弹上电子部件加速因子估计方法研究

目的 针对高可靠长寿命的弹上电子部件在实际贮存环境温度起伏变化的情况,研究基于等效温度的加速因子估计方法。方法 首先剖析弹上电子部件失效机理,然后基于阿伦尼斯模型,分析加速应力与实际环境温度的对应关系,求解实际环境等效温度,进而估计加速因子,最后通过某型导弹综合控制器中的时序控制电路板,验证该方法的工程适用性。结果 该方法能够真实反映环境温度情况,且与传统加权平均温度计算方法相比,加速因子估计和加速试验时间预测更准确,且随着实际环境温度起伏的增大,优势更加明显。结论 该方法在实际贮存环境温度起伏变化的情况下,能够有效提高加速因子估计和加速寿命试验时间预测的准确性,为弹上电子部件加速寿命试验方案设计提供可靠依据,对其他高可靠长寿命产品的加速因子估计也具有一定的参考价值。     

阿伦尼乌斯公式在弹箭贮存寿命评估中的应用

以某型号导弹舵机橡胶密封材料为例,阐述了弹箭贮存寿命定量评估的方法,分析了科学确定失效判据的重要性,介绍了自然环境试验和实验室加速老化试验在弹箭贮存寿命定量评估中的应用.重点论述了阿伦尼乌斯公式应用于弹箭贮存寿命定量评估的本质,详细说明了阿伦尼乌斯公式适用的反应及温度,强调了应用阿伦尼乌斯公式定量评估弹箭贮存寿命必须进...     

一种基于综合环境剖面的导弹弹上设备加速贮存试验方法

目的 基于导弹武器在历经地面使用载荷后,还要满足飞行载荷的特点,讨论用于评估导弹弹上设备贮存期的加速贮存试验流程与方法。方法 开展加速因子试验,获得加速因子计算公式,根据实际使用环境载荷,制定综合环境试验剖面,按照贮存期目标值开展加速贮存试验,等效地面使用环境载荷,开展飞行环境载荷考核试验,试验成功后,给出贮存期评估结论。结果 该方法在多型导弹贮存延寿工程的弹上设备贮存期评估中得到应用,应用表明,可以评估导弹弹上设备的贮存期,具有工程应用价值。结论 获得加速因子计算公式后,将导弹弹上设备的地面使用环境载荷累计影响与能够经受飞行载荷环境分步进行试验,能够体现导弹弹上设备历经的环境载荷,可以用于弹上设备的贮存期评估。     

地面雷达可靠性加速试验方法研究

目的缩短可靠性鉴定时间,降低试验费用,形成工程化方法。方法以GJB 899A—2009为依据,根据雷达产品的实际特点,选择合适的定时统计试验方案,确定可靠性鉴定试验剖面。参考国内外加速试验标准,运用阿伦尼乌斯模型、Norris-Landzberg模型、疲劳累积损伤模型对可靠性鉴定试验剖面中温度、温度循环、振动应力水平进行加速,分别给出温度、温度循环、振动应力加速因子计算方法,得到加速条件下的等效试验剖面及故障时间。结果通过可靠性加速试验等效剖面计算,雷达可靠性鉴定试验时间由1100 h等效为加速条件下367h。结论地面雷达可靠性加速试验方法能够明显缩短试验时间,降低试验成本,可以在工程中推广应用。     

某型导弹尾翼弹簧贮存寿命评估

应力松弛是弹簧的主要失效形式之一,温度对其影响明显。利用温度加速试验方法,对某尾翼弹簧的贮存寿命进行了研究。设计并制造了弹簧的应力松弛试验装置,利用该装置对弹簧设计了4个试验温度点,并以弹簧应力损失率下降10％为失效指标,根据阿伦尼乌斯方程对弹簧进行了贮存寿命预测,评估了该弹簧在室温条件下的贮存寿命。     

某型导弹尾翼弹簧贮存寿命评估

应力松弛是弹簧的主要失效形式之一,温度对其影响明显。利用温度加速试验方法,对某尾翼弹簧的贮存寿命进行了研究。设计并制造了弹簧的应力松弛试验装置,利用该装置对弹簧设计了4个试验温度点,并以弹簧应力损失率下降10%为失效指标,根据阿伦尼乌斯方程对弹簧进行了贮存寿命预测,评估了该弹簧在室温条件下的贮存寿命。     

基于性能参数退化的某弹用O型橡胶密封圈贮存寿命评估

目的研究某弹用O型橡胶密封圈的性能参数退化规律,并准确预测其贮存寿命。方法设计4个不同温度下的恒定应力加速退化试验,记录每个温度下不同时间点的性能退化数据,根据退化参数利用高分子材料性能变化与退化时间关系式及阿伦尼乌斯(Arrhenius)方程,建立O型橡胶密封圈压缩永久变形率与贮存时间的老化动力学方程。结果对照当地各个季节的平均温度值,建立了寿命评估模型,并由此预测了该型密封圈在自然环境贮存条件下的失效寿命在8年左右。结论该寿命评估值比较接近实际测量值,精度良好,可为O型橡胶密封圈在自然贮存条件下的寿命评估提供有价值的参考依据。     

综合环境下舰载导弹弹上计算机加速寿命试验研究

目的 研究一种综合考虑陆上环境与舰船环境多应力下的舰载导弹弹上计算机加速寿命试验方法,能更具代表性和真实性地描述产品在综合环境条件下的环境应力,进而为环境应力剖面尽可能准确地折算为加速应力剖面奠定基础。通过加速寿命试验,将产品贮存时间加速至目标年限,验证与评估产品剩余贮存寿命。方法 针对舰船工作环境条件,从搭载研究对象的舰船出海海况入手,利用海况与舰船振动量值的对应关系,确定舰船振动应力。结合考虑综合环境下的其他应力,研究出一种结合温度–振动–电应力等环境条件的加速试验方法,以已经达到设计贮存寿命期限的舰载导弹弹上计算机为试验对象,开展温度–振动–电应力综合加速寿命试验。结果 通过运用温度–振动–电应力的加速寿命试验方法,验证和评估了某型舰载导弹弹上计算机具备延寿至目标年限的剩余贮存寿命,取得了良好的试验效果。结论 根据舰船工作环境对贮存寿命的影响,针对性地研究了舰船振动加速试验,给出一个更加贴合实际寿命的寿命评估结果,为后续延寿研究工作提供了可靠依据。     

基于多失效模式的弹上舱段结构件贮存寿命验证方法

目的 验证多失效模式下弹上舱段结构件的贮存寿命。方法 通过开展贮存条件下失效模式分析,确定复合材料贮存薄弱环节,依此制定高温摸底试验方案。开展高温极限应力试验,确定不改变复合材料失效机理的高温贮存极限应力,并据此开展加速因子试验,基于阿伦尼兹模型,计算不同失效模式的激活能,并以激活能最小的性能参数作为贮存薄弱环节,计算舱段结构件加速因子,设计舱段结构件加速贮存寿命验证试验,评估其贮存寿命。结果 计算了某防热材料各失效模式下的激活能,确定了其性能参数的薄弱环节,根据薄弱环节的激活能计算了舱段结构件加速因子和加速贮存试验时间,验证了其贮存寿命。结论 通过确定防热材料的贮存薄弱环节,开展了加速贮存试验,验证了舱段贮存寿命。     

环境温度对某固体推进剂贮存寿命影响研究

为了分析环境温度对固体推进剂贮存寿命的影响程度,根据某固体推进剂加速老化试验结果,采用传统阿伦尼乌斯法、线性活化能法、整体预测法和两步回归法,预测了该推进剂在20℃和25℃下的贮存寿命。通过对比分析,认为不同寿命预估方法的预测结果不尽相同,但推进剂贮存环境温度的小范围改变对贮存寿命的影响是显著的。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.