长江经济带经济高质量发展差异性机理及对策分析

基于驱动力—压力—状态—影响—响应(DPSIR)模型,建立经济高质量发展系统作用机理分析框架和概念模型,运用结构方程模型对长江经济带上、中、下游三大区域经济高质量发展路径和关键因素进行探索。结果表明:①长江经济带下游地区作用机理为"驱动力—压力—状态—影响—响应"单向链式作用路径,资源消耗强度、贫困差异和生态环境质量为最关键因素。②长江经济带中游地区为"驱动力—压力—状态"和"影响—响应"跳跃式作用路径,产业结构为最关键因素。③长江经济带上游地区为"状态—影响—响应"的中断式作用路径,生态资源、科技创新和城市化为最关键因素。     

基于文献计量的中国土地生态安全评价研究进展

运用文献资料法、网络检索法和对比分析法,对中国土地生态安全评价研究文献的主要研究内容、特点与研究趋势进行了归纳总结。结果表明:(1)2006年后,土地生态安全评价问题受到广泛关注。(2)主要研究区域为湖南、重庆、陕西和湖北;研究群体以从事土地科学、生态学等方面的理论工作者为主,核心作者群尚未形成。(3)文献离散状况分析表明,期刊的核心效应较明显,学术水平总体较高。(4)我国土地生态安全评价主要有自然—经济—社会模型和压力—状态—响应模型两种指标体系;综合指数法最常用,占比为52.40%,其次是物元分析法和土地承载力分析法。     

温州市生态文明城市的建设

生态文明城市是由人口、资源、环境、经济(PREE)组成的复合系统。本文从生态文明城市的概念和内涵入手,具体分析了其创建的基本原则。并以温州市为例,从生态经济建设、人口—社会系统建设、资源环境建设及保障体系建设等方面提出了对生态文明城市建设的对策和意见。     

辽宁省资源型城市发展潜力评价及类型特征研究

以辽宁省15个资源型城市为研究对象，采用综合指数法，评价了包括“区位—资源—经济—社会—生态”5个约束层的综合发展潜力；采用系统聚类法对约束层潜力进行聚类，将城市划分为创新型、接续型和生态型3种类型，并提出分类发展指引。结果发现：(1)鞍山市综合发展潜力最高（67.97），北票市最低（40.12）。(2)区位、矿产资源禀赋、人口和经济变化是发展潜力的主要影响因素。(3)创新型城市仍需继续优化产业结构，全面深化改革，提高对外开放水平，持续培育创新型高素质创新人才。(4)接续型城市未来要采用技术创新推进产业结构调整升级，延伸产业链条，培育接续替代产业，重视矿区生态环境修复。(5)生态型城市未来要大力发展生态友好型产业，推进基本公共服务均等化，加快推进矿山生态环境修复和土地复垦。     

基于最小阻力模型的武安市景观安全格局研究

矿产资源的开采虽然使资源型城市的社会经济迅猛发展,但也造成了环境污染和景观安全格局破坏。以资源型城市武安市为研究区,基于"源—汇"理论和最小阻力模型,确定武安市的"生态源"和"干扰源",构建综合阻力面,提取重要生态廊道,分析其景观安全格局状况。研究结果表明:(1)"生态源"集中分布在武安市西部自然保护区,中东部分布较少且连通性差;(2)矿产资源开采区的生态阻力值较大,交通建设对生态过程扩展起阻碍作用;(3)生态廊道网络布局特征明显,南、北氵名河连贯东西,南北方向因生产建设干扰强烈出现断层;(4)矿区周围生态用地破碎严重,应将生态规划与城市规划、矿区规划相结合,整体上保护资源型城市的景观生态安全格局。     

丘陵区生态安全格局构建分析——以广安市小井乡为例

区域生态安全格局构建是化解生态保护与经济发展之间矛盾冲突的有效途径,进行区域生态安全格局构建研究具有重要理论和现实意义。以位于西南丘陵地区的广安市小井乡为研究区,采用最小累积阻力模型(MCR)对丘陵区生态安全格局构建进行了研究,构建了由9个生态源、18个生态节点和19条生态廊道组成的“点—线—面”结合的丘陵区生态安全格局,在此基础上划分出生态核心区、生态缓冲区、农业耕作区、人类活动区共4个生态功能区,并提出相应的生态安全管控措施,以期为区域制定生态环境管理和生态风险防控措施提供科学依据,同时也为丘陵地区开展生态安全格局构建提供参考。     

基于DPSIR-SPA的安徽省生态承载力评价

针对资源日益紧缺以及生态环境逐渐恶化的现状,安徽省生态承载力正面临巨大压力。基于DPSIR模型构建生态承载力综合评价指标体系,利用熵权法和集对分析法(SPA)诊断2008—2017年生态承载力状况,采用最大联系度原则确定安徽省各子系统和综合系统的生态承载力等级。结果表明:2008—2017年安徽省生态承载力经历由临界安全到较安全的过程。其中,响应子系统水平的增长对安徽省生态承载力的贡献最大,压力子系统是制约安徽省生态承载力的主要因素。     

基于情景预测的矿区生态安全预警评价及驱动因素分析——以河南义马煤矿为例

矿区的生态安全对维护区域经济与区域环境的和谐持续发展具有重要意义。以河南省义马煤矿为代表,从人口、资源、经济和环境等四个方面构建了基于P-S-R框架的矿区生态安全预警评价体系,并以2005—2013年河南省的统计数据为基础,运用情景预测方法对矿区生态系统的变化趋势进行了预测与评价,并对矿区生态安全的未来发展状况进行了综合预警;同时,运用主成分分析方法挖掘矿区生态安全动态演化过程中的驱动因素,以期为矿区政府制定经济发展与生态保护政策提供有力的参考和指导依据。     

湖南省土地资源生态安全评价

基于P—S—R（压力一状态一响应）模型从土地资源生态安全的压力子系统、状态子系统、响应子系统三方面构建了湖南省土地生态安全评价指标体系,结合各评价指标的安全指数对2000--2008年湖南省土地资源生态安全状况进行了评价,分析了影响湖南省土地资源生态安全的限制因素。结果表明：①2000-2008年湖南省综合生态安全状况不容乐观,其生态安全等级多年来一直处于“临界安全”。②人口密度大、人均GDP低和不合理的化肥农药施用是湖南省土地资源压力子系统的主要限制因素,耕地面积少和农田水利设施差是状态子系统的主要限制因素,工业固体废弃物综合利用率偏低和教育卫生事业发展滞后是响应子系统的主要限制因素,据此提出了相应的对策建议。     

基于PSR模型的兰州市生态安全评价

基于PSR(压力—状态—响应)模型,构建兰州市生态安全评价指标体系,利用变异系数法确定指标权重,加权求出兰州市2007—2012年的生态安全指数值,并分析其生态安全发展趋势。兰州市生态安全动态评判结果为:2007年为恶化的不安全系统,2008年、2009年、2011年为可改善的不安全系统,2010年为不安全系统,2012年为安全系统,表明兰州市整体环境在逐步改善,但由于生态基础薄弱、人口对资源压力较大,兰州市整体生态安全状况不容乐观。针对兰州市生态环境现状问题提出了改善措施。     

河北省生态安全评价研究

在河北省已有的调查数据和有关统计资料的基础上,对河北省生态环境现状进行了初步分析。根据河北省生态环境的特点,以市级行政单位作为评价的基本单元,运用压力—状态—响应模型,建立了生态安全评价指标体系,运用层次分析法对河北省的生态安全现状进行综合评价。根据对河北省生态安全现状评价结果的分析,提出了确保河北省生态安全的发展对策。     

Simulation of urban expansion patterns by integrating auto-logistic regression,Markov chain and cellular automata models

This research analyses urban expansion patterns and their eco-risks in the Poyang Lake region in China. A hybrid model consisting of auto-logistic regression, Markov chain and cellular automata (CA) is designed to improve the performance of the standard logistic regression model. An eco-risk assessment (ERA) index by integrating landscape fragmentation index and area weighted eco-service value index is established to promote the effectiveness for dynamically evaluating the environment and eco-security in watersheds. Scenario predictions are introduced to better understand the relationship between urban dynamics and their eco-risks. Three urban development scenarios such as historical development trend (HDT), environment protection priority (EPP) and goal-oriented restriction (GOR) are designed and transplanted into the CA model through the parameter self-modification method. The quantitative analysis results showed that in the period of the past five years, the urban growth primarily concentrated in the metropolitans. The simulations show that under the HDT scenario the urban growth will mainly emerge in the metropolitans, while under the EPP and GOR scenarios the urban growth will expand along with the metropolitans or the road networks and highways, respectively. Moreover, the ERA demonstrated that the GOR scenario was more effective in meeting the goal of environment protection and urban sustainable development for the study area.     

A GIS-based decision support system for regional eco-security assessment and its application on the Tibetan Plateau

Regional eco-security assessment is an intricate, challenging task. In previous studies, the integration of eco-environmental models and geographical information systems (GIS) usually takes two approaches: loose coupling and tight coupling. However, the present study used a full coupling approach to develop a GIS-based regional eco-security assessment decision support system (ESDSS). This was achieved by merging the pressure-state-response (PSR) model and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) into ArcGIS 9 as a dynamic link library (DLL) using ArcObjects in ArcGIS and Visual Basic for Applications. Such an approach makes it easy to capitalize on the GIS visualization and spatial analysis functions, thereby significantly supporting the dynamic estimation of regional eco-security. A case study is presented for the Tibetan Plateau, known as the world’s “third pole” after the Arctic and Antarctic. Results verified the usefulness and feasibility of the developed method. As a useful tool, the ESDSS can also help local managers to make scientifically-based and effective decisions about Tibetan eco-environmental protection and land use.     

FORESTED WETLANDS IN EASTERN CONNECTICUT: THEIR TRANSITION ZONES AND DELINEATION1

ABSTRACT: The delineation of inland wetlands requires close field examination of the biological and physical gradients (transition zones) between wetlands and bordering uplands. As part of a study on the detection and delineation of inland wetlands in eastern Connecticut by remote sensing techniques, this effort was designed to investigate vegetation distribution and composition and selected physical and chemical properties of the soils of wetland to upland transition zones in deciduous wetland forests. Field research was conducted during the growing season of 1975 within a test area consisting of the 45 mi² Town of Mansfield, Connecticut. Changes in vegetation composition and structure, soil pH, and soil water content were determined along line transects extended over wetland to upland transition zones. Differences in soil pH occurred along the transects but were of such magnitude that they probably have little impact on plant distribution. There were significant changes in soil water content along the wetland to upland gradients. Discriminant analysis applied to statistical “index of abundance” data describing vegetation distribution among the various zones (wetland, transition, upland) showed which plant species best distinguish wetlands from uplands. Of the criteria studied, vegetation composition and distribution, soil water content, and relief are the most useful criteria for delineating deciduous wetland forests.     

设立国家高新区能否驱动城市绿色发展——基于双重差分法的经验数据

国家高新区是新时代中国落实创新驱动发展战略、实现经济高质量发展和绿色发展的重要制度安排。本研究以2008年之后设立了国家高新区的城市为实验组,以一直未设立国家高新区的城市为对照组,形成2003—2019年的231个城市的面板数据,采用多期双重差分法实证检验国家高新区的设立对城市绿色发展水平的驱动作用及其机制。研究发现,设立国家高新区能显著提升城市绿色发展水平,但提升效应有待进一步加强。其机制主要是国家高新区通过提高经济增长质量和资源节约利用水平,提升环境治理和生态保护水平,改善居民绿色行为和居住环境,进而提升城市的绿色生产指数、绿色生态指数和绿色生活指数。以上结论表明国家高新区可通过推动产业结构提档升级和节能减排来进一步增强绿色先行示范作用,引领城市绿色发展。     

Definition of Management Zones for Enhancing Cultivated Land Conservation Using Combined Spatial Data

The loss of cultivated land has increasingly become an issue of regional and national concern in China. Definition of management zones is an important measure to protect limited cultivated land resource. In this study, combined spatial data were applied to define management zones in Fuyang city, China. The yield of cultivated land was first calculated and evaluated and the spatial distribution pattern mapped; the limiting factors affecting the yield were then explored; and their maps of the spatial variability were presented using geostatistics analysis. Data were jointly analyzed for management zone definition using a combination of principal component analysis with a fuzzy clustering method, two cluster validity functions were used to determine the optimal number of cluster. Finally one-way variance analysis was performed on 3,620 soil sampling points to assess how well the defined management zones reflected the soil properties and productivity level. It was shown that there existed great potential for increasing grain production, and the amount of cultivated land played a key role in maintaining security in grain production. Organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, elevation, thickness of the plow layer, and probability of irrigation guarantee were the main limiting factors affecting the yield. The optimal number of management zones was three, and there existed significantly statistical differences between the crop yield and field parameters in each defined management zone. Management zone I presented the highest potential crop yield, fertility level, and best agricultural production condition, whereas management zone III lowest. The study showed that the procedures used may be effective in automatically defining management zones; by the development of different management zones, different strategies of cultivated land management and practice in each zone could be determined, which is of great importance to enhance cultivated land conservation, stabilize agricultural production, promote sustainable use of cultivated land and guarantee food security.     

USING SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS TO ASSIST PARAMETER ZONATION IN GROUND WATER FLOW MODEL1

ABSTRACT: For numerical modeling of ground water movement in a real aquifer system, the aquifer is usually divided into hydrogeologically defined zones, each with its own parameter values. The responses of the system, such as head or drawdown, are often available only in some of the zones. The estimated parameters of all the zones are based on the measured response in these limited zones. However, the estimates for some of the zones may be very uncertain, and these zones are therefore not justified by the data. In this paper, an approach is presented to understand which zone may produce uncertain parameter values and should be lumped with its neighbor. This approach is demonstrated using a regional numerical model for pumping test analysis in the Nottinghamshire aquifer, UK. A step-by-step process is used in identifying the aquifer zones and estimating their parameters based on the principle of using the smallest possible numbers of zones and parameters for adequate representation of the drawdown response. After the parameters of each zone are estimated, the sensitivity features of these parameters are examined. The results show that the parameters in one zone can be estimated properly by the drawdown in another zone only when there is significant sensitivity. For transmissivity, sensitivity between zones occurs when there is significant flow between them. For storativity, sufficient sensitivity can occur without large flows between the zones, provided that one zone causes significant drawdown in the other. This idea can be extended to the flow model for a large aquifer system. If the aquifer is divided in such a way that aquifer responses are not sensitive to the parameters in some of the zones, the parameters in those zones cannot be estimated properly and should be lumped into their neighboring zones. In this way, a simple but more reasonable model can be built.     

APPLICATION OF THE GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR OPTIMIZING OPERATION RULES OF THE LiYuTan RESERVOIR IN TAIWAN1

ABSTRACT: A procedure to apply genetic algorithm to optimize operation rules is proposed and applied to the LiYuTan Reservoir in Taiwan. The designed operation rules are operation zones with discount rates of water supply. The first step of the procedure is to predefine the shape of boundary curves of operation zones according to reservoir storage routing. Then, relatively fewer variables are used to describe the curves, and a last genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to optimize the curves. The procedure is applied to the newly built LiYuTan Reservoir for increasing domestic water demands. Shortage index is used to evaluate the performance of operation zones. A year is divided into 36 operational periods, with each month containing three operational periods. The shortage indexes calculated in operational periods are 9.81, 8.27, and 7.13, respectively, for the reservoir without operation rules, applying operation zones optimized by GA with encoding 36 storage levels for each curve, and adopting operation zones optimized by GA with encoding the curves with predefined shape. The average deficits for the three cases are 77.2, 43.6, and 33.3 (10⁴ m³/day), respectively. The results indicate that operation zones optimized by the proposed procedure have smaller shortage indexes and lower average deficits. In addition, the optimized operation zones have less variation and thus are more practical for operation. Conclusively, the proposed procedure utilizing GA to optimize operation zones with predefined shape can provide better and realistic outcomes through limited iterations.     

MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF PARAMETERS RELATED TO LAKE ACIDIFICATION IN QUEBEC1

ABSTRACT Physico-chemical data from 234 lakes were collected during the spring and summer of 1980 by the Quebec Ministry of the Environment, the Quebec Ministry of Recreation, Hunting and Fishing and the Canadian Wildlife Service. A statistical method, based on the joint use of factorial correspondence analysis and cluster analysis, was applied to these data to obtain a general picture of the spatial variability of a number of physico-chemical parameters related to the sensitivity or acidification of lakewaters. This method was first applied to the entire Quebec territory, and showed that the part of Quebec lying on the Canadian shield is especially vulnerable to acidification. The method also showed that the southwestern portion of this area of Quebec was more substantially affected by acid fallout. A detailed study of spatial variability over the shield area revealed the existence of greater spatial heterogeneity. More precisely, it was possible to pinpoint zones which are highly vulnerable to acid precipitation and zones whose lakes show clear signs of acidification resulting from such precipitation. These two statistical analyses led to a first general diagnosis on lake acidification in Quebec. They contributed to the rationalization of data acquisition in Quebec by delimitating zones where network density needs to be increased.     

我国粮食生产的耕地资源环境效应特征与代价分析

我国粮食产量逐年增长,但伴随形成的水土资源消耗和耕地环境负荷令人担忧。本文综述了近年来我国粮食生产的耕地资源环境效应基本情况,总体结论是化肥、农药、地膜等农业投入品过量使用所带来的环境负荷日趋严重。同时,对休耕模式和粮食主功能区调整这两项国家战略政策的资源消耗与环境效应进行了重点分析,建议逐步扩大在水资源超采区、重金属污染区、生态退化区等典型区域的休耕面积,积极谨慎地评估主功能区调整形成的潜在资源消耗缓解与环境效益提升作用。提出:改变以牺牲耕地资源环境为代价换取粮食持续增长、建立以资源环境效应评估为平衡点的粮食供需模式的时机已成熟,粮食生产的耕地资源环境效应,应纳入国家粮食战略安全保障整体计划中。