车载雷达工作室三维空气流动与传热数值模拟

应用计算流体力学和计算传热学方法对某车载雷达工作室内的三维空气流动和传热进行了模拟与数值计算.建立了车载雷达工作室内三维空气流动与传热计算的物理模型和数学模型,应用κ-ε紊流方程模型、非结构化网格和有限容积法对某车载雷达工作室内的空气流场与温度场进行了三维数值仿真计算与分析,为该车载雷达工作室生存环境的改善与优化提供了...     

环境实验箱气流组织与围护结构耦合传热研究

目的研究环境实验箱在升、降温过程中气流组织与围护结构的耦合传热行为,为环境实验箱制冷/加热能力的确定提供精确的设计方法。方法首先利用UC240环境实验箱搭建实验平台,测量环境箱送风口速度分布,以及升、降温过程中室内及壁面的温度曲线,然后对环境箱进行建模,以实测的送风速度、温度作为边界条件,利用CFD方法进行仿真,最后对比分析实验值与CFD仿真的结果。结果利用CFD方法计算得到的环境箱升、降温曲线与实测值吻合较好,尤其是壁面温度曲线,误差不超过4℃。送风温度可以根据蒸发器理论或加热功率和回风温度而动态地确定。结论利用CFD方法分析环境实验箱气流组织与围护结构的耦合传热是可行的,FLUENT的UDF功能可根据需要扩展,以协助设计蒸发器和控制策略。     

高热流密度阵列的温度一致性工程化设计研究

目的研究一种提高高热流密度条件下热源阵列温度一致性的工程化设计方法。方法基于微通道内相变传热的原理,在结构上创新的设计保证通道内各处冷却液的温度尽量在工质的相变点附近,从而缩小各热源之间的温度差异。对一体化综合热物理样机进行数字建模,通过数值模拟的方法,对样机进行稳态的流动和传热分析。结果验证了集总参数仿真的可行性,并获得了样机的流场和温度场分布。结论该样机经由微通道相变强化传热之后,各热源间具有较小的温差,可进行工程化应用。     

基于ZJU400土工离心机的CFD模拟方法

目的给出可靠的CFD模拟方法,用于土工离心机风阻功率估算,得到流场及温度场模拟结果。方法针对ZJU400中高速大型土工离心机,利用结构化网格划分使转臂及内壁面处的y+值<30,使其满足湍流模型边界层厚度要求。利用k-omega SST湍流模型和MRF多参考系方法对ZJU400土工离心机进行数值模拟,对模拟所得风阻功率、流场和温度场进行对比验证。结果模拟所得风阻功率与ZJU400实测数据偏差<10%,模拟所得流场与文献[8]中的结果吻合,温度场与实测数据吻合。结论针对ZJU400中高速大型土工离心机的CFD模拟方法取得了精度较高的模拟结果,通过仿真模拟弥补了大型土工离心机实验数据缺乏问题,减少了对实验数据的依赖,为制造设计和研究大型土工离心机提供了CFD模拟方法。     

某高炮弹药保温时间仿真研究

利用热传导理论对弹药保温过程中的传热特性进行分析,通过传热学计算和测试手段确定有关参数。利用三维实体建模软件Solidworks建立弹药实体模型,通过ANSYS有限元仿真分析软件进行分析计算,对弹药内部温度传递变化规律进行仿真,得到弹药温度场分布与保温时间的关系及整弹保透所需时间。结果证明了现行军标规定保温时间确有很大压缩空间。     

新型换热器的传热性能研究

提出一种适合污泥处理过程中的余热回收的新型隔板管壳换热器,并与同样规格的普通管壳换热器性能进行对比。建立了简化的壳程计算模型,应用FLUENT计算软件分别对普通管壳换热器和新型隔流板式换热器进行数值模拟,获得了2种热交换壳程内部的流动分布、温度分布和压力分布,并将模拟结果和试验数据进行对比。试验及模拟结果表明,新型隔板式换热器温度分布均匀、流动死区少、传热效率高,综合性能远高于普通管壳换热器。     

电除尘器气流分布数值计算方法研究

运用CFD方法对电除尘器内的气流流动进行数值计算,以相应的电除尘器气流分布模型试验为验证算例。数值计算采用多孔介质模型简化进口喇叭气流分布板,以第一电场进口断面的气流速度分布趋势及相对均方根值为评判标准,对比3种不同导流片布置方案的模型实测结果与数值计算结果。结果表明:各方案模拟结果与试验结果均吻合较好,最终布置方案的数值计算结果满足电除尘器设计要求。     

基于ANSYS软件的高温架空管道温度场数值模拟

高温架空管道在运输油品过程中存在复杂的传热问题,这类传热问题常采用数值模拟的方法进行处理。为了直观地判断管道内部温度场的变化情况,明确高温架空管道在运输过程当中影响因素与热损失之间的关系,利用ANSYS软件对高温架空管道温度场进行了数值模拟,建立了有限元分析模型,并讨论了渣油温度和环境温度对架空管道温度场的影响,得出了渣油温度、环境温度与热损失的关系,从而对高温管道的保温过程进行了准确的模拟和计算。     

基于CFD的土工离心机风阻及流场特性分析

目的估计土工离心机的风阻功率。方法针对一稳态运行的中低速土工离心机,利用多参考坐标系(MRF)模拟转臂与墙壁之间的相对运动,对离心机稳态运行时机室内的空气流场进行CFD仿真,对计算流体力学仿真、解析公式方法和试验的风阻功率进行对比。结果三种方法得到的风阻功率较为接近,验证了数值仿真方法的正确性。同时,研究了机室内空气流速和压力的空间分布特征,验证了经典解析公式的假设合理性。结论 CFD仿真方法避免了传统解析方法对试验数据的依赖和参数选取主观性,能够得到较高精度的分析结果,该研究为基于计算流体力学的土工离心机的高置信度风阻计算打下了基础。     

河谷型城市风场及污染物扩散的CFD数值仿真

为研究河谷型城市地形及其引起的风场和污染物扩散的复杂问题,利用CFD（计算流体力学）方法和复杂地形网格生成技术,建立河谷型城市风场及大气污染分布的数值仿真模型,实现CFD方法在复杂地形空气运动和污染物扩散方面的应用.分别使用LES（large eddy simulation）模型和mixture模型研究兰州市地面风场特征和污染物扩散形态,计算得到的污染物分布结果与实测结果分布一致.结果表明:复杂地形对空气运动的影响很大,如风速因山体屏障作用会呈现带状分布特征,山体后侧易出现弱风区域;同时,风场会密切影响污染物扩散,决定了污染物扩散形态,如幅散能够影响污染物扩散范围及污染水平.而给定西北风条件下,如地面以上10 m、风速为5 m/s、不受地形阻挡情况下,工业区污染物浓度被稀释10倍,约扩散2.2 km;山体阻挡会抑制污染物纵向扩散,表现在山体阻挡情况下污染物稀释100倍时的扩散长度约为相对平坦区域的1/3.此外,不同的入口风向会引起空气运动与山体相互作用发生变化,进而会使得地面风速、局部风场存在差异,造成污染物扩散及分布形态差异.研究显示,CFD方法可行,模型可靠,可以用来研究地形对风场和污染物扩散的影响.      

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.