite is a more potent health hazard mineral than asbestos, it has received far less attention. Precise definition of erionite, types of these fibrous minerals, and most importantly, characterization requirements still raise questions and often lead to arguments and even legal disputes. Many bulk erionite samples used in animal and cell experiments for carcinogenicity are not mineralogically pure. To test this hypothesis, we characterized two erionite standards from Rome, Oregon, and Pine Valley, Nevada, USA. These standards were characterized quantitatively using modern analytical techniques, and one of them, the erionite standard from Rome, Oregon, passed the required tests for positive identification, but the other, the erionite standard from Pine Valley, Nevada, did not. Furthermore, we observed ambiguous definitions, incorrect identifications, and inaccurate reporting of clinical investigations. To address this problem, we established characterization guidelines for positive identification of erionite using a modified balance error formula, and we re-evaluated and re-classified published erionite data from the literature as erionite-Ca, erionite-Na, and erionite-K. If data did not pass either the E% or Mg-content test, then we propose that reference to them in the literature be disregarded. Erionite requires special attention from the mineralogical community to help establish its true carcinogenetic properties. We believe that the characterization guidelines established in this paper will contribute to setting up rules and regulations for evaluation of erionite by regulatory agencies.     

Kinetics of oxidation of dimethyl trisulfide by potassium permanganate in drinking water

Metabolites of algae such as geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol etc. are reported to induce pungent odors into drinking water and attract additional scientific attention. Recently, in China, taste and odor outbreaks in drinking water supply have become increasingly common. In source water affected by eutrophication, dimethyl trisulfide, speculated to be produced by decayed algae, was found to be the source of taste and odor issues and can be removed effectively by usual oxidation agents. In this experimental study, batch scale tests were carried out focusing on the removal of dimethyl trisulfide. Reaction kinetics of dimethyl trisulfide oxidized by potassium permanganate in water had been studied; influence factors such as pH, organic substrate, other existed taste, and odor contaminant in equivalent concentration were also discussed. Results showed that dimethyl trisulfide can be removed by potassium permanganate efficiently; the ratio can reach more than 70% with oxidant dosage of 4 mg·L^-1 and contact time prolonged to 120 min. The dimethyl trisulfide decomposition followed a second-order kinetics pattern with a rate constant k = 0.00213 L·(min·mg)^-1. Typically, the degradation rate of dimethyl trisulfide was increased with the increasing KMnO₄ dosage, but dramatically dropped with the increasing levels of humic acid (1.8–4.5 mg·L^-1) and other odor-causing compounds (e.g. β-cyclocitral, 0–1886.0 μg·L^-1). Solution pH (5.2–9.0) and initial dimethyl trisulfide concentration did not significantly affected the degradation. This study demonstrates that KMnO₄ oxidation is an effective option to remove dimethyl trisulfide from water.     

美国水环境标准及其实施体系述评

从立法和技术角度系统分析了美国水环境标准及其实施的体系。美国水环境标准体系由环境水质标准和废水排放标准构成,制定这两种标准时不是力求完美,而是着重其实用性,考虑其在职能上互为补充;同时在实施中水环境标准也不是孤立起作用,而是依赖法律制度如许可证制度、市场手段如排放权交易等,构成一个完整的水环境标准及其实施体系。这对我国环境标准的制定和实施颇有借鉴作用