不同喷油定时和氧含量对正丙醇/柴油RCCI燃烧与排放特性的影响

在总循环能量和发动机转速不变的条件下,运用一台六缸重型增压柴油机研究了不同喷油定时和氧含量对正丙醇/柴油活性控制压燃（Reactivity controlled compression ignition,RCCI）的燃烧与排放特性的影响 . 结果表明,随着喷油定时（Start of injection,SOI）的提前,第一燃烧阶段的放热率峰值和缸内温度不断增加,初始着火相位（CA10）和燃烧重心（CA50）同步提前,燃烧持续期基本不变,滞燃期增加 .CO 和 HC 的排放随 SOI 提前逐渐减小,而 NO_x的排放随 SOI 提前逐渐增加;颗粒物排放的平均粒径（Particle average diameter,PAD）和颗粒物质量浓度（Particle mass concentration,PMC）及颗粒物数量浓度（Particle number concentration,PNC）会随 SOI 的提前呈现出逐渐降低的趋势 . 而氧含量（Oxygen ratios,RO）的增加会使缸内压力和缸内温度整体略微下降,滞燃期整体小幅度增加 .CO 和 HC 的排放会随着...     

高原环境对大功率柴油机起动过程影响研究

目的研究高原环境对大功率柴油机起动过程影响规律。方法针对平原和高原地区某12缸柴油机进行实车起动试验,对两种环境下柴油机起动过程转速与缸压数据进行分析,对比两种环境起动过程滞燃期变化规律,同时对两种环境起动过程喷雾特性进行仿真计算。结果发现在高原环境起动过程加速阶段更易出现滞速,甚至失火现象,两种环境下起动过程中以时间计滞燃期均在加速阶段快速下降,在过渡阶段下降平缓,在同一时刻高原环境滞燃期更大,且波动更大,最大可达0.9 ms。喷雾过程仿真结果发现,高原环境起动过程喷雾贯穿距发展更快,油束重心更接近燃烧室壁面。结论高原环境使得柴油机起动过程喷雾贯穿距增大,油束碰壁导致混合气形成质量变差,滞燃期变长,最终导致高原环境下起动过程出现滞速甚至失火等现象。     

满足国六排放的缸内直喷汽油车污染物排放特性试验研究

以满足国六排放的某缸内直喷轻型汽油车为研究对象,试验研究了该车国六Ⅰ型测试循环(WLTC循环)排放的CO、THC、NOx和固态颗粒数量,以及包含挥发性/半挥发性组分的颗粒物数量和粒径分布特性.结果表明:WLTC循环工况覆盖范围广、车速高、加速度大的特点导致污染物排放增加;车辆冷机起动、暖机过程、瞬态过渡工况和高速大负荷工况对车辆的污染物排放影响较大,研发合理的车辆起动、催化剂起燃和暖机热管理策略、提高发动机瞬态过渡工况响应性是控制排放的重点;包含挥发性/半挥发性组分的颗粒物数量排放呈单峰分布,在15 nm附近达到峰值.     

乙醇/PODE/柴油燃料及喷油参数对柴油机燃烧和排放影响

在一台六缸四冲程高压共轨柴油机上开展了乙醇/聚甲氧基二甲醚（PODE）/柴油混合燃料对内燃机燃烧和排放影响的试验研究.结果表明,在转速为1137 r·min^-1,转矩为735 N·m的工况条件下,随着掺混PODE和乙醇比例的增大,双峰放热越来越明显,扩散燃烧速率增大,有效燃油消耗率增大,有效热效率降低,但降低幅度小于1%,其中,DPE5（PODE体积分数为20%,乙醇体积分数为5%）的有效热效率与D100（纯柴油）基本相当.提前主喷时刻、增大喷油压力均使有效热效率增大,CO和碳烟排放降低,NO_x排放增大,而对降低HC排放的影响较小.相比D100,混合燃料可降低CO、HC、碳烟排放,在低喷油压力和较晚主喷时刻下,对碳烟的减排效果更为显著,最大降幅分别为85.5%（主喷时刻-1℃ A ATDC、喷油压力900 bar）和82.9%（主喷时刻-3℃ A ATDC、喷油压力600 bar）,但不同混合燃料间的排放差异较小.综上所述,重型柴油机使用乙醇/PODE/柴油混合燃料可在热效率相当的前提下对排放有较大改善.     

DMDF模式下冷却水温度对发动机燃烧与排放特性的试验研究

在一台增压中冷的电控单体泵柴油机上采用柴油/甲醇二元燃料燃烧(Diesel/Methanol Duel Fuel, DMDF)模式,在重型柴油机常用的A50工况下,通过改变冷却水温度,对各替代率工况下的燃烧特性、排放特性及经济性进行了初步实验探索.实验结果表明,在各替代率工况下,提高冷却水温度,可导致滞燃期缩短,燃烧始点前移,预混燃烧与扩散燃烧占比出现转变,总放热量变化不大.上止点附近缸压有所降低,最高燃烧压力出现小幅度增大.燃烧持续期在替代率为40%左右时变化趋势不同,CA50在替代率为30%、冷却水温度为90℃时最接近上止点.双燃料模式下,随冷却水温度升高,NO_x与CO排放变化并不明显,甲醛与甲醇排放不断降低,且降低幅度不断增大,当量比油耗有所降低.     

废气再循环系统参数对柴油机燃烧特征的影响

为进一步优化柴油机燃烧过程,减少燃烧污染物排放.围绕EGR（exhaust gas recirculation,废气再循环技术）废气组分和废气温度等系统参数对柴油机燃烧特征的影响机制,采用试验与模拟相结合方法,分别研究了通入废气、N₂、CO₂时以及不同EGR废气温度时对柴油机燃烧过程的影响,阐明了燃烧关键中间产物的生成规律.结果表明,①通入CO₂时,柴油机的缸内最大爆发压力和放热率峰值最低,滞燃期最长,燃烧持续期最短,·OH、H₂O₂、CH₂O·和CO等关键中间组分的生成规律与通入N₂时相反.②通入N₂时,柴油机的缸内最大爆发压力和放热率峰值最高,滞燃期最短,燃烧持续期最长并;并且通入N₂时,·OH的峰值最高,形成时刻最早,H₂O₂、CH₂O·以及CO的峰值均有所降低且形成时刻提前.③随着废气温度增加,缸内最大爆发压力降低,放热率曲线由单峰向双峰分布发展,放热率峰值有较大幅度的降低,滞燃期缩短,燃烧持续延长,缸内·OH、H₂O₂、CH₂O·以及CO的峰值均有所降低,并且生成的区域范围变窄.④废气成分中,CO₂对燃烧过程和关键中间产物的影响最大,是阻滞燃烧反应的主要气体成分,通过控制EGR废气成分和温度可以有效改善柴油机燃烧过程,拓宽EGR技术的工况使用范围.研究显示,EGR废气成分对燃烧中间产物的自由基衍化历程影响较大,有必要进一步开展EGR废气成分预处理研究,精确控制EGR废气温度,有助于改善燃烧过程,控制排放污染物中间产物的生成历程和排放量.      

高压共轨主喷射时刻对柴油/甲醇双燃料发动机燃烧和排放的影响

在一台四冲程六缸增压中冷的高压共轨柴油机上采用进气总管喷射无水甲醇的方式进行柴油/甲醇组合燃烧实验(DMCC).通过改变共轨柴油喷射的主喷射时刻以及甲醇的喷射量,对柴油机燃烧和尾气排放进行研究.试验发现,纯柴油模式下,压缩冲程缸压随着喷油提前角的减小而增大,推迟喷油,后燃期延长,排气压力增大.甲醇替代率为30%时,随着喷油提前角的增大,峰值缸压和峰值放热率均增大.在柴油/甲醇双燃料燃烧模式下主喷射时刻对减少柴油机氮氧化合物(NO_x)排放具有较好的作用,同一替代率情况下NO_x排放随着主喷射时刻的推后而减少;主喷射时刻对碳烟(Soot)排放的影响则比较复杂,纯柴油模式下碳烟的排放随着主喷射时刻的提前逐步减少,而柴油甲醇二元燃料燃烧(DMDF)模式下碳烟的排放则随着主喷射时刻的提前呈现出先上升后下降的趋势;DMDF模式下主喷射时刻提前CO、HC排放均降低,且替代率越大下降趋势越明显.     

重型柴油车区域达标法和窗口平均值法对中国典型路况的适应性

选择2台重型柴油车发动机,在测功机台架上复现其在中国典型道路工况下的运行过程,并测取发动机的外特性曲线、特征转速和ETC（European Transient Cycle,欧洲瞬态循环）做功量;在此基础上,基于美国和欧洲2种典型的重型在用车符合性检测方法,即NTE(Not To Exceed,区域达标)法和AWM(Averaging Window Method,窗口平均值法),对比研究了这2种方法对中国重型柴油车典型道路工况的适应性. 结果发现:NTE法对在重庆国道高速公路下运行的重型柴油车工况具有较好的覆盖性,但对北京通州的公交车运行工况的覆盖性较差;改变NTE事件的采样时间准则和控制区域定义,对NOx比排放的数值影响不大. AWM能够利用全部的道路工况数据,但是由于怠速工况的存在,使得用该方法计算出的平均NOx比排放值比NTE法得出的数值偏高;而基于ETC循环做功量的窗口平均NOx比排放值具有较为合理的离散度.      

柴油预喷参数对进气预喷甲醇柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

在一台满足国Ⅵ排放的柴油机基础上,采用进气预喷甲醇的方式替代原机的尿素辅助的选择性还原技术（SCR）,探究不同柴油预喷油量和预喷时刻对发动机燃烧、性能和排放的影响.结果表明：在最大扭矩转速1690 r·min^-1和280 N·m （1.25 MPa BMEP）工况下,当甲醇在整个燃料的能量占比（占总燃料能量的63%~65%）和柴油预喷时刻不变时,柴油预喷油量从1.5 mg·cyc^-1（占循环喷油量8%）增加到7.5 mg·cyc^-1（占循环喷油量48%）可以有效改善甲醇混合气的活性,此时达到50%燃料燃烧放热量（CA50）会提前,燃烧速率增大,气缸内燃烧爆压（P_max）和最高压力升高率（R_max）提高,同时有效热效率（Brake Thermal Efficiency,BTE）增加6%,PM、CO和THC比排放分别降低50%、61%和29%.但预喷油量超过6 mg·cyc^-1时,NO_x排放显著增加.相比之下,柴油预喷时刻的变化对发动机燃烧的影响较小.适当提前预喷可以在降低P_max和R_max的同时减少NO_x、CO和PM比排放.因此,采用优化的柴油预喷参数可以获得更高的有效热效率和极低的排放.     

重型柴油车道路循环工况下排放特性的仿真分析

柴油车道路工况下NO_x排放和排温的动态特性对柴油机排气后处理系统的工作以及后处理系统控制策略的确定具有重要的影响.根据6114涡轮增压柴油机的万有特性及NO_x和排温的MAP图,仿真分析了道路循环工况下配有6114柴油机的重型柴油车的NO_x排放和排温的动态变化;研究了道路工况、行驶特征、驾驶行为以及柴油车载荷等对柴油车排放的影响规律.研究结果表明,城市道路循环工况下,柴油车NO_x排放的整体水平不高,但变化频繁、剧烈;高速公路道路循环工况下,柴油车NO_x排放整体水平较高,但变化平缓;加速过程,尤其是在高速区对柴油车排放的影响显著;冲动的驾驶方式会显著提高柴油车的排放水平;满载时,柴油车的高排放区将由半载时的高速高加速区向外扩展至其他工况点,高排放区显著增大.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.