星载无源微波器件加速寿命试验方法研究

目的 为星载无源微波器件能够在地面通过加速寿命试验验证其在轨可靠性和寿命提供理论依据和试验方法.方法 设计一种温度和功率同时作用下的双应力加速寿命数学模型,通过分析加速应力与寿命的对应关系,设计科学合理的加速寿命试验方案,通过分析加速寿命试验下器件指标的变化,给出器件可靠性和寿命评估结果.结果 以某隔离器这一典型无源微波器件为例,在选取激活能0.8 eV下,利用温度-功率双应力加速寿命数学模型,计算得隔离器要满足10 a的在轨寿命和可靠性,加速寿命试验时间需不低于1230 h.通过1300 h以上的加速寿命试验,对比试验前后隔离器指标,隔离器的正向损耗恶化了0.07 dB,说明加速寿命试验对产品电性能老化有一定影响,但指标变化均在技术要求范围内,产品能够满足可靠性和寿命要求.结论 设计的温度-功率双应力加速寿命数学模型和加速寿命试验方案,能够为星载无源微波器件高可靠长寿命验证提供参考和借鉴.     

塑封电子元器件温度失效机理研究

应用非破坏性检测技术和破坏性显微分析技术对塑封电子元器件在温度循环试验中发生的失效进行了分析,通过研究缺陷发展的过程并结合现有检测标准要求,提出了对器件设计改进和完善现有检测标准的建议。     

基于循环冲击加速试验的某O型橡胶密封圈寿命评估方法

目的 快速准确评估温度循环条件下某O型橡胶密封圈的贮存寿命。方法 模拟O型橡胶密封圈真实受压状况,设计专用夹具,在4个应力条件下开展温度循环冲击加速寿命试验,获得密封圈退化数据,分析并获得密封圈伪失效寿命,构建修正Coffin-Manson模型,并利用不同试验条件下得到的伪失效寿命数据对模型进行参数估计,获得Coffin-Manson寿命预估模型,外推常温条件下密封圈的贮存寿命。结果 通过试验表明,指数模型相比对数模型与线性模型能更准确描述密封圈的退化情况,经Coffin-Manson模型评估,该O型橡胶密封圈常温条件下的贮存寿命为6.13 a,与工程经验数据吻合。结论 所提出的基于循环冲击加速试验的O型橡胶密封圈寿命评估方法可以准确评估密封圈的贮存寿命,大大缩短试验周期,节省寿命评估试验时间和成本,为密封器件的寿命评估提供了参考。     

GaAs MMIC功率放大器加速寿命试验及可靠性评估

目的评估新研GaAs微波单片集成电路(MMIC)功率放大器的可靠性指标。方法用图估法和范-蒙特福特检验法对失效数据进行分布假设检验,利用贝叶斯定理估算低温度应力下无失效数据的威布尔分布参数。结果在正常工作情况下,结温为150℃时,该器件特征寿命为833 370h,10年平均失效率为1.2472×10-7/h,平均寿命为738 540 h,可靠度等于0.9时的可靠寿命为31年。结论该型器件在结温小于250℃时服从威布尔分布,结温为270℃时器件的失效机理已发生了变化,器件的各项可靠性指标满足使用要求。     

铌酸锂调制器加速贮存寿命评估

目的研究铌酸锂调制器加速储存寿命的评估方法。方法基于韦布尔分布的方法,应用加速老化寿命评估试验理论和技术,建立恒加速应力老化寿命评估的理论模型。对集成光学调制器在不同温度应力下的加速贮存寿命进行统计,分析不同时间段器件失效概率,对其可靠性进行评估。结果计算出了器件韦布尔分布的形状参数m为0.314,表明调制器贮存时早期失效多。结论通过对器件失效数据进行分析,确定了阿伦尼斯加速模型,并计算其激活能为1.1 e V,分析得到在25℃环境条件下Li Nb O_3调制器器件贮存1年的可靠度为0.9454。     

薄膜体声波滤波器加速寿命评估技术研究

目的 研究薄膜体声波滤波器的加速寿命评估技术,针对XXX1001型薄膜体声波滤波器进行可靠性寿命评估。方法 根据薄膜体声波滤波器设计、结构特点,针对XXX1001型薄膜体声波滤波器典型应用环境条件下的失效模式和失效机理分析,采用环境影响分析明确寿命表征指标和相应敏感应力,以此确定合适的加速寿命方法和加速模型。结合可靠性摸底试验确定的敏感应力极限和加速模型要求,设计加速寿命试验方案,利用阿伦尼斯模型对寿命表征指标等试验数据进行评估,得到该型薄膜体声波滤波器的可靠性寿命参数。结果 确定了滤波器的寿命表征指标（插入损耗）和敏感应力（温度）,设计了加速寿命试验方案,试验实施后,根据试验数据评估出XXX1001型薄膜体声波滤波器在40 ℃工作时的平均寿命为117 803 h。结论 该技术程序较为简单、实施方便、样本少、成本低,可为类似滤波器的可靠性评估提供参考。其评估结果也可为XXX1001型薄膜体声波滤波器的设计改进和应用推广提供技术支撑。     

基于失效物理的微波组件贮存寿命加速试验及预测

随着通信技术的发展和应用,微波器件的应用越来越广泛,尤其在军事装备领域,微波器件随处可见。大多数军事装备,大部分时间处于贮存、检测等非工作状态,为保证其战备完好性,装备的贮存可靠性评估显得尤为重要。中频对数放大系统是雷达接收机组件中的重要组成部分,通过研究微波组件的中频对数放大器部分的相关文献,得到了微波组件主要失效物理模型,确定其失效判据,并由高温加速寿命试验得到的试验数据,计算出组件激活能,最终完成组件在常温贮存下寿命的预测。     

某O型密封圈的双参数加速退化规律分析

目的研究某O型密封圈在温度影响下的退化规律。方法以压缩永久变形率和压缩应力松弛率作为参数,在50、60、70、80℃对某O型密封圈进行恒定应力加速退化试验,根据退化数据建立退化轨迹模型,确定伪失效寿命的分布,结合阿伦尼斯模型外推20℃时某O型密封圈的寿命,并进行可靠性分析。结果某O型密封圈的性能退化过程具有可加速性,它的伪失效寿命服从正态分布。根据压缩永久变形参数外推20℃下、0.9可靠度时,某O型圈的寿命为8.695年,根据压缩应力松弛参数外推的寿命为8.748年,根据双参数不相关的情况外推的寿命为8.655年,3次评估结果较为接近。结论文中使用的试验方法和数据处理方法能有效地评估某O型密封圈的寿命。考虑两个参数不相关情况时,得到的评估结果会小于单参数情况下的评估结果。     

某型橡胶密封圈加速贮存试验设计与实践

目的针对某型橡胶密封圈开展加速贮存试验设计,并通过试验预测产品贮存寿命。方法通过分析橡胶密封圈在贮存使用环境下的失效机理,结合橡胶材料性能老化模型,在不改变失效机理、又不增加新的失效机理的前提下,以密封圈整件作为试验对象,用加大温度应力的试验方法加速产品失效过程,根据试验结果预计正常环境应力下的产品贮存寿命。结果采用温度应力作为加速贮存应力开展密封圈加速贮存试验方案设计和验证工作,评估得到其在贮存温度为20℃的环境中,贮存寿命可以达到16.97年,置信度大于0.95。结论以密封圈整件作为试验件,采用温度应力作为贮存敏感应力开展加速贮存试验,所评估得到的贮存寿命与产品已有的自然贮存寿命结果吻合得较好,试验状态更加真实,为橡胶密封圈更换周期提供参考依据,并为密封圈贮存寿命的定量评估提供了一种参考方法。     

引信步进应力加速寿命试验无失效数据情况贮存寿命评估

目的针对某引信加速寿命试验出现无失效数据情况无评估方法问题,开展贮存寿命评估研究。方法根据某引信特点和样品条件,选取采用步进应力加速寿命试验。因本次样品量过少,不能进行摸底试验来确定合理的应力和步长,加速寿命试验只能采用其预估值,因而试验结果出现了无失效情况。为此提出先对无失效数据按贝叶斯统计方法将零失效比率(失效数/样本数)数据转换为非降序失效比率的失效数据,再按有失效数据的处理方法评估贮存寿命。结果以此方法编制计算程序,对某引信无失效试验数据进行处理,评估其贮存寿命为20.1a。结论采用贝叶斯统计规律处理无失效数据的方法有效可行,解决了引信步进应力加速寿命试验无失效数据情况下的贮存寿命评估难题。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.