高放射性核废料辐射对深地质处置环境和储罐材料危害的研究进展

介绍了高放核废料的主要放射性衰变以及用来实验的辐射设备,分别论述了辐射对于金属储罐近域介质（地下水、膨润土及混凝土缓冲回填材料）的影响以及对储罐材料腐蚀的影响。虽然核废料的辐射性对于缓冲回填材料影响不大,但是地下水发生辐射分解使得储罐近域环境变为氧化环境,同时储罐材料受到辐射影响电化学状态也会发生改变。最后指出了当前研究存在的问题及未来重点研究方向。     

核废料储罐表面化学环境长期演变预测

通过对国内外的核废料处置库环境试验监测及预测模型的调研,总结了核废料储罐在直接填埋、缓冲/回填和加混凝土缓冲层等埋藏方式下的表面环境变化,主要包括氧含量、缓冲材料的孔隙液成分及pH值,为我国核废料储库环境下储罐表面重要的腐蚀演变研究提供了参考。     

潮白河再生水生态补给河道区浅层地下水氮转化

再生水与天然地下水水质存在差异,利用再生水生态补给河道区可能会带来环境风险.引温济潮工程已运行10余年,为研究再生水长期河道入渗下不同位置地下水氮组分的演化特征与机制,收集近11年的地表水与地下水监测资料.采用聚类分析将地表水划分为不同区域后选择典型地下水监测点分析氮组分的演化差异,并利用Cl-计算混合比得出地下水中目标成分的计算浓度,初步推测地表水入渗后发生的氮转化,并选取DO、TOC、底泥、水文地质条件等环境指标分析证明.结果表明:①地表水明显分为3组,包括减河、土坝以北潮白河段、土坝以南潮白河段,各组间指标存在显著差异,影响水质差异的主要因素为再生水的氮、磷含量及水体流态.②再生水入渗过程中,包气带或黏土层较厚有利于氮的去除,减河和土坝以北潮白河段地表水中的NO₃--N流经包气带时通过反硝化与同化作用衰减,NH₄+-N通过吸附与硝化作用得以去除,入渗后未引起地下水中的氮浓度明显增加.③而土坝以南潮白河段,河道补水后翌年地下水位抬升并趋于稳定,长期地表水入渗使底泥的氮和有机质含量升高,使得该断面于2013年后达到适宜的碳氮比而发生有机氮矿化作用,由于包气带较薄,生成的NH₄+-N较少吸附于土壤介质中,易随水流入渗而引起地下水中ρ（NH₄+-N）升高.研究显示,再生水入渗过程中,包气带或黏土层较厚可有效去除氮组分,但部分地区包气带较薄且发生有机氮矿化作用会增加地下水的氮污染风险.      

采用ALOHA软件对甲醇储罐泄漏扩散范围影响因素的敏感性分析

甲醇是最重要的化工原料之一,被认为是可替代化石燃料的新能源,但作为危险化学品的一员,其安全与环境问题不容忽视。以甲醇储罐泄漏后毒气扩散所造成的中毒事故为研究对象,基于重气扩散(DEGADIS)模型,采用ALOHA软件对甲醇储罐泄漏后毒气扩散范围的影响因素(环境和工艺过程参数)进行了敏感性分析。结果表明:甲醇有毒蒸气云的最大扩散距离会随着大气温度、储罐温度和储罐泄漏口直径的增加而增大,随着风速、大地表面粗糙度和大气相对湿度的增加而减小。其中,大气温度、风速、大地表面粗糙度和储罐泄漏口直径对毒气的最大扩散距离具有重要影响,大气相对湿度和储罐温度则次之,而储罐的充填率和储罐泄漏口高度对毒气的最大扩散距离几乎无影响。     

炼油厂储罐腐蚀检查及防护措施

腐蚀检查是企业在设备停车检修时,对其腐蚀情况进行全面了解的一种方法,该方法对在役装置的安全运行起到了重要的保护作用。本文结合某炼油厂储罐区腐蚀检查案例,研究了该炼油厂罐区内储罐存在的腐蚀原因,列出了引起储罐腐蚀的主要介质,并提出了防护涂层与阴极保护相结合的储罐腐蚀防护措施,对确保炼油厂的安全生产具有重要的意义。     

加油站埋地储罐渗漏检测与地下水污染监测

加油站埋地储罐渗漏是地下水有机污染的潜在污染源。文章综述了国外加油站渗漏检测与渗漏污染监测的主要方法,介绍了我国埋地油罐渗漏检测和管理现状。提出学习国外埋地储罐渗漏污染监管方法,加强国内加油站埋地储罐渗漏污染监管,尤其是地下水污染监测,建议制定我国加油站埋地储罐周围地下水污染监测技术规范,建议对在地下饮用水水源防护区内的埋地储罐设置地下水多级监测系统,以加强加油站埋地储罐渗漏污染地下水风险评估研究。     

海洋大气环境电子设备腐蚀控制技术

介绍了海洋大气环境主要特征、盐雾腐蚀机理和盐雾腐蚀与温湿度的关系。从总体结构、设计制造工艺、工作运行等方面,分析了电子设备的技术特点、腐蚀特点与腐蚀防护难点。从材料与结构、部件与线路、结构材料表面防腐、防腐介质等方面,介绍了电子设备一般腐蚀防护技术,重点介绍论述了电子设备温湿度环境控制、盐雾分离和盐雾过滤腐蚀环境控制技术。     

苯蒸气在有机膨润土上的吸附性能及机理研究

对比研究了膨润土和有机膨润土的结构及其对苯蒸气的吸附性能.绘制了不同温度下 苯蒸气在有机膨润土(空气中干燥)上的吸附等温线,计算出苯蒸气的吸附系数及吸附热,并初 步推测其吸附机理.结果表明,苯蒸气在原土上的等温吸附曲线呈非线性,其吸附热为(30.6kJ /mol,主要吸附机理为矿物质表面吸附.表面活性剂改性后,膨润土的吸附能力远大于原土,苯 蒸气在有机膨润土上的吸附等温线呈线性,其吸附热在-29.7～ -20.8kJ/mol之间,吸附作用中 有机质的分配作用贡献率较大,吸附系数(K_d)与有机碳含量(_foc)成正相关.     

CO2和微量H2S共存环境中套管防腐优选研究

目的 研究不同材质套管在CO2和微量H2S共存环境中的腐蚀特征.方法 采用高温高压腐蚀仪,以渤海某油田实际采出水样为腐蚀介质进行模拟实验,利用扫描电镜,能谱仪(EDAX)分析不同管材在不同腐蚀条件下腐蚀试样表面腐蚀产物的形貌和组分特征,对比分析不同钢材在对应腐蚀环境下的腐蚀速率,并建立长期腐蚀速率预测模型.结果 单独C...     

巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山区沙层含水量与水分来源探讨

为了查明巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山区沙层含水量、水分来源等问题,于2009年5月大沙山区进行了15个5 m深钻孔的采样研究。结果表明,巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山区干沙层分布深度比降水较多地区干沙层分布深度大,湿沙层含水量比降水多的地区低,指示该区的湿沙层含水量一般小于2%是当地气候条件下的正常现象。该区沙层水分主要以薄膜水的形式存在,并具有向下运移的特点,表明完全有可能成为湖水和地下水的来源之一。高大沙山区沙层含水量空间差异明显,洼地含水量最高与平地含水量较高,是大气降水向地下入渗的渠道。高大沙山区厚度小的干沙层的存在表明该区沙层水分受蒸发作用影响深度小,这能够有力促进大气降水通过入渗转化为地下水,这是在极端干旱气候条件下大气降水有可能入渗到达地下水位并成为湖水来源的主要原因。该区水分具有正平衡的显示,这是沙层水分入渗快和受蒸发作用影响深度小造成的,属于沙层水理性质决定的水分正平衡。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.